Earticle

본 연구는 설계에 접근할 때 근대건축을 구성하고 있는 요소를 중심으로 비평적 논쟁을 제시하는 것이며 연구의 목적은 이런 논의에 대한 형식적인 탐구를 구체적으로 서술하고 제안하는 것이다. 이 논의의 중심은 근대건축에 나타난 추상과 구현화의 관계이다. 추상과 구현화는 다음과 같이 잠정적으로 정의될 수 있다. 의미는 전통적인 사인의 사용이나 이전의 선례에 대한 직접적인 참고로서 유추된 것이 아니라 형태 자체의 조작이나 해석을 가능케하는 유추와 은유의 심도있는 제안에 의해서 가능하며 추상(abstraction)의 용어는 시각적 형태를 만드는 것과 관계한다. 공간의 이해는 물리적 형태에 스며들었고 건물의 일상적인 사용을 하는 동안 경험하는 방식으로 구현화(embodiment)는 정의된다. 르 꼬르뷔제는 근대에서 제기된 건축의 추상성을 구현화와 연관하여 관람자에게 새로운 경험과 연상, 그리고 사색하는 공간을 가능케하였다. 라 뚜레뜨에서 르 꼬르뷔제에게 공간은 무언가의 역할을 하는 것으로 관람자에게 생각하게 하는 동시에 사고를 묘사하는 것이다.

This study is concerned with the relationship between abstraction and embodiment in modern architecture. The term abstraction refers to the making of visual form in a sense that meaning is not derived from the use of the direct reference to precedence but rather by the manipulation of form and a deeper suggestion of analogy allowing for interpretation. The term embodiment refers to the way in which the understanding of uses is embedded in physical form. To describe how space can be transformed in order to suggest abstract meaning, the work of Rene Magritte is chosen. Based the spatial theorem of Magritte analyzed, Le Corbusier's work, La Tourette, is described the idea of abstraction and embodiment. How one may account for that becomes difficult as one is no longer dealing with the two-dimensionality of drawing and painting, which can only imply the reality of the three-dimensionality of architecture. Finally this study concludes that abstraction in Le Corbusier's work is not based on the simplicity but rather in the object being sensually rich, but so fragmented that only in the mind can it be put together.

Word frequency is a critical factor in language processing and memory in a variety of dimensions, as demonstrated by extensive research in psycholinguistics. However, recent studies have indicated that contextual diversity, which counts the number of materials in which a word appears, can be a more reliable predictor of language processing than word frequency. The objective of this study was to examine whether the effect of contextual diversity and word frequency varies across language registers in the process of Korean visual word recognition. We calculated word frequency and contextual diversity measures from the written and spoken corpus of the National Institute of Korean Language and analyzed the lexical decision time data in the Korean Lexicon Project (KLP) using hierarchical regression. The results from both corpora commonly elicited a significant facilitatory effect of contextual diversity when word frequency was controlled with other lexical variables. The results of the analysis showed that contextual diversity has a facilitative effect on Korean word recognition when controlling word frequency and other lexical variables in both corpora. However, the effect of word frequency was not observed in the written corpus when contextual diversity was under control. On the other hand, in the spoken corpus, the effect of word frequency was significant, although it was less pronounced compared to the effect of contextual diversity. These findings suggest that contextual diversity may play a significant role in facilitating visual word recognition in Korean, in terms of both written and spoken language.

Two Experiments using a primed lexical decision task investigated what types of linguistic information elicits lexical inhibition during visual word recognition of Korean. We measured participants’ reaction times for this task and three prime-target conditions were used: 1) orthographically related 2) phonologically related and 3) control condition. We attempted to examine how lexical competition occurs when prime words had phonological change and whether the inhibition is modulated by word frequency of prime words (Experiment 1), and investigate whether the lexical competition is modulated by lexical status of the prime stimuli (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, we showed that the reaction times were slower in the phonologically related condition as compared to the control condition, whereas they were faster in the orthographically related condition relative to the control condition. Moreover, this tendency was more noticeable in the low frequency prime condition relative to the high frequency prime condition. However, neither the inhibitory effect by the phonologically related prime nor the facilitative effect of the orthographically related prime were observed in Experiment 2 in which nonword primes were used, suggesting that the inhibitory priming effect is generated due to lexical competition between the prime and the target within a lexical level, not via a pre-lexical level in Korean visual word recognition.

Breast cancer remains the foremost cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The histopathological diagnosis is impeded by the intricate nature of image interpretation and the presence of inter-observer variability among pathologists. Deep learning (DL) for cancer image understanding has revolutionized accurate breast cancer diagnosis, marking a significant advancement in medical image analysis. Researchers proposed DL-based intelligent models to overcome the challenges of manual observations. However, the existing models suffer from a considerable computational burden, demanding substantial time investments that restrict efficient and scalable breast cancer diagnosis solutions. Our study introduces an automated breast cancer diagnosis system employing a lightweight Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model, adept at extracting intricate features from histopathological images. Our system has attained superior accuracy through extensive experimentation on a comprehensive breast cancer dataset while employing fewer parameters compared to state-of-theart (SOTA) techniques.

Visual object recognition has been growing quickly in the field of computer science, as it can be applied to such diverse areas as robotics, smartphones, and artificial intelligence. Although there have been a countless number of researches and methods to develop an effective visual object recognition software, there have been only few attempts to combine visual object recognition with data science. Data science analyzes large volumes of data in different forms and derives useful information from the results. In the experiment, this study developed a specific method to generate sentences that describe what’s happening in a picture by combining visual object recognition software with text mining technologies. This study utilizes CamFind to identify a number of objects in a picture and applies NodeXL from Microsoft Excel to obtain online data from Twitter, a social network service. Information from the analysis of texts induced from objects is used to make stories for the whole image.

Anomaly recognition in visual and audio data has gained increasing significance in computer vision, as it plays a crucial role in protecting human lives and property. In this work, we developed a semi-supervised multimodal framework for anomaly recognition that combines audio and visual data for better performance. The proposed framework employs a hybrid network consisting of a convolutional neural network, Bi-Directional Long Short-Term Memory, a multi-head attention module, and a fully connected layer for anomalous pattern recognition. We created a novel real-time visual-audio anomaly recognition dataset and evaluated our framework on it, achieving promising results.

Recognizing anomalies in surveillance is crucial for public safety to identify events that deviate from normal patterns. Visual information is essential for effective anomaly recognition; however, audio data can enhance recognition accuracy by providing additional context. Despite this, existing systems only utilize visual information, overlooking the potential of audio modalities in anomaly recognition. This paper introduces a multi-modal framework for anomaly recognition through active learning, integrating audio and visual modalities to enhance anomaly prediction. The framework extracts features using a pretrained ResNet-50 convolutional neural network (CNN) model from the visual and audio data. The extracted features are then forwarded to the Bi-Directional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) network for temporal feature learning. These features are then fused and fed into a classification layer for final prediction. The proposed framework's performance is assessed on a benchmark dataset and yields promising results.

기업시각인식시스템 설계는 기업이 브랜드 문화, 제품, 이념을 소비자에게 알리 는 중요한 수단으로 한 기업의 경영 마인드와 제품 마인드를 반영한다. 시대에 따라 기 업 시각인식 시스템 디자인의 구현 형식이 변화하고 있으며, 모바일, PC 등이 그래픽 디자인의 주류로 자리 잡으면서 디자인 역시 과학기술의 스마트화에 발맞춰 진화하고 있다. 한중은 일의대수의 우방으로 같은 경제벨트의 두 가지 중요한 구성요소로서 스 마트화 시대 배경의 기업 시각인식 시스템에 대한 연구에 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 이 글 은 4개 부문으로 나뉘는데, 하나는 스마트화의 한중 기업 시각인식 시스템 설계에 대 한 영향 분석이고, 다른 하나는 기업 시각인식 시스템과 스마트화에 관한 이론이며, 세 번째는 한중 양국 대표 기업 시각인식 시스템의 설계 스마트화 시대 배경에서의 실례 를 분석함으로써 기업 시각인식 시스템의 발전을 전망하였다.

The design of corporate visual identification system is an important means for companies to promote brand culture, products, and ideas to consumers. It reflects an enterprise's business ideas and product ideas. With the continuous development of the times, the display form of corporate visual identification system design is also constantly changing. When mobile phones, PCs, etc. become the mainstream display carriers of graphic design, design will also continue to move forward with the advancement of science and technology. China and South Korea, as close neighbors, are two important components of the same economic belt. They have important representative significance for the research of corporate visual identification systems under the background of the intelligent era. This article is divided into four parts. One is to research and analyze the impact of intelligence in the design of visual recognition systems in Chinese and Korean enterprises. The second is to discuss theories about enterprise visual recognition systems and intelligence. The third is to analyze China and South Korea with examples. The representatives of the two countries analyzed the examples of the design of corporate visual recognition system in the context of the intelligent era. Fourth, the development of corporate visual recognition system was prospected, and the research conclusion was finally obtained.

企业视觉识别系统设计是企业将品牌文化、产品、理念向消费者进行宣传的重要手 段，它反映了一个企业的经营思想和产品理念。伴随着时代的不断发展，企业视觉识别系 统设计的展现形式也在不断地在改变，当手机、PC等成为平面设计的主流展现载体，设计 也必将伴随着科学技术的智能化脚步不断前行。中韩作为一衣带水的友邻，同为一个经济 带的两个重要组成部分，对智能化时代背景下企业视觉识别系统的研究具有重要代表意 义。本文分为四个部分，一是对智能化在中韩企业视觉识别系统设计中的影响进行研究分 析，二是对企业视觉识别系统和智能化的相关理论进行论述，三是以实例对中韩两国代表 的企业视觉识别系统设计在智能化时代背景中的实例进行分析，四是对企业视觉识别系统 的发展进行展望，最终得到研究结论。

한국어 시각 어휘 재인 시 음절은 중요한 역할을 한다. 기존 연구에서 첫음절 빈도는 명사 단어에서 억제적, 명사 및 용언 어절에서는 촉진적인 혼재된 결과가 보고되었다. 또한, 촉진적 효과가 보고된 어절 연구는 주로 상관 및 회귀 연구로 진행되어, 음절 빈도 효과에 대한 어절 연구 중 요인 설계를 적용한 연구는 드물다. 이에 본 연구는 3음절 및 4음절 명사 어절을 대상으로, 어절 길이, 어절 빈도 및 의미 수를 통제하여 음절 빈도 효과를 조사하고자 하였으며, 어근 길이에 따른 음절 빈도 효과의 차이가 존재하는지 확인하고자 복수의 어휘 판단 과제 실험을 진행하였다. 실험 1에서는 3음절 명사 어절의 어근 길이를 1음절 및 2음절로 조작하였으며, 실험 2에서는 4음절 명사 어절의 어근 길이를 2음절 및 3음절로 조작하여 첫음절 빈도 고, 저에 따른 어휘 판단 과제 반응시간 및 정답률을 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과, 실험 1, 2 모두에서 어근 길이와 무관한 첫음절 빈도의 촉진 효과가 보고되었다. 이는 기존에 보고된 어절 대상 연구와 궤를 같이하는 결과이며, 단어 대상 연구와는 일치하지 않는 결과이다. 종합하면, 본 연구는 어절 대상으로 음절 빈도 효과의 요인 설계 연구를 진행하였으며, 그 결과 어절 길이, 어근 길이 및 어절 빈도와 무관한 음절 빈도 효과를 보고하였다. 따라서 본 연구는 한국어 시각 어휘 재인에서 음절의 중요성을 재확인하였으며, 이를 토대로 단어와는 구별되는 어절의 재인 과정에 대하여 논의하였다.

Syllable plays an important role in Korean visual word recognition. Previous studies on syllable frequency effect have reported mixed results, which showed inhibitory effects in noun words while facilitative effects were shown in noun and verb Eojeols. Furthermore, most studies on Eojeols which reported facilitative effects of first syllable frequency employed correlation and regression approaches, which suggests the necessity of an experiment with factorial design. The present study carried out two lexical decision studies, employing noun Eojeols with 3 and 4 syllables in order to investigate the effects of first syllable frequency, controlling for Eojeol length, Eojeol frequency, and the number of meanings. High and low frequency of first syllable were compared in both experiments, while manipulating stem length. In Experiment 1, 3-syllable noun Eojeols were manipulated to have 1 or 2 stem length in syllables, while 4-syllable noun Eojeols were manipulated to have 2 or 3 stem length in syllables in Experiment 2. The results showed that facilitative effects of first syllable frequency regardless of stem length in lexical decision latencies and accuracy in both experiments. These results are in accordance with previous studies on Eojeol. To summarize, the present study was carried out to investigate syllable frequency effect in Eojeols while controlling other confounding factors, which showed robust facilitative effect of first syllable frequency irrelevant of Eojeol length, stem length, and Eojeol frequency. Therefore, the current results are discussed in terms of processing of Eojeol distinct from that of word.

본 연구는 한국어 용언 어절 시각 재인에서 첫음절 토큰 빈도의 효과가 명사 어절 재인과 동일하게 나타나는지를 검증하기 위해 수행되었다. 3음절 어절 151개, 4음절 어절 150개를 사용하여 시각 어절 판단 과제를 시행하였으며, 첫음절 토큰 빈도, 어간 빈도, 어절 빈도를 선형 혼합 모형에 투입하였다. 분석 결과, 3음절 어절에서 첫음절 토큰 빈도의 촉진 효과가 유의하였으며, 어절 빈도의 효과 또한 유의하게 나타났다. 그러나 4음절 어절에서는 첫음절 토큰 빈도의 효과가 유의하지 않았으며, 어근 빈도만이 유의한 촉진 효과를 보고하였다. 이러한 결과는 첫음절 토큰 빈도의 촉진 효과가 품사에 제한되지 않는 현상임을 부분적으로 지지한다고 볼 수 있으며, 음절 수 길이에 따라 용언 어절 역시 처리 전략이 달라질 수 있음을 시사한다.

This study was conducted to examine whether the effect of the first syllable token frequency in visual recognition of Korean predicate Eojeol is similarly reported as noun Eojeol recognition. A total of 151 tri-syllabic Eojeols and 150 quad-syllabic Eojeols were used in lexical decision task. The linear mixed-effect model included variables of the first syllable token frequency, stem frequency, and Eojeol frequency. The analysis results showed a significant facilitative effect of the first syllable token frequency in tri-syllabic Eojeols, as well as a significant effect of Eojeol frequency. However, in quad-syllabic Eojeols, the effect of the first syllable token frequency was not significant, while only stem frequency showed a significant facilitative effect. These results partially support the notion that the facilitative effect of the first syllable token frequency is not restricted to specific parts of speech. Additionally, it suggests that the influence of the first syllable may vary depending on the level of morphological changes in predicate Eojeol.

본 연구의 첫째 목적은 6개월 영아의 시각적 재인기억이 17개월 영아의 전반적 지능을 예언할 수 있는지를 검토하는 것이었다. 둘째 목적은 17개월 이전에 측정된 대상영속성 및 모방과 같은 특수인지능력들과 인구통계학적 변인들이 17개월 영아의 지능을 예측할 수 있는지를 검토하고자 하는 것이었다. 재인기억은 친숙화-새로운 자극 선호 절차를 통한 신기성 비율로서 측정하였다. 17개월 영아의 전반적 지능(IQ)을 측정하는 데에는 CAS-2를 사용하였다. 6개월 영아의 재인기억은 17개월의 전반적 지능과 유의한 상관이 있었다. 특수 인지 능력 중에서 15개월에 측정된 대상 영속성 점수, 그리고 9개월과 11개월에 측정된 모방 점수만 전반적 지능과의 상관이 유의하였다. 그 외에 인구통계학적 변인은 전반적 지능과의 상관은 유의하지 않았다. 본 연구에서 무엇보다도 6개월과 같은 초기의 지표 중에서 재인기억만이 17개월의 지능을 예측할 수 있음을 보여 주었다.

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the prediction of 17-month-old infants' global intelligence from 6-month-old infants' visual recognition memory and specific cognitive abilities. The secondary purpose was to investigate whether specific cognitive abilities such as object permanence and imitative ability as well as demographic variables can contribute to the prediction of 17-month-old infants' global intelligence. Recognition memory was meant to be the novelty rate which was measured by a familiarization-novel stimulus preference procedure. 17-month-old infants' global intelligence was measured by means of CAS-2(Cognitive Ability Scale-2). The recognition memory of 6-month-old infants was significantly correlated with 17-month-old infants' global intelligence. 17-month-old infants' global intelligence was shown to have a significant correlation with the object permanence measured at 15 months old, and with imitative ability at 9-, 11-months old, respectively. Moreover, demographic variable was not significantly correlated with 17-month-old infants' global intelligence. It is noteworthy in this study that 17-month-old infants' global intelligence was predictable only through recognition memory which was the one and only variable among various variables measured at a relative early age around 6 months old.

This study aims to examine whether phonological information is used during visual word recognition processes. While most of the previous studies suggested importance of the orthographic information, there have been debates on the role of the phonological information on visual word recognition. In this study, 44 university students participated in a cross modally primed lexical decision task with high and low frequency words. The effect of the auditory primes that matched with phonology(e.g./궁/) or orthography(e.g./국/) of the visual target words(e.g. 국민) were compared with unrelated control(e.g./언/). The results showed that both of the phonological and orthographic priming conditions facilitated lexical decision latencies for high frequency words while only orthographic priming had an effect for low frequency words. The results were discussed based on the bi-modal interactive activation model of the word recognition.

시각적 단어 인지는 표기 체계에 따라 다르다. 본 연구는 한국어 단어의 인지에서 형태소의 표상과 처리를 다루었다. 한국어에서의 형태소 표상과 처리에 관한 선행 연구들은, 다른 언어에서와는 달리, 형태소 점화 효과를 관찰하지 못 하였다. 본 연구는 형태소 점화 효과의 부재가 표기 반복의 억제 효과에 의해 상쇄된 것이라고 가정하고, 이를 검증하기 위해 두 개의 실험을 실시하였다. 실험 1에서는, 2음절 한자어를 표적어로 사용하고, 점화어 유형(형태소 반복, 표기 반복, 중립)과 반복 위치(동일, 상이)를 조작하였다. 어휘 판단 시간의 분석 결과, 반복 위치가 상이한 경우에 한하여 형태소 점화 효과가 유의하게 나타났다. 실험 2는 두음법칙이 적용되는 단어를 실험자극으로 하여 실험 1의 결과를 재확인하였다. 실험 1과 2의 결과는, 한국어의 시각적 인지에서 형태소 표상과 처리의 실재를 지지하였다. 본 연구의 결과와 선행연구들의 결과에 근거하여, 한자어의 인지에서 형태소의 처리에 대해서 논의하였다.

This research was conducted to investigate morphological representation and processing of words printed in Hangul. Previous studies in Korean language have produced different results from other languages―inhibitory orthographic priming effects but no significant morphological ones. To test our hypothesis that Korean morphological processing is robust but its effects are blocked by orthographic processing, we manipulated spatial positions of shared constituents in primes and targets. In Experiment 1 using the immediate repetition priming technique with bisyllabic Sino-Korean words, morphological and orthographic priming effects were found to be modulated by spatial position of shared constituents. At the different constituent positions morphological priming effects were facilitatory but orthographic ones were null; at the same constituent positions morphological priming effects were null but orthographic ones were inhibitory. Experiment 2 also confirmed the results of Experiment 1 with the bisyllabic stimuli whose onsets change due to onset restriction. Findings are discussed in terms of how morphological and orthographic information interacts in reading Sino-Korean words.

기존 한국어 시각 어휘 재인 연구에서 음절 빈도 효과는 명사 및 동사와 같은 어휘의 품사, 단어 및 어절 등 어휘의 형태, 나아가 타입 및 토큰 빈도와 같은 음절 빈도의 다양한 계산 방식에 따라 혼재된 결과가 보고되었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 철자형 및 음운형 빈도 각각에 대하여, 타입 및 토큰, 길이 제한 및 길이 무관 빈도 등 네 가지 계산 방식에 따라 첫음절 빈도를 계산하여 기존 한국어 어휘 판단 데이터의 23,173개 단어 및 어절 대상 어휘 판단 데이터를 재분석하였다. 총 8가지 독립적 위계적 회귀 모형에서 용언의 원형 및 굴절형 모두에서 첫음절 빈도의 촉진 효과가 나타난 반면, 명사는 어절에서만 촉진 효과가 발견되었다. 이러한 첫음절 빈도의 촉진 효과는 철자 및 음운형 음절 빈도 모두 빈도 계산 방식과 무관하게 일관적으로 나타났다. 음절 빈도의 촉진적 효과는 한국어의 독특한 모아쓰기 체계의 영향으로 음절 간의 경계가 시각적으로 뚜렷해지고, 이로 인하여 시각 어휘 재인 시 직접적 철자 음절 경로를 통한 어휘 접속이 가능하기 때문으로 여겨진다. 또한, 명사 단어에서의 효과 부재는 단어 빈도 효과와 고빈도 이웃 수의 영향으로 유추된다. 따라서, 본 연구 결과는 음절의 음운형 및 철자형 표상 모두가 중요한 역할을 한다는 점을 시사한다.

Previous studies on syllable frequency effect on visual recognition of Korean words have reported mixed results depending on their part of speech, morphological form (simple vs. inflected form), and measures of syllable frequency (e.g., type or token frequency). The present study reanalyzed lexical decision data from 23,173 words in three datasets (Yi et al., 2017; Kim et al., 2018; Kim et al., 2020). In eight independent hierarchical regression models, four frequency measures were employed for the orthographic and phonological first syllable, respectively. The first syllable frequency was measured in terms of type or token, or whether the length of syllabic neighbors was considered or not. The results showed robust facilitative effects of first syllable frequency in all forms of verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, while only in inflected form for nouns. The facilitative effects of first syllable frequency were demonstrated regardless of frequency measure, both in orthographic and phonological syllable frequency. This facilitative effect of syllable frequency could be due to the Korean writing system, which provides visually distinct syllabic boundaries, resulting in direct access to the mental lexicon via the orthographic route. The null effect of the syllable frequency in noun words could be attributed to their greater number of higher frequency syllabic neighbors (HFSN), compared to the other three categories. Thus, these results suggest that both the orthographic and phonological representation of a syllable plays an important role in visual word recognition.

단어 내 글자의 위치 부호화가 유동적인지 조사하기 위해 한국어 심성 어휘 프로젝트(KLP)의 2글자(=음절) 비단어에 대한 어휘 판단 데이터를 분석하였다. 어두 글자와 어말 글자를 전위하면 단어가 되는 전위 비단어(예, ‘국천’) 588개와 그에 대한 통제 비단어(예, ‘국증’) 588개를 대상으로 위계적 혼합 효과 분석을 실시하였다. 과제 변인, 고유 속성 변인, 전위 속성 변인 등이 통제된 모형에서 글자 전위 효과가 관찰되었다. 전위 비단어는 통제 비단어에 비해 어휘 판단 시간이 더 길었고 오류율도 더 높았다. 이러한 글자 전위 효과는 한국어 2글자 단어 재인시 글자 위치 정보가 고정되어 있지 않을 가능성을 보여준다. 또한 전위 속성 변인들의 효과가 유의하게 나타났으며 단어 빈도 및 어종의 효과는 유의하지 않게 나왔는데 이는 글자 전위 효과의 전어휘적 성격을 보여준다. 이상의 결과를 바탕으로 한글 단어 재인에서 전위 효과가 나타나는 단위, 전위 효과의 전어휘적/어휘적 근원 등에 대해 논의하였다.

The transposed-letter (TL) effect refers to the phenomenon that nonwords generated by transposing positions of letters in a word are responded more slowly than control nonwords. TL effect has been interpreted as evidence that the coding of letter position is flexible. In Korean, to investigate flexibility of the position coding, more studies are done by transposing syllables since TL effect has rarely been found in Korean. In the present study, the lexical decision data for 588 syllable-transposed nonword and control nonword pairs from the Korean Lexicon Project were analyzed to examine the syllable transposition effect. Hierarchical linear mixed-effects (LME) models revealed that syllable-transposed nonwords were harder to reject than matched controls, which supports the flexible coding of syllable position. The results also showed that the pre-lexical properties of nonwords had significant effects on nonword rejection, but word frequency and word type had no effect on the rejection of nonwords. The results suggest that the locus of transposed-syllable effects in Hangul is pre-lexical.

본 연구에서는 시각적 단어 재인에서 공간주의가 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 공간주의의 영향은 자극이 제시되는 위치에 공간단서를 제시하거나(타당 단서), 자극이 제시되지 않는 위치에 공간단서를 제시하는 경우(비타당 단서)의 수행을 비교한 단서효과의 크기로 살펴볼 수 있다. 대표적 시각적 단어 재인 과제인 명명 과제와 어휘판단 과제에서 단서효과가 나타나는지, 단서효과의 크기가 단어빈도에 따라 차이가 나는지를 살펴보았다. 실험 결과, 명명 과제, 어휘판단 과제에서 유사한 크기의 단서효과가 관찰되면서 시각적 단어 재인에서 공간주의가 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 고빈도 단어에서보다 저빈도 단어의 정확도에서 더 큰 단서효과가 나타나면서 공간주의의 영향은 저빈도 단어에서 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 단어 처리 모형의 관점에 의해 논의되었다.

In this study, we examined the effects of spatial attention on visual word recognition. A valid cue was presented at the location where target stimuli would appear (valid trials) and an invalid cue was presented at the location where target stimuli would not appear (invalid trials). As an index of spatial attention, the cuing effect was calculated as the difference in the performance of word recognition between the valid trials and the invalid trials. We investigated whether the cuing effects appeared in visual word recognition tasks, such as naming and lexical decision tasks and whether the magnitude of the cuing effects varies depending on word frequency. As a result, the cuing effects were observed both in the naming and lexical decision tasks, and the magnitude of the effects was similar across the tasks. It indicates that spatial attention affects visual word recognition. The cuing effects were greater in the accuracy of low-frequency words than in those of high-frequency words. That is, the effects of spatial attention were more pronounced in low-frequency words. The results were discussed in terms of the word processing model.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of syllable and morpheme on Korean visual word recognition. Previous studies proposed that the frequency of the first syllable of a word is negatively related with word recognition while the size of the morpheme family is positively related. In this study, we examined this idea by comparing Korean compound words containing a separate morpheme in the first syllable with simple words, the first syllable of which does not correspond to a single morpheme. The participants were asked to perform lexical decision tasks for two syllable stimuli or two sequentially presented syllables. As a result, the syllable frequency effect was significant for simple words. However, the effect was absent for compound words when they were presented as two syllables while the effect was significant when they were presented sequentially one syllable by one syllable. The results suggested that the characteristics of the morpheme and syllable have strong influence on visual word recognition.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of the orthographic and morphologic information on Korean visual word recognition. While some previous research suggests the inhibitory effect for the orthographic priming and the facilitatory effect for the morphological priming, it is difficult to know clearly whether the inhibitory effect is merely an effect due to orthography information since morphological information and orthographical information are compounded. By using a repetition priming paradigm, two experiments with different SOA(60ms, 200ms) were carried out to compare the priming effects of three repetition conditions (orthographic, morpheme and simple word). The results showed significant inhibitory effects in single word and orthographic repetition condition in both SOA conditions. Inhibitory effects of the orthography and facilitatory effects of morphology seemed to be canceled out for morpheme repetition condition. These results suggest that both of the orthographic and morphologic information have an effect from the early stage of visual word recognition.

The purpose of the current study is to investigate whether the syllable type frequency or the syllable token frequency is responsible for the syllable frequency effect during visual word recognition. In the present ERP study, type and token frequencies of the experimental materials were orthogonally controlled and 20 participates were performed a lexical decision task. The results showed that the P200 and N400, which have been known as ERP components to mirror syllable processing, were affected by the modulation of the syllable token frequency rather than by the modulation of the syllable type frequency. The results of the current study suggested that the syllable type frequency is the major source of the syllable frequency effect during visual word recognition.

본 연구는 한국어 시각 단어재인 과정에 철자 및 음운 정보가 어떤 영향을 미치는가를 알아보기 위해 기존에 출판된 연구 결과를 메타 분석 기법을 이용하여 분석하였고, 이를 바탕으로 점화어휘판단과제를 실시하여 철자 및 음운 정보의 역할을 알아보았다. 먼저 효과크기 추정을 위해서 점화어휘판단과제를 이용하여 철자 및 음운 정보의 역할을 알아본 아홉 개의 기존 연구(15개의 실험)를 선정하여 분석하였고, 그 결과 철자 유사 조건은 통제 조건에 비해 촉진적 점화 효과가 나타나는 것을, 음운 일치 조건은 유의미한 효과크기가 나타나지 않은 것을 발견하였다. 본 연구에서 수행한 점화어휘판단과제 결과 역시 철자 유사 조건은 통제 조건에 비해 반응시간이 빠른 유의미한 점화효과를 보였지만, 철자 유사 조건과 음운 일치 조건 사이에는 반응시간의 차이가 없었다. 이러한 결과는 한국어 시각 단어재인 과정에 철자 정보가 우선적인 역할을 한다는 것을 시사한다.

The present study investigated the effects of phonological and orthographic information during Korean visual word recognition by conducting a meta-analysis on previously published research results as well as a priming lexical decision task. First, we selected nine research articles (15 experiments) from the literature that reported effects of phonological and orthographic information of primes on target word recognition to calculate estimated effect sizes. Results showed a facilitative priming orthographically similar primes compared to unrelated control primes but a nonsignificant phonologically similar/identical primes. The priming study results also indicated that target words were responded to more rapidly when they were primed by orthographically similar nonwords than when they were primed by unrelated control nonwords, whereas there was no additional phonologically identical nonword primes. These results together support the view that orthographic information, but not phonological information, plays a primary role in Korean visual word recognition.