Earticle

In campus project, 「Barrier Free Design」is the essential part for the handicapped. It is necessary to make a quality model that choose effective design value engineering objects. So more effective models, this study examine requests of the university students. Checked items are classified into four groups that movement, guidable, safety and territoria parts, and each groups are also divided into detailed items for basic decisional elements. When basis points sets 10, it can be divided that movement parts 2.93pts, guidable parts 2.31pts, safety parts 2.41pts and territoria parts 2.35pts. in this results, we can make additive value and quality model for barrier free design in campus design value engineering.

In a rural house, it is necessary to make a quality model that choose effective design value engineering. So more effective models, this study examine requests of a rural house project designers, constructors, and tenants. Checked items are classified into four groups that working area, dwelling area, constructive and environmental parts. Each groups are also divided into detailed items for basic decisional elements. When basis points sets 10, it can be divided that working area parts 3pts, dwelling area parts 2.5pts, constructive parts 3pts and environmental parts 1.5pts. In this results, we can make a proposal of evaluation on additive value quality model for a rural house in design value engineering.

본 연구는 로하스 이미지 레스토랑의 브랜드 자산을 이타적 가치, 로하스 관여도, 추가 지불의사와의 관계를 연구하였다. 본 연구를 위한 자료는 2013년 8월 1일부터 8월 31일까지 수집되어 544부가 분석에 사용되었다. 그 결과 첫째, 로하스 이미지 레스토랑의 브랜드 인지도와 브랜드 연상은 이타적 가치에 정(+)의 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났으며, 브랜드 충성도와 지각된 품질은 정(+)의 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 로하스 이미지 레스토랑의 브랜드 인지도, 브랜드 충성도, 브랜드 연상은 로하스 관여도에 정(+)의 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났고, 지각된 품질은 로하스 관여도에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 조사되었다. 셋째, 이타적 가치는 로하스 관여도에 정(+)의 영향을 주는 것으로 조사되었다. 넷째, 이타적 가치는 추가 지불의사에 정(+)의 영향을 주었다. 다섯째, 로하스 관여도는 추가 지불의사에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 주는 것으로 조사되었다. 본 연구는 외식업체에서 로하스 가치를 추구하는 집단 혹은 이타적 성향이 높은 집단을 지속적으로 발굴하여, 이들을 표적으로 환경친환성과 건강성을 부각시킬 수 있는 커뮤니케이션 전략이 요구됨을 시사하고 있다.

This study investigated the relationship of brand equity of restaurant LOHAS image with altruistic value, LOHAS involvement and additional willingness to pay (WTP). The data collected for this study was taken from a sample of 544 persons during the period of August 1, 2013 to August 31, 2013. The study findings are as follows. First, brand equity and brand association of restaurant LOHAS image had a positive effect on altruistic value, but had no positive effect on brand loyalty and perceived product quality. Second, brand awareness, brand loyalty and brand association of restaurant LOHAS image had a positive effect on LOHAS involvement, but had no significant positive effect on perceived quality. Third, altruistic value was found to have a positive effect on LOHAS involvement. Fourth, altruistic value had a positive effect on additional WTP. Fifth, LOHAS involvement was found to have a significant positive influence on additional WTP. The findings of this study indicate that communication strategies are warranted to emerge environmental friendliness and health targeting population groups that pursue the LOHAS value of restaurants or have a high propensity toward altruism.

소비 수준의 향상과 기술 수준이 평준화 된 현 시장에서 기업의 차별화를 위한 방안으로브랜드의 미적가치가 주목을 받고 있다. 하지만 브랜드로부터 소비자들이 인식하는 미적인 가치에 대한 실증적인 검증은 부족했다. 본 연구는 기존 선행 연구에서 주목받지 못했던 브랜드의 미적가치를 개념화하고 브랜드의 미적가치를 구성하는 구성개념과 이를 측정하기 위한 측정항목을 개발하는 것이 목적이다. 또한 다양한 구성 차원의 브랜드 미적가치가 미치는 소비자의 브랜드 평가에 대한 인과관계에 대한 검증을 통해서 브랜드 혁신과 부가가치 창출에 미치는미적 가치의 영향력을 검증하는 연구를 진행하고자 한다. 전문가를 대상으로 심층인터뷰를 실시하여, 최초 브랜드의 미적가치에 대한 5가지 구성차원을 가설적으로 제시하였다. 이후 설문조사를 2016년 4월 18일부터 5월 3일까지 서울 및 수도권에 거주하고 있는 351명의 학생 및 회사원들을 대상으로 진행하였다. 최초 5개 구성차원과 측정문항에 대한 타당성과 신뢰도 분석의 과정을 통해, 최종적으로 소비자가 브랜드의 미적가치에대한 인식차원으로 심미성, 실용성, 정체성, 간결성의 4가지 차원을 도출하였다. 최종 4개의 브랜드 미적 가치의 구성차원이 지각된 혁신성과 추가비용 지불 의향에 미치는영향을 검증하기 위해 구조방정식모형 분석을 진행하였다. 분석결과, 브랜드디자인의 미적가치와지각된 혁신성과 추가비용 지불의향 간의 관계가 모두 긍정적으로 나타났다. 따라서 브랜드디자인의 미적가치는 추가비용 지불의향에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 났으며, 매개변인인 지각된 혁신성을 통한 경로도 유의적으로 나타나면서 브랜드디자인의 미적가치와 추가비용 지불의향사이에 직·간접적으로 모두 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 검증 결과를 바탕으로 소비자에게 제공하는 브랜드의 가치를 타 브랜드와 차별되게인식될 수 있는 방법으로서의 브랜드의 미적가치 제안을 위한 디자인의 중요성에 대한 다양한이론과 실무적 시사점을 도출하였다.

I intended to suggest frame work for aesthetic value of brand design as the measure regarded as competitiveness of the company in the phenomenon that improvement of consumption level and technology level are standardized. Especially, I tried to examine what recognition consumers actually have on aesthetic value of brand design aside from perspective of the company. Lastly, I intended to see the relation between innovativeness, that recognition level shown in aesthetic design of brand design perceived, and willingness to pay additional cost. I suggested 5 kinds of initial composition factor about aesthetic value of brand design by conducting in-depth interview of majors in 20s and experts. But, through the process of reliability analysis and factor analysis, I finally deducted 4 things(aesthetic, practicality, identity, briefness) as recognition level to aesthetic value of brand design. The survey to verify research hypothesis was conducted targeting 351 students and company workers who live in Seoul and capital area from 18th April to 3rd May in 2016. Firstly, I eventually composed measurement questions through reliability analysis, EFA(Exploratory Factor Analysis) and CFA(Confirmatory Factor Analysis). Also I used SEM(Structual Equation Modeling) to verify research hypothesis and Multiple Regression to verify relation between meaningful factors empirically. As a result of research, the relation among aesthetic value of brand design, perceived innovativeness and willingness to pay additional cost was shown all positive. Therefore, aesthetic value of brand design is shown to affect willingness to pay additional cost directly and it both directly and indirectly affects between aesthetic value of brand design and willingness to pay additional cost while the path through perceived innovativeness which is mediator variable shown significantly.

This study aims to find out the influence of Delivery application service quality on Service Value And Purchase Intentions. In addition, this study has a purpose of the investigating to moderate effect of additional delivery cost between service value and purchase intentions. The service quality of food delivery application consists of 5 catagorys with tangibility, reliability, reactivity, certainty and emotional bonding. This stydy is used lots of analysis methods such as frequency analysis, factor analysis, correlation analysis and simple·multiple regression analysis to analyze the hypothesis. The analysis results are as follows : (1) the hypothesis that the food delivery applications have a positive effect on the service quality was partially accepted because the reactive item was rejected. (2) the service value has a positive effect on the purchase intention. (3) the hypothesis that the service quality of the food delivery application has a positive effect on purchase intention was partially accepted because the reliability item was rejected. (4) it was verified that the additional delivery cost has a moderating effect between the service value and the purchase intention. This moderating effect was found to have negative effect.

Objective : The ossification of the ligamentum flavum (OLF) is one of the major causes of thoracic myelopathy. Surgical decompression with or without instrumented fusion is the mainstay of treatment. However, few studies have reported on the added effect of instrumented fusion. The objective of this study was to compare clinical and radiological outcomes between surgical decompression without instrumented fusion (D-group) and that with instrumented fusion (F-group). Methods : A retrospective review was performed on 28 patients (D-group, n=17; F-group, n=11) with thoracic myelopathy due to OLF. The clinical parameters compared included scores of the Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA), the Visual analogue scale of the back and leg (VAS-B and VAS-L), and the Korean version of the Oswestry disability index (K-ODI). Radiological parameters included the sagittal vertical axis (SVA), the pelvic tilt (PT), the sacral slope (SS), the thoracic kyphosis angle (TKA), the segmental kyphosis angle (SKA) at the operated level, and the lumbar lordosis angle (LLA; a negative value implying lordosis). These parameters were measured preoperatively, 1 year postoperatively, and 2 years postoperatively, and were compared with a linear mixed model. Results : After surgery, all clinical parameters were significantly improved in both groups, while VAS-L was more improved in the F-group than in the D-group (-3.4±2.5 vs. -1.3±2.2, p=0.008). Radiological outcomes were significantly different in terms of changes in TKA, SKA, and LLA. Changes in TKA, SKA, and LLA were 2.3°±4.7°, -0.1°±1.4°, and -1.3°±5.6° in the F-group, which were significantly lower than 6.8°±6.1°, 3.0°±2.8°, and 2.2°±5.3° in the D-group, respectively (p=0.013, p<0.0001, and p=0.037). Symptomatic recurrence of OLF occurred in one patient of the D-group at postoperative 24 months. Conclusion : Clinical improvement was achieved after decompression surgery for OLF regardless of whether instrumented fusion was added. However, adding instrumented fusion resulted in better outcomes in terms of lessening the progression of local and regional kyphosis and improving leg pain. Decompression with instrumented fusion may be a better surgical option for thoracic OLF.

Background: The purpose of this study was to describe potential pitfalls in the diagnosis of metastatic adenocarcinoma in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and to suggest additional work in association with cytokeratin immunocytochemistry for the proper diagnosis, especially in the specimens with low cellularity. Methods: We collected 267 cytologic specimens of CSF from patients, who were diagnosed over a 9-month period. Each of the individual samples were divided into half the sample size and processed via both, ThinPrep (TP) with Papanicolau stain and cytocentrifugation-based preparation (cytospin, CP) with immunocytochemical stain for cytokeratin. Results: Amongst the 267 cases, 45 cases from 22 patients were diagnosed to be positive for metastasis adenocarcinoma in CSF. TP with Papanicolau stain showed satisfactory cytomorphology when compared with specimen of CP preparation and cytokeratin immunocytochemical staining. All the TP processed cases belonged to satisfactory/superior categories based on the assessment of technical artifact, which potentially helps in decreasing diagnositc errors. However, in 10 out of 45 cases, diagnostic atypical cells were present only in one of the two slides. Conclusions: Immunocytochemical stain for cytokeratin along with TP processed specimen helps in decreasing potential diagnostic errors in the cytological diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma in CSF specimen.

Background/Aims: Recently reported prognostic models for primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) have been shown to be effective in Western populations but have not been wellvalidated in Asian patients. This study aimed to compare the performance of prognostic models in Korean patients and to investigate whether inflammation-based scores can further help in prognosis prediction. Methods: This study included 271 consecutive patients diagnosed with PBC in Korea. The following prognostic models were evaluated: the Barcelona model, the Paris-I/II model, the Rotterdam criteria, the GLOBE score and the UK-PBC score. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was analyzed with reference to its association with prognosis. Results: For predicting liver transplant or death at the 5-year and 10-year follow-up examinations, the UK-PBC score (areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUCs], 0.88 and 0.82) and GLOBE score (AUCs, 0.85 and 0.83) were significantly more accurate in predicting prognosis than the other scoring systems (all p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the performance of the UK-PBC and GLOBE scores. In addition to the prognostic models, a high NLR (>2.46) at baseline was an independent predictor of reduced transplant-free survival in the multivariate analysis (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.74; p<0.01). When the NLR was applied to the prognostic models, it significantly differentiated the prognosis of patients. Conclusions: The UK-PBC and GLOBE scores showed good prognostic performance in Korean patients with PBC. In addition, a high NLR was associated with a poorer prognosis. Including the NLR in prognostic models may further help to stratify patients with PBC.

Purpose: In food allergy, significant component antigens can be assessed by using the microarray. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of component resolved diagnosis (CRD) in young children with kiwifruit allergy. Methods: Through a retrospective review of medical records, we evaluated the clinical characteristics of 12 children who underwent measurement of serum immunoglobulin E concentrations to kiwifruit (kiwi-sigE) and were diagnosed as kiwifruit allergy. We applied ImmunoCAP ISAC-CRD 112 using the residual sera of patients at the initial visit. Results: The median age of kiwifruit allergic children was 33.5 months (range, 13 to 84 months), and the proportion of systemic reactions, including 2 anaphylaxis cases, was 66.7%. Four had localized reactions on the lips. A total of 11 (91.7%) were sensitized to Act d 1; among them, 8 were mono-sensitized to Act d 1 and 3 were sensitized to ≥2 kiwifruit components. There was no significant difference in CRD results between those with systemic reactions and those with local reactions. Conclusion: Act d 1 is the major allergenic component in Korean young children with clinical kiwifruit allergy. The additional diagnostic value of the CRD in diagnosing and predicting the severity of kiwifruit allergy is expected to be low in young children.

목적: 요추 MR 영상에 추가된 경흉추 시상T2강조영상(CT SAG T2WI)의 임상적 효용성을 평가하고자 한다. 대상과 방법: 2005년 1월부터 2005년 12월까지 요추 MRI를 시행하였던 2,113명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 경흉추 시상T2강조영상을 후향적으로 분석하였고, 의무기록을 후향적으로 검토하여 경추 또는 흉추 병변의 추가적인 평가를 위한 MRI 또는 CT 시행여부와 이러한 병변에 대한 치료 및 경과를 알아보았다. 결과: 2,113명중 139명의 환자에게서 총 142개의 병변이 경흉추 시상T2강조영상에서 관찰되었다. 요추 MRI 촬영시, 환자의 자세변화 없이 2분 이내에 경흉추 시상T2강조영상을 추가적으로 얻었다. 13명의 환자만이 경추 또는 흉추의 병변에 대해 MR영상 또는 CT를 시행하였고, 7명의 환자는 T2강조영상 고신호강도 여부에 상관 없이 척추관협착증 또는 추간판탈출증에 대해 수술적 치료를 받았다. 결론: 요추 MRI촬영 시, 2분 이내로 소요되는 경흉추 시상T2강조영상의 추가촬영은 요추의 증상으로 오인된 경흉추의 병변을 평가하는데 유용하다.

Purpose : To evaluate the usefulness of cervicothoracic spine sagittal T2-weighted images (CT SAG T2WIs) included in routine lumbar spine MRI. Materials and Methods: Institutional review board approval was obtained and informed consents were waived for this retrospective study. The study group comprised 2,113 patients who underwent lumbar spine MRI from January 2005 to December 2005. CT SAG T2WIs were added in the routine lumbar spine MRIs. Radiologic reports were reviewed retrospectively for pathologic lesions on CT SAG T2WIs by one radiologist. Information of additional cervical or thoracic spine MRI and/or CT for further evaluation of positive findings on CT SAG T2WIs and their treatment were collected by retrospectively reviewing medical records. Results: The CT SAG T2WIs revealed 142 pathologic lesions in 139 (6.58%) of the 2,113 patients. They were easily obtained without positional change in a scan time of less than 2 minutes. Additional cervical or thoracic spine MRI and/or CT for positive findings on CT SAG T2WIs were performed in 13 patients. Seven patients underwent surgical treatment. Conclusion: CT SAG T2WIs included in routine lumbar spine MRI were useful in finding the pathologic lesions in cervicothoracic spine for the patients who assumed to have lesions in lumbar spine.

The purpose of this study was to identify the structural relationship among hotel companies' ESG management, perceived value, and willingness to additional payment intention. The study involved 262 hotel guests. AMOS 18.0 was used to conduct frequency analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and hypothesis testing to validate the structural model. The results revealed that hotel companies' ESG (social management) practices had a positive impact on willingness to additional payment intention. Second, in terms of the relationship between hotel companies' ESG management and perceived value, social management and governance were found to have a positive effect on functional and emotional value. Third, as a result of analyzing the relationship between perceived value and willingness to additional payment intention, it was found that the perceived value (functional and emotional) of hotel companies' ESG management had a positive effect on willingness to additional payment intention.

목적 본 연구에서는 소아 충수 초음파에서 구조화 판독문을 이용하는 것의 증분가치를 보고자 하였다. 대상과 방법 이 후향적 연구에는 2009년 1월부터 2016년 6월 사이에 충수염이 의심되는 소아환자 1150명이 포함됐다. 2012년 11월, 충수 초음파에 대한 5점 척도의 구조화 판독문을 도입했다. 환자들은 초음파 판독문 양식에 따라 자유 텍스트 그룹과 구조화 판독문 그룹으로 나뉘었다. 초음파 검사 후 추가적 CT 검사율, 음성 충수절제율 및 충수 천공률을 포함한 주요임상 결과를 두 그룹 간에 비교했다. 결과 자유 텍스트 그룹에서 550명의 환자와 구조화 판독문 그룹에서 600명의 환자가 선별되었다. 추가 CT 검사 비율은 구조화 판독문 그룹에서 8.2%로 5.3%가 감소했다(p = 0.003). 음성 충수절제율은 구조화 판독문 그룹에서 7.8%로 8.4% 감소했다(p = 0.028). 충수 천공률(37.6% vs. 48.0%, p = 0.078)은 통계적으로 차이가 없었다. 결론 충수염이 의심되는 소아 환자에서 초음파 검사 시 구조화 판독문을 사용하면 추가 CT 검사율이 감소하고, 충수 천공률의 증가 없이 음성 충수절제율이 감소한다.

Purpose This study aimed to determine the incremental value of using a structured report (SR) for US examinations of the pediatric appendix. Materials and Methods Between January 2009 and June 2016, 1150 pediatric patients with suspected appendicitis who underwent US examinations of the appendix were included retrospectively. In November 2012, we developed a five-point scale SR for appendix US examinations. The patients were divided into two groups according to the form of the US report: free-text or SR. The primary clinical outcomes were compared between the two groups, including the rate of CT imaging following US examinations, the negative appendectomy rate (NAR), and the appendiceal perforation rate (PR). Results In total, 550 patients were included in the free-text group and 600 patients in the SR group. The rate of additional CT examinations decreased by 5.3% in the SR group (8.2%, p = 0.003), and the NAR decreased by 8.4% in the SR group (7.8%, p = 0.028). There was no statistical difference in the appendiceal PR (37.6% vs. 48.0%, p = 0.078). Conclusion The use of an SR to evaluate US examinations for suspected pediatric appendicitis results in lower CT use and fewer negative appendectomies without an increase in appendiceal PR.

도메인 기반 단백질 상호작용 예측 기법은 지난 몇 년 동안 활발히 연구되어 왔다. 도메인 기반 접근 방법 중에서도 도메인 조합 기반 단백질 상호작용 가능성 순위 부여 기법은 예측 정확도면에서 다른 기법보다 월등한 결과를 보여주고 있다. 그러나 학습 집단을 사용하는 특징 때문에 전체 도메인 정보를 이용할 수 없는 단점이 있다. 또한, 이 시스템은 도메인 정보가 부족하여 다른 기능을 하는 단백질이라도 같은 도메인 정보를 보여주기 때문에 예측 시스템의 결점을 드러내고 있다. 도메인 조합 기반 단백질 상호작용 가능성 순위 부여 기법은 InterPro 데이터베이스의 도메인 정보를 기반으로 사용한다. InterProScan은 InterPro의 여러 멤버 데이터베이스의 정보를 기반으로 Sequence 분석을 하는 소프트웨어로써 검색 후 단계에서 찾아낸 결과들을 e-value를 기반으로 여과한다. 본 논문에서는 제시된 e-value를 조정 방법을 사용함으로써 단백질 내 도메인 패턴의 다양화와 기존 도메인 정보가 없던 단백질의 도메인을 새롭게 발견할 수 있으나 접근 방식의 한계가 존재함을 확인할 수 있었다.

금전채무는 고도의 유통성과 그 자체로 교환가치를 지니는 특성으로 인해 불이행시 일반 손해배상채무와 달리 특별한 증명이 없이도 법정이율 상당의 추상적 손해가 인정된다. 그러나 우리 민법이 60년이 넘게 채택해 온 연 5%의 고정이율 상당의 법정이율은 실제 거래에서의 구체적 손해와 괴리되고 지나치게 경직된 것으로서 시급히 변동이율제로 변경되어야 한다. 다만 변동이율제 채택시 실무상 산술적인 오류의 발생을 방지하고 정확한 배상액을 산정하기 위해서는, 중간이자를 공제하여 현가로 지급을 명한 금전채무에 대해서는 변동이율이 아니라 중간이자 공제시 기준으로 삼은 이율을 지연이율로 삼도록 함으로써 막연한 실무적 편의를 위하여 정확한 손해배상이 간과되는 일이 없도록 주의하여야 할 것이다. 나아가 복리를 제한하거나 일정한 요건 하에 원본에 산입하도록 하는 입법례도 다수 존재하지만, 우리나라에서는 금전채무 불이행에 관한 일반 원칙에 의하되, 이자제한법 등에 따라 이자가 불공정하거나 과도한 것이 아닌지를 판단하면 족하다. 나아가 금전채무불이행으로 인해 법정이율을 초과하는 추가적인 손해가 발생하였다는 점을 증명할 수 있다면 이 역시 청구할 수 있도록 하되, 그 범위는 고의나 중과실이라는 새로운 요건을 도입하기 보다는 민법 제393조에서 규정하는 배상의 범위에 따르는 것이 바람직할 것이다.

Due to its high liquidity and intrinsic exchange value, a pecuniary obligation is treated differently from general obligations for damages: upon non-performance, abstract damages equivalent to the statutory interest rate are recognized without the need for specific proof. However, the fixed statutory rate of 5% per annum, which has been maintained for more than sixty years under the Korean Civil Code, is rigid and increasingly detached from the actual losses incurred in financial transactions. It is therefore urgent to replace it with a variable statutory interest rate system. Nevertheless, in adopting such a system, care must be taken to prevent practical miscalculations and to ensure accurate assessment of compensation. In particular, where present value is ordered by deducting interim interest, the rate used for such deduction should also apply to default interest, so that accurate compensation is not sacrificed for mere administrative convenience. Furthermore, although many jurisdictions restrict compound interest or allow capitalization under certain conditions, in Korea the general principles of non-performance of pecuniary obligations should apply, with review under the Interest Limitation Act to ensure that interest is neither unfair nor excessive. Finally, where the creditor can prove that losses exceeding the statutory rate have occurred due to default, such additional damages should be recoverable. The scope of recovery, however, should follow Article 393 of the Civil Code rather than introducing new requirements such as intent or gross negligence.