Earticle

본 연구는 스낵모양의 규칙성에 따른 기준점설정 및 조정효과를 살펴보고자 하였다. 특히 본 연구는 2012년 이전 연구와의 비교를 위하여 동일한 실험설계 하에서 규칙성 있는 자극물로 ‘촉촉한 초코칩’을 선정하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 규칙적인 자극물에서도 기준점 설정 및 조정효과가 나타났다. 그러나 이전 실험의 결과는 제품 단위 수에 따른 수량예측치의 차이가 통계적으로 유의한 반면, 본 연구에서는 통계적 유의확률이 더 높게 나타나 제품이 규칙성이 수량의 예측용이성을 높여 휴리스틱으로 인한 편향된 판단이 상당히 감소하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 2) 규칙적인 자극물에서도 언어적 정보의 추가제공으로 기준점 설정효과는 차이가 줄어들었으나 그 상호작용효과는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 그러나 그 원인은 다르게 나타났다. 이는 규칙성에 따른 기준점설정의 효과, 첫 번째 연구문제에 대한 검증결과를 강화시켜주는 것으로 해석해 볼 수 있다. 3) 규칙적인 자극물에서도 인지부하정도의 상호작용효과는 통계적으로 유의하였다. 그러나 이 결과도 이전실험의 결과와는 전혀 다른 의미(인지과부하에 의한 편향된 판단의 확대)를 제공한다. 본 연구는 이전의 한계점을 극복한다는 측면에서 그리고 지나친 인지과부하는 편향된 판단을 오히려 강화할 수 있다는 점에서 마케팅 전략적 시사점을 제공하고 있다.

The purpose of this study examines the influence of anchoring and adjustment according to regularity of snack's shape. Especially this study choose 'choco chip' as a snack with regularity to compare with 2012's study. The results of this study are as follows. 1) The anchoring and adjustment also appears in 'choco chip' with regularity. But statistical meaning is different from the result of prior study. 2) The difference of anchoring effect reduced according to additional verbal information in 'choco chip' with regularity. but has no statistical meaning of interaction effect. However the causes of two results are different. 3) The interaction effect of cognitive load(without vs. moderate vs. high) is meaningful statistically. difference of anchoring effect reduced according to additional verbal information in 'choco chip' with regularity in 'choco chip' with regularity. This study provides strategic implication that it overcomes the limitation of the prior resuarch and may reinforce the biased judgement by cognitive overload.

본 연구는 스낵제품을 대상으로 기준점설정과 기준점의 조정과정(adjustment)에서 언어정보와 인지부하가 어떻게 작용하는지를 살펴보았다. 연구결과 1) 기준점설정에 관한 연구결과 응답자들은 개수가 5개 그려진 포장재보다 25개 그려진 포장재의 내용물(고래밥) 단위수를 더 많게 예측하였다. 따라서 손쉽게 얻을 수 있는 정보를 기준으로 자신의 판단이나 생각이 이루어진다는 기준점설정효과(anchoring effect)는 확인되었다. 2) 언어적 정보의 조절효과를 살펴보기 위하여 내용물을 설명해주는 언어적 정보(labeling)를 추가적으로 제시한 결과, 응답자간의 내용물 개수 예측치의 차이가 크게 줄어드는 결과를 확인하였다. 3) 인지부하(cognitive load)의 조절효과를 살펴보기 위하여 자리수가 다른 곱셈계산식을 제시(인지부하 조작)하고 포장재별 내용물의 개수를 예측토록 하였다. 그 결과 인지부하가 많을수록 포장재 간의 예측치 차이가 줄어드는 것으로 나타나 인지부하의 조절효과도 확인하였다. 본 연구는 정보제공방식의 프레임을 조정하거나 인지부하를 조정함으로써 기준점설정 및 조정과정에서 나탈 수 있는 오류나 편향을 감소시킬 수 있음을 보여주고 있다. 이는 소비심리를 연구하는 학자들은 물론 포장재 디자이너와 같은 마케팅실무담당자들에게 이론적 실무적 시사점을 제공한다.

This study examines the anchoring effect and the adjustment process of two variables(verbal information, cognition load) with snack products. In the results of this study, 1) we found the anchoring effect because the respondents predicted more the number of real units(goraebap) on the packaging painted 25 units than 5 ones. 2) We confirmed the moderating effect of verbal information. The difference of the number of real units predicted between the two packaging was decreased when the visual information was in company with verbal information. And 3) the moderating effect of cognitive load appeared because the more cognitive load was, the less the difference of the number of real units predicted was. This study has shown that we can reduce the errors and biases by adjusting the information frame or the cognitive load. This research provides a theoretical-practical implications to the marketing staffs like packaging designers as well as scholars to study consumer psychology.

영상 콘텐츠는 색상, 질감, 외곽선, 모양 등 다양한 시각적 정보를 포함하고 있다. 이러한 특징 정보들을 사용하여 영상 콘텐츠간의 유사도를 측정할 수 있다. 일반적으로 비교적 정보 추출과 구성이 쉬운 색상 정보와 형태 정보를 사용하여 이미지간의 유사도를 측정하고 있다. 하지만 대부분 사람들은 이미지에 대한 감성을 느끼기 때문에 영상 콘텐츠의 감성분류를 통한 감성 정보를 유사도 측정에 사용한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 영상의 감성 정보와 색상 및 형태 정보의 비교 값으로 영상 콘텐츠간 유사도를 결정하도록 하였다. 본 연구 결과는 게임 프로그램을 제작하는데 있어서 유사 화면을 검색하는데 많은 도움이 되리라 여겨진다.

Image contents include a lot of visual information such as color, texture, edge and shape. Similarity among images contents can be determined using these visual information. In general, image similarity is measured using color and shape information that are easy to extract. However, emotion information through emotion classification of the image contents is used to determine the similarity since most people feel the emotion of image. In this paper, the image contents similarity is determined with the comparison value of emotion information, color and shape information. The result of this research will be helpful for the similarity image retrieval in producing a game program.

neuroscience. Synchronicity acceptance by fast visual information is the method that can recognize visual sensation at the time instantly through transparency space of architecture. It has a phase such as mean that accommodated synchronicity by technical conversation that cubism disjoints cube and reconstructs with transparency. Transparency of modern architecture was the beginning of the application of synchronicity theory. Ideological value of modern architects through this space wish to including vague that past isolation and cutting of space destroy. However, in the modern architecture the synchronicity could be realized by using glass, in which way, the space-depth could be recognized visually. The properties of physical synchronicity by visual information is the instants synchronicity. When analyzed architecture form by instants synchronicity, it is obvious that modern architecture was expressed sensuously for using various surface architectural materials as outer skin. The perceptional content was influenced by properties of surface materials and instants synchronicity. Through various factors, such as the projectivity of architectural construction, convertibility of transparent, identity of information, consider the relationship between outside and inside, surface layer and surrouding.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of visual information on movement time and each angular velocity of trunk and lower extremity joints while healthy adults are in sitting and squat motion. Methods: Participants consisted of 20 healthy male and female adults; movement time and each angular velocity of trunk, pelvis, hip, knee and ankle of sitting and squat motion according to common vision, visual task and visual block were analyzed using a three dimensional motion analysis system. Results: Each angular velocity of the trunk, pelvis, hip, knee and ankle in phase 2 of the sitting showed significant difference according to the types of visual information (p<0.05). Movement time and each angular velocity of pelvis and hip in phase 2 of squat motion showed significant difference according to the types of visual information (p<0.05). According to the common vision, each angular velocity of knee and ankle in phase 1 was significantly fast in sitting (p<0.05). According to the common vision, each angular velocity of trunk, pelvis, hip, knee, and ankle in phase 2 was significantly fast in sitting (p<0.05). Conclusion: Visual information affects the angular velocity of the motion in a simple action such as sitting, and that in more complicated squat motion affects both the angular velocity and the movement time. In addition, according to the common vision, visual task and visual block, as angular velocities of all joints were faster in sitting than squat motion.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of visual block with ankle joint fatigue on gait and dynamic balance ability. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Thirty healthy young adults (men=15, women=15) between 22 to 25 years of age voluntarily participated in this study. All subjects performed the gait and dynamic balance test successively in two conditions: the visual block and the open eyes condition. Before the gait and dynamic balance test, muscle fatigue on the ankle joint was induced to all subjects by doing ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion alternately, and then gait parameters (step length, stride length, cadence, velocity, single limb support, and double limb support) were assessed by walking on the GAITRite system (CIR Systems Inc., USA). Subjects also performed the functional reach test (FRT) for assessment of dynamic balance. This study examined gait parameters and FRT scores in each visual block and open eyes condition. Results: The results showed that FRT scores with the visual block condition significantly decreased compared to without visual blocking (p<0.01). Step length, stride length, cadence, and velocity of gait parameters decreased significantly in the visual block condition (p<0.01) while there was no significant difference for single limb support. However, double limb support increased significantly in the visual block system (p<0.01). Conclusions: Therefore, blocking of visual information with muscle fatigue of the ankle joint can affect gait and balance ability of young adults and increase the risk of falls.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate how light touch with a finger affects balance ability when a posture is maintained in the condition of visual information blockage and to provide a fundamental material for developing balance ability in the process of rehabilitation treatment. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: The study subjects were 17 healthy men and women in their twenties and thirties who were studying at S University in Seoul. The system was comprised of an equilateral triangular force platform. Subjects were asked to step on the foot position of the force platform (Good Balance, Finland) barefooted for 30 seconds, with eyes closed, hands hanging down loosely, and feet comfortably apart. It was connected to a laptop by using Bluetooth technology. An experiment was conducted in the following three circumstances: 1) no-touch trial, 2) light touch to the back (T7 area), and 3) light touch to the middle finger of the left hand. Each subject was given a 10-minute break between consecutive measurements. The experimental circumstances were performed randomly. Anteroposterior sway (APSV), mediolateral sway velocity (MLSV), and velocity moment (VM) were measured. Results: The APSVs (mm/s) were $9.32{\pm}3.37$ and $5.45{\pm}2.98$; the MLSVs (mm/s), $6.39{\pm}3.35$ and $3.31{\pm}2.48$; and VM ($mm^2/s$), $17.13{\pm}11.75$ and $6.76{\pm}8.31$ in the first and second experimental circumstances, respectively. APSV, MLSV, and VM values were significantly improved with the 1) no-touch trial and 2) light touch to the back trail conditions compared with the 3) light touch to the middle finger of the left hand condition (p<0.05). Conclusions: This study revealed that the balance ability for maintaining a body posture was influenced more by light touch to the back (T7) than by light touch with the sensitive fingertip and body sway diminished after visual information was blocked.

Purpose: A hyperextended knee is described as knee pain associated with an impaired knee extensor mechanism. Additionally, a hyperextended knee may involve reduced position sense of the knee joint that decreases the individual's ability to control end-range knee extension movement. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of visual biofeedback information for plantar pressure distribution on knee joint angle and lower extremity muscle activities in participants with hyperextended knees. Methods: Twenty-three participants with hyperextended knees were recruited for the study. Surface electromyography signals were recorded for the biceps femoris, rectus femoris, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior muscle activities. The plantar pressure distribution was displayed and measured using a pressure distribution measuring plate. Knee joint angle kinematic parameters were recorded using a motion analysis system. The visual biofeedback condition was the point at which the difference between the forefoot and backfoot plantar foot pressure on the monitor was minimized. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to determine the significance between the visual biofeedback condition and the preferred condition. Results: The knee joint angle was significantly decreased in the visual biofeedback condition compared to that in the preferred condition (p<0.05). The rectus femoris and gastrocnemius muscle activities were significantly different between the visual biofeedback and preferred conditions (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that visual biofeedback of information about plantar pressure distribution is effective for correcting hyperextended knees.

Background: Posture balance control is the ability to maintain the body's center of gravity in the minimal postural sway state on a supportive surface. This ability is obtained through a complicated process of sensing the movements of the human body through sensory organs and then integrating the information into the central nervous system and reacting to the musculoskeletal system and the support action of the musculoskeletal system. Motor function, including coordination, motor, and vision, vestibular sense, and sensory function, including proprioception, should act in an integrated way. However, more than half of stroke patients have motor, sensory, cognitive, and emotional disorders for a long time. Motor and sensory disorders cause the greatest difficulty in postural control among stroke patients. Objects: The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of visual and somatosensory information on postural sway in stroke patients and carrying out a kinematic analysis using a tri-axial accelerometer and a quantitative assessment. Methods: Thirty-four subjects posed four stance condition was accepted various sensory information for counterbalance. This experiment referred to the computerized dynamic posturography assessments and was redesigned four condition blocking visual and somatosensory information. To measure the postural sway of the subjects' trunk, a wireless tri-axial accelerometer was used by signal vector magnitude value. Ony-way measure analysis of variance was performed among four condition. Results: There were significant differences when somatosensory information input blocked (p<.05). Conclusion: The sensory significantly affecting the balance ability of stroke patients is somatosensory, and the amount of actual movement of the trunk could be objectively compared and analyzed through quantitative figures using a tri-axial accelerometer for balance ability.

Two Experiments using a primed lexical decision task investigated what types of linguistic information elicits lexical inhibition during visual word recognition of Korean. We measured participants’ reaction times for this task and three prime-target conditions were used: 1) orthographically related 2) phonologically related and 3) control condition. We attempted to examine how lexical competition occurs when prime words had phonological change and whether the inhibition is modulated by word frequency of prime words (Experiment 1), and investigate whether the lexical competition is modulated by lexical status of the prime stimuli (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, we showed that the reaction times were slower in the phonologically related condition as compared to the control condition, whereas they were faster in the orthographically related condition relative to the control condition. Moreover, this tendency was more noticeable in the low frequency prime condition relative to the high frequency prime condition. However, neither the inhibitory effect by the phonologically related prime nor the facilitative effect of the orthographically related prime were observed in Experiment 2 in which nonword primes were used, suggesting that the inhibitory priming effect is generated due to lexical competition between the prime and the target within a lexical level, not via a pre-lexical level in Korean visual word recognition.

Assistive technologies are necessary for ensuring independent living and equal participation in an information-based society for people living with disabilities (PLWD). This study investigated the assistive technology preference of students with visual disabilities, and the approach academic libraries should adopt in procuring assistive technologies. The study adopted a quantitative research method, with a survey as the research design. The study was conducted among visually disabled students in four public universities in Nigeria. Using the total enumeration method, an online questionnaire was used to obtain information from 151 students who voluntarily agreed to partake in the survey. The study found that access to electronic resources, scanning/conversion of print resources to electronic formats and access to information on the Web were among the technology-based services provided to visually disabled students. COBRA, ZoomText, Supernova and Dragon Naturally Speaking are the most preferred assistive technologies (software). At the same time, handheld scanners ($\bar{x}=4.40$) and braille keyboards ($\bar{x}=4.60$) are the most preferred assistive technologies in the hardware category by visually challenged students. The study further revealed that the library management should consult with students living with a visual disability before procuring assistive technology. Findings from this study thus provide further evidence of the need for librarians to fulfil their moral and legal obligation in advocating the provision of assistive technologies. Library administrators and university stakeholders should expedite actions on meeting the assistive technology needs of people living with visual disabilities. These actions should transcend mere policy formulation on the provision of assistive technologies to restructuring their services and spaces to accommodate assistive technologies as information service delivery tools for people with visual disabilities.

Numerous scholars have explored the modeling, control, and optimization of energy systems in buildings, offering new insights about technology and environments that can advance industry innovation. Eye trackers deliver objective eye-gaze data about visual and attentional processes. Due to its flexibility, accuracy, and efficiency in research, eye tracking has a control scheme that makes measuring rapid eye movement in three-dimensional space possible (e.g., virtual reality, augmented reality). Because eye movement is an effective modality for digital interaction with a virtual environment, tracking how users scan a visual field and fix on various digital objects can help designers optimize building environments and materials. Although several scholars have conducted Virtual Reality studies in three-dimensional space, scholars have not agreed on a consistent way to analyze eye tracking data. We conducted eye tracking experiments using objects in three-dimensional space to find an objective way to process quantitative visual data. By applying a 12 × 12 grid framework for eye tracking analysis, we investigated how people gazed at objects in a virtual space wearing a headmounted display. The findings provide an empirical base for a standardized protocol for analyzing eye tracking data in the context of virtual environments.

The study was undertaken to compare and analyze kinetic variables during downward foot-on according to the foothold heights under inter-rupted-visual information on 25-t cargo truck. Skilled adult male drivers (n=10) engaged in cargo truck driving over 1 year participated in the experiment. The results obtained from cinematographic and ground re-action force data during downward foot-on as follows; First, leg stiff-ness, peak vertical force (PVF) and loading rate showed significant dif-ference as an increase of foothold heights, that is, interrupted-visual in-formation showed greater impulse force than as was not. Second, vari-ables of center of pressure (COP) with interrupted-visual information did not showed difference, but anterior-posterior COP and COP area showed an increasing tendency as an increase of foothold heights. Third, dynamic posture stability index (overall, medial-lateral, anteri-or-posterior, and vertical) showed significant difference as an increase of foothold height, that is, interrupted-visual information showed lower index than as was not. Therefore it will be possible to control success-fully the leg stiffness, loading rate, and PVF when preparing an estimate for air phase time and impulse force through habitual cognition and confirmation at landing during downward foot-on from cargo truck. Identifying these potential differences may enable clinicians to assess type of injury and design exercise rehabilitation protocols specific.

Modern enterprises maintain extensive repositories of business documents within their intranet systems, creating a critical need for automated processing capabilities of image-based documents to enhance operational efficiency. Unlike standardized forms, most business documents are semi-structured, with layouts and field positions varying widely across organizations and document types. This complexity has generated substantial demand for advanced information extraction and organization technologies, capable of handling irregular structures and diverse schemas. However, conventional Optical Character Recognition (OCR) approaches, which prioritize textual recognition, encounter significant limitations when processing complex forms due to their reliance on location-based extraction. Similarly, Key Information Extraction (KIE) techniques often require domain-specific pre-training, resulting in considerable learning and adapting costs for novel document formats. To address these challenges, this study proposes an innovative process for effectively extracting and organizing key elements from semi-structured documents by employing Visual Language Models (VLMs) that process documents as image inputs and concurrently analyze visual and linguistic information. The proposed framework determines superior extraction accuracy, economic efficiency, and even user satisfaction by exploiting both semantic textual content and spatial positioning as visual cues. Experimental results demonstrate that the VLM-based framework outperforms existing OCR and KIE solutions across multiple evaluation dimensions, while the integration of human-in-the-loop verification processes establishes a practical framework for semi-structured document automation (e.g., commercial invoice) with immediate applicability in fast-changing enterprise environments.

본 연구는 운전 중에 자동차 항법 시스템을 통해 제시되는 다양한 수준의 시각 정보 처리 요구가 표적 항목에 대한 운전자의 탐색 수행과 운전 수행에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 검토할 목적으로 수행되었다. 실험 1에서는 항법 시스템 사용 자체의 효과를 검증하기 위하여 항법 시스템와 상호작용하도록 요구된 집단과 그렇지 않은 집단으로 구분하였고, 실험 2에서는 항법 시스템을 통해 제시되는 시각 정보의 복잡성 수준을 달리하여 시스템 정보의 복잡성 수준에 따라 운전자의 표적 항목에 대한 선택 반응시간 및 운전 수행의 변화를 살펴보았다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 먼저 항법 시스템을 사용하도록 요구받은 집단은 그렇지 않은 집단에 비해 차량의 종적 통제 보다는 차량의 횡적 통제에 더 많은 영향을 받아 수행이 저조해지는 것이 관찰되었다. 둘째, 항법 시스템에서 제공되는 시각 정보의 복잡성이 증가할수록 표적 항목에 대한 선택 반응 시간이 더 증가하였고, 운전 수행 역시 더 저조해지는 경향을 보였다. 특히 항법 시스템 사용 여부에 따른 운전 수행의 비교에서도 관찰되었듯이 시스템의 정보 복잡성 수준이 증가하여도 차량에 대한 종적 통제보다는 횡적 통제가 더 많은 영향을 받았으며, 제시된 시각 정보가 복잡할 때는 차선침범 횟수뿐만 아니라 차선내에서 차량을 일정한 위치로 유지하는 수행도 저조해지는 것이 관찰되었다.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of visual information complexity(manipulated by the number of information items) of In-Vehicle Navigation System on driver`s visual search and driving performances. Two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, where the effects of the system use itself on driving performances were primarily examined, drivers in the system use condition showed more lane crossings than control condition. The effect of visual information complexity was investigated in the Experiment 2. The drivers` visual search time was increased as the number of the items on the screen increased. In addition, similar to the result of Experiment 1, drivers` lane crossings were as the number of items increased. However, longitudinal control of the vehicle(i.e., deviation from the target driving speed) appeared to be not affected either by the complexity of the information or the system use itself. Implications from the integrated analysis of the two experiments were discussed in terms of the guideline for the design of the In-Vehicle Navigation System.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to verify the effects of visual information on nursing management to elderly total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients. Methods: A quasi-experimental study with a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used in this study. Participants of this study were 60 elderly patients with TKA admitted to one hospital: the control group (30) between July and September, 2013, and the experimental group (30) between April and July, 2013. Anxiety and uncertainty were determined at baseline and at 3 days after TKA in both groups. Results: Two days after the visual information, the experimental group showed a significant decrease in anxiety and uncertainty compared with the control group. Conclusion: The results of this study show that providing visual information was effective in decreasing postoperative patient anxiety and uncertainty in elderly TKA patients. Therefore, when an elderly patient is hospitalized for TKA, positive and systematic provision of visual information may provide a positive effect by reducing postoperative patient anxiety and uncertainty.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to test the effect of visual information blocking nursing intervention (VIBNI)on stress and anxiety of patients undergo chemoport insertion in operating rooms. Methods: A non-equivalent controlquasi-experimental design was used. Forth eight participants were enrolled and randomized to experimentalgroup (VIBNI group, n=24) and control group (n=24). All participants received chemoport insertion under localanesthesia. During chemoport insertion, participants allocated to the VIBNI group had their both eyes covered withgamma-sterilized white gauze (5cm x 20cm, 0.5cm in thickness and 4g in weight) that can transmit light of 330Lux. Data from 43 participants were analysed after excluding 5 participants who withdrew (3 in the VIBNI group, and2 in the control group) due to hypertension and anxiety history. Blood pressure and pulse were measured for stress. Blood sample (3 mL) was obtained before and during the procedure to measure serum cortisol level. State anxietyand VAS was measured for anxiety. Results: The difference of cortisol level between two groups was statisticallysignificant after VIBNI intervention (p=.007). In terms of systolic blood pressure (p=.005) and pulse (p<.001), interactionof two groups appeared to be significant over time. Conclusion: In our sample, participants received the VIBNIreported lower stress responses (cortisol level, systolic blood pressure and pulse) during chemoport insertion. Based upon our preliminary results, further evaluation in a larger sample and objective anxiety is warranted.

인간과 환경적 관계에서의 도시환경은 인간의 지각 및 형태를 유발하는 복잡한 시스템으로 파악할수 있고, 인간의 환경인식은 실체화된 물질 구조이상의 의미로서 받아들여진다. 따라서 환경적 정보조절적 관점에서의 도시환경은 그 질적인 향상이 더욱 필연적으로 요구된다고 하겠다. 교통사인 시스템은 시간과 공간안에서 자극-반응 관계에서 볼 때 운전자와 그 대상인 교통사인과의 관계로 교통체계에 대한 적절한 반응효과를 유도하여 고유의 기능을 수행하는 체계적인 시스템이라 할 수 있다. 이는 본래의 예시(Orientation)의 기능과 더불어 인간의 도시생활을 영위하는데 있어 중요한 역할을담당하고 있다고 볼 수 있다.

A comprehensive program which covers the traffic sign systems that can convey street informations properly and traffic which also can make contributions to the qualitative improvement of traffic improvement has been searched for in this study within the scope or range of street signs through following processes: In consecution with traffic signs, street, environment and image were analyzed on the basis of the so-called theory of human visual cognition and responsive structure. Upon the basis of the extracted design standard, problem of the current traffic sign designing. Form the contents analyzed, a target design was extracted. A trial application of the extracted design was made onto the recated environment, and cipated effects were looked into. The urbon environment in a relationship beet ween man and his surrounding can be grasped as a complicated system that causes parts of the human perceptual process and behavior pattern, it is sure to be esteemed something more meaningful than merely substantiated material sruucture. The traffic sign system, when viewed from a perspective environment impact and response interrelationship within time and space, lies in a relationship between a driver and a traffic sign as an object, and can be thought of further as a formulated system than plays its peculiar role by inducing him to respond to it appropriately. And this function of it can be easily shown as playing an important role in man's managing his public or private urban life together with its primary function of orientation.

Many studies have shown that having perception of spatial information is important for air traffic control officer (ATCO) since it helps them understand the current situation and predict the situation it leads to. However, little or no research has been done to investigate if there is any difference at the levels of expertise in perceiving spatial information and predicting a prospective situation. This study investigates the difference between expert and novice ATCO groups in how accurately each group of ATCO perceive spatial information such as position, altitude, speed, and flying direction, and predicting such information they will encounter shortly. In completing a task to watch the movement of airplanes displayed on the computer monitor as a blip, the participants were asked to predict the position, speed, and the altitude of the aircraft in a minute by marking on the sector map. The results show that the expert group performed better in accuracy and had tendency to overestimate on position and altitude; however, no significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of reading a flying direction. Therefore reading a flying direction may not be a reliable indicator to judge expertise of ATCO. But the expert group shows better predicting performance by perceiving spatial information such as airplane's position and altitude with feeling on time. The study suggests that it is important to enhance perceptive skills in ATCO training in improving their expertise in predicting accuracy traffic situation, preventing from air collision, and improving productivity for more efficient air traffic flow. A further study on the relationship between the perception of spatial information and the sense of time in predicting future information and effectiveness as an independent factor would contribute to providing more insights into expertise of ATCOs.

The purpose of study was to analyze how the visual information affects balance control of individuals during single leg stance. A total of 27 young normal people (20 males and 7 females, age: $13.7{\pm}2.6$, height: $162.3{\pm}13.2$ cm, weight: $53.9{\pm}13.9$ kg) was voluntarily involved in the experiment. The subjects were requested to maintain balance for 20 seconds with eyes both open and closed on a force plate and then foot ground reaction data were collected for that duration. Results showed that mean velocity of COP in closed eyes condition was larger 1.84 times than that of the open-eyes condition and range of vertical angle was increased approximately one degree in the closed eyes condition. To accomplish a balance, the frequency power in mediolateral and anteroposterior components of the foot-ground reaction force was increased by 1.3~1.4 times. Consequently, visual absence during single leg stance can result in critical loss of balance and lead to instability of body control.