Earticle

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of foot angle change on one leg standing balance according to the visual control. The subjects of this study were 30 elderly people and are divided into visual block group (n=10), visual feedback group (n=10), and control group (n=10). Control group practiced one leg standing training, visual block group practiced one leg standing training with visual block, and visual feedback group practiced in the same training in front of the mirror. Training of all three groups were performed for 30 minutes a day for three days. Before and after of the training, subjects underwent balance measurements at each angle using the Three-dimentional Motion Analyzer. The results of this study were as follows: visual feedback group was significant difference all angles before and after the training. This finding shows that visual feedback exercise was meaningful for improving of balance ability better than visual block exercise.

최근 데이터 분석과 인공지능 교육을 수행할 수 있는 플랫폼에 대한 요구가 많이 발생하고 있다. 또한 변경되는 교육 환경에 맞게 직업교육과 인공지능 융합을 위한 파이썬 비주얼 프로그래밍에 추가 블록을 생성할 수 있는 시스템이 요구된다. 이를 위해 기존에 데이터 분석과 인공지능 비주얼 파이썬 코딩을 할 수 있는 플랫폼인 코드비를 확장하여 사용자가 필요한 기능과 블록을 쉽게 추가 해 연동시킬 수 있는 블록 생성 시스템을 개발한다. 생성된 시스템의 적용 가능성을 확인하기 위해 여러 분야 중에 생물정보학과 기계 고장진단 분야의 블록을 제작하였다. 블록 생성 기 시스템에서 제공되는 탬플릿 블록과 블록 생성, 코드 생성기, 구문 분석기 등을 통해 생물정보학이나 기계 고장진단 블록을 작성 하고 활용할 수 있었다. 관련 블록을 LMS에서 관리하여 블록의 재사용성을 높이고 개발 시간을 줄인다.

Recently, there has been a plenty of demand for a platform capable of performing data analysis and AI training. In addition, a system that can generate extension blocks in Python visual programming for vocational education and artificial intelligence convergence education is required in line with the changing educational environment.To this end, we are developing a Block Generator System that allows users to add and link necessary functions and blocks easily by extending CodeB, a platform that can perform data analysis and artificial intelligence visual Python coding. In order to confirm the applicability of the generated system, blocks in the field of bioinformatics and machine failure diagnosis were created among several fields. Bioinformatics or mechanical failure diagnostic blocks could be created and utilized through template blocks, block codes, code generators, and syntanx analyzer provided in the block generator system. By managing related blocks in the LMS, it is possible to increase the reusability of blocks and reduce the development time.

Purpose: The standing balance was affected by vision, proprioception, gravity, etc. specially visual ability is a most important factor of body posture and movement. But, it had a few study about different situation on visual block at standing balance. And then, this study was to assess the effect of visual block on static balance. Subject: Thirty eight healthy subjects were participated in this study, 10 men (26.32%) and 28 women (73.68%) with an average age of 21.52±1.22. Method: Statice balance were measured by a Balance Performance Monitor (BPM). Measures are included sway path, area, and maximal sway velocity. Each test was repeated twice and made a mean. Each of 4 conditions (eyes open, right eye closed, left eye closed, double eye closed) evaluated effect of visual block at standing balance. The one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare a mean the different visual block on standing. Results: The results of this study were as follows; 1. The sway path was a significant difference in eyes open (131.95±15.79㎜), right eye closed (104.26±11.48㎜), left eye closed (114.55±28.94㎜) and both eye closed (183.50±14.03㎜), (p<.05). 2. The sway area was a significant difference in eyes open (171.42±4.93㎟), right eye closed (171.63±19.28㎟), left eye closed (158.11±20.15㎟) and both eye closed (204.92±15.91㎟), (p<.05). 3. The maximal sway velocity was a significant difference in eyes open (26.89±7.18㎜/s), right eye closed (23.58±9.37㎜/s), left eye closed (24.76±8.27㎜/s) and both eye closed (29.55±5.70㎜/s), (p<.05). Discussion and Conclusion: That subjects were all blocked their visual ability affected their static balance. Therefore visual ability would be needed to have functional and independent daily life and considered as important factor in rehabilitational approach.

2015 개정 교육과정에서 초등학교 실과, 중학교 정보의 필수화에 따라 국립특수교육원에서는 장애 학생을 위 한 소프트웨어 교과서를 개발하여 보급하였다. 교육 기회 형평성의 관점에서 제공된 교과서이지만, 시각장애 학 생을 대상으로 한 프로그래밍 교육에 관한 내용은 미비하였다. 이에 본 연구는 시각장애 학생을 대상으로 프로 그래밍 교육의 효과를 확인하고, 향후 프로그래밍 교육의 방향성을 제공하기 위한 목적으로 진행되었다. 목적 달 성을 위해 초등학교 6학년 시각장애 학생을 대상으로 프로그래밍 수업을 진행하였다. 로봇과 연동한 블록 기반 프로그래밍 도구인 Blocks4All을 활용한 연구 결과, 학생의 수업 참여도는 적극적이었으며, 프로그래밍 유용성, 흥미도, 자신감 등이 높게 나타났다. 본 연구는 시각장애 학생을 대상으로 한 프로그래밍 교육의 가능성을 확인 했다는 데 의의가 있다.

The National Institute of Special Education developed and distributed software textbooks for disabled students according to the necessity of practical course in elementary school and information in middle school in the 2015 revised curriculum. It is a textbook provided from the perspective of education opportunity equity but the content of programming education for visually impaired students was insufficient. Therefore this study was conducted for the purpose of confirming the effectiveness of programming education for visual impaired students and providing the direction of future programming education. In order to achieve the purpose, programming classes were conducted for blind students in the 6th grade of elementary school. As a result of a study using “Blocks4All”, a block-based programming tool with robots, students participated in classes actively and efficacy, intrest, and usefulness of programming are high. This study is meaningful in that it confirmed the possibility of programming education for visually impaired students.

고밀도 도심주택에서는 자연적으로 프라이버시 침해가 발생하기 쉬우며, 이러한 우려는 거주자들에 게 스트레스를 유발시키고, 삶의 질을 떨어뜨리는 원인중 하나로 발전하게 된다. 착공전 설계단계에 서 이러한 문제들을 사전에 파악할 수 있는 지침의 확보가 필요하나 단순한 공식적 해법으로는 데이 터를 확보하는데 한계가 있다. 이에 대한 대안으로 가시장이론(ISOVIST)을 토대로 하는 시각적 침해 도 그래프분석이론을 제안하였으며, 이를 분석 어플리케이션 구축과 실험예시를 통해 그 효용성을 검증하였다. 분석방법은 Batty의 raster기반 ISOVIST와 같이 침해받는 측과 침해하는 측에 일정한 간 격의 2차원 배열의 측정점(node)를 설치하고, 차폐모델에 저해받지 않고 연결되는 각 측정점간의 시 각적 연결빈도를 측정하여, 누적값을 그래프로 재현하였다. 그리고 로우데이터를 캐드시스템으로 전 송하여, 각 주동별, 실별 침해도 데이터와 개선효과를 정량화시켰다. 검증을 위한 실험예시 평가는 3 단계로 진행하였다. 첫 번째는, 2개의 주동이 서로 마주보고 있는 상황을 모델링하여, 거리별(3개), 편심크기별(5개)로 차이를 둔 총 15개의 대안을 마련하였다. 이를 개발된 분석어플리케이션의 그래 프분석을 통해 그 특성을 파악하였다. 두 번째, 이를 토대로 7개의 주동이 정면으로 마주보고 있을 때와 편심으로 어긋나게 배치되었을 때 의 두 가지 실제적인 주동 배치 모델에 적용하여, 총괄적 침해도 측정과 개선효과를 파악하였다. 세 번째, 동일한 모델에 대하여 침해도가 심한 주동의 단위평면의 세부 특성을 파악함으로서 대안을 마 련할 수 있도록 하였다. 데이터의 분석과정에서 다음과 같은 결론을 도출할 수 있었다. 1) 각 주동별 침해도와 단위평면의 실별 침해도를 정량화하고 특성을 그래프화시켜 파악할 수 있었다. 2) 마주보는 동의 중심축의 편심이 클수록 침해도는 줄어들게 된다. 그러나 시각적으로 침해하는 측에서 의도적 으로 관찰하고자 한다면 거리가 멀수록 확률적으로 침해받을 확률이 커진다. 3) 동일 대지 내에 주동 이 평행하게 정렬되어 되어 있는 안과 중심축을 편심시킨 대안을 비교한 결과 중심축이 편심된 안의 침해도는 상당부분 감소한다.

In high density apartments, it is easy to have privacy related issues and such problem not only causes stress to residents but also is developed as one of reasons that deteriorate life quality. Although there should be guidelines to manage such issues at the planning stage before the apartment construction, it is limited to secure such data with a simple and common solution. Therefore as a countermeasure of this, the graph analysis theory on invasion of visual privacy was suggested based on ISOVIST, and its feasibility was assessed through construction of an application and case test. As for the analysis method, the node of 2-dimentional arrangement with regular intervals was installed at the invaded and invading part as Batty’s raster-based ISOVIST while measuring frequency of visual connection between each measuring node that was connected without interference of occlusion model. Then, the accumulated values were represented in a graph. Also, the raw data was transferred to the CAD system while quantifying the data on privacy invasion in each apartment building and room as well as improvement effect. For the assessment of the case test, three stages were promoted. First, the situation with two apartment buildings facing each other was taken into account and total 15 countermeasures were provided depending on distance (3 items) and eccentric size (5 items). Through the graph analysis of the developed analysis application, the characteristics were assessed. Second based on the result derived from the first stage, one case when seven apartment buildings were facing each other and the other case when the apartments were wrongly arranged from the eccentricity were examined to measure the comprehensive level of privacy invasion and improvement effect. And third, the unit plan characteristics of the apartment buildings with sever privacy invasion were examined among the same model to provide a countermeasure. Through the data analysis, it was possible to derive results as follows. 1)It was possible to quantify the level of privacy invasion as well as privacy invasion depending on unit of each room while understanding characteristics by reflecting the features in a graph. 2) Bigger eccentricity of the central axis in the facing apartment building showed less privacy invasion. However, the probability of privacy invasion gets bigger along with distance if a visually-invading party intentional observes others. 3) When comparison was made between the apartment buildings that were evenly arranged within the same land and that of eccentric central axis, the level of privacy invasion for the apartment building with eccentric central axis was extensively reduced.

In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm to deal with the problem of visual tracking in some challenging situations, which is based on sparse representation and multi-scale block. To build target templates, we select distinguishable features between the target and background in each frame of video sequences, dictionary is built by the multi-scale block of target templates. Then, particle filter generates filter distribution in the next frame, the moving target is framed by affine transformation. To describe the current state of the target, we calculate posterior probability for each particle. Finally, the templates are updated online. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is superior in accuracy than the classical tracking algorithm, and it has better robustness against to the target posture changes, partial occlusion and illumination variations.

How to protect the secret digital images is an important issue in commercial or military application. In this paper, we propose a new scheme for secure still visual data with a block cipher structure, which is composed of three parts: encryption, decryption and key generator. The encryption process based on cryptographic primitive operations and Boolean functions is proposed. A key generator based on one-way coupled map lattice (OCML) is derived. Experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed cipher has satisfactory security with a low cost, which makes it a potential candidate for encryption of multimedia data such as images, audios and even videos.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of temporary visual block existence and nonexistence on the change in foot pressure and foot area in stroke patients. Methods: Sixty-one chronic stroke patients volunteered to participate in the study. Foot pressure and foot area were measured using the Biorescue system. The subject maintain a comfortable standing position on the pressure-measuring plate one meter away from the computer. The sequence of the visual variation data while standing on the measuring plate was collected randomly. The data were collected with three repetitions and used the five-second measuring values except the first second and the last second according to each visual condition. All data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0. The significance level for the statistical inspection was set as 0.05. Results: The comparison between the visual existence and nonexistence status showed statistically significant effects on foot pressure and foot area. The visual nonexistence status showed more improvement in foot pressure symmetry and area than visual existence status. Conclusion: This study shows that the foot pressure and foot area for the chronic stroke patients changed according to the visual states. It is predicted that these data will be used in rehabilitation training programs and to present temporary changes in visual status for stroke patients.

Background: Bulgarian split squat (BSS) is beneficial to improve dynamic balance ability and muscle activity of lower extremities, however its effects have not been fully investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to compare changes in dynamic balance ability and muscle properties according to various modifications of BSS exercises. Methods: Thirty healthy male volunteers participated in this study, and they were randomly divided into three different groups. The subjects performed the BSS exercise either on a stable surface with the eyes opened (n=10) or eyes closed (n=10), and on an unstable support plane with eyes opened (n=10) conditions, respectively. Dynamic balance ability was measured via Biodex balance system under the eyes-opened and closed conditions. Additionally, muscle properties of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM) and vastus lateralis (VL) were evaluated. Results: Dynamic balance ability did not show the significant differences among the groups that performed the BSS exercises. However, in the Unstable group, there were significant differences in the overall stability index and anterior posterior stability index under the eyes-closed condition between pre-exercise and post-exercise. In comparison of muscle properties according to the groups, RF muscle showed a significant difference in amount of change of elasticity (p=.038). Additionally, there were significant changes in post measurements of VM muscle tone (p=.016), stiffness (p=.012) and elasticity (p=.002). VL muscle, however had no significant differences in muscle properties. Conclusion: These results indicate that BSS exercises could induce the alteration of RF and VM muscle properties, in particular VM muscle which is susceptible to weakness. Thus, BSS could be applied in various ways as an effective rehabilitation exercise.

Recently, Hou and others introduced a (2, n) block-based progressive visual cryptographic scheme (BPVCS) in which image blocks can be gradually recovered step by step. In Hou and others' (2, n)-BPVCS, a secret image is subdivided into n non-overlapping image blocks. When t ($2{\leq}t{\leq} n$) participants stack their shadow images, all the image blocks associated with these t participants will be recovered. However, Hou and others' scheme is only a simple 2-out-of-n case. In this paper, we discuss a general (k, n)-BPVCS for any k and n. Our main contribution is to give two constructions (Construction 1 and Construction 2) of this general (k, n)-BPVCS. Also, we theoretically prove that both constructions satisfy a threshold property and progressive recovery of the proposed (k, n)-BPVCS. For k = 2, Construction 1 is reduced to Hou and others' (2, n)-BPVCS.

The demand of image compression is increasing now for the integration of medical images into the hospital information system. Even though the quantitative distortion can be measured from the difference between original and reconstructed images, it doesn't include the nonlinear characteristics of human visual system. In this study, we have evaluated the nonlinear characteristics of human visual system and applied them to the compression of medical images. The distortion measures which reflect the characteristics of human visual system has been considered. This image compression procedure consists of coding scheme using JND (Just Noticeable Difference) curve, polynomial approximation and BTC (Block Truncation Coding). Results show that this method can be applied to CT images, scanned film images and other kinds of medical images with the compression ratio of 5-10:1 without any noticeable distortion.

Recently, the Image compression methods in cooperation with Human Visual System characteristics are being investigated lively. In this study, we propose a new block coding method using i) non-linearity of HVS in the noticeable differences, ii) spatial easting effects, and iii) HVS sensitivity curve according to spatial frequencies. For vector quantization, the third scheme was dole effective than existing ones. We have applied this method on chest images and the results have shown better subjective qualities.

고객의 통신 니즈가 다양해지고 통신 인프라가 대용량, 고속화 되고 단말이 지능화됨에 따라 이를 기반으로 IPTV의 셋탑, 컴퓨터 모니터, 이동통신 핸드폰이 이르기 까지 다양한 화면 사이즈의 단말을 통하여 서비스를 제공하고 있다. 이를 위해 원영상을 화면의 크기에 적합하게 크기를 변환하는 영상 리사이징 기술을 이용하게 되며, 그 방식은 DCT 방식과 공간 방식으로 나눌 수 있다. DCT방식은 원영상의 고주파 영역의 조정하여 크기를 변화하는 방식으로 열화는 최소화되나 DCT 변환을 위한 계산량이 많고 고정 크기 블록을 사용하므로 유연성이 떨어진다. 공간영역은 객관적인 평가에서 품질이 열화되더라도 시각적으로 눈에 민감한 영역의 변화를 최소화하는 것이다. 본 논문은 인간시각시스템을 기반으로 눈의 민간도가 높은 망막 이심율이 작은 영역에서는 DCT블록의 크기를 변화를 최소화시키고 망막이심율이 큰 영역에서는 블록의 변화를 크게 하는 가변 블록방식을 제안한다. 이를 통해 우수한 영상 품질을 확보하면서도 시각적으로 뛰어난 리사이징 영상을 얻을 수 있다.

An adaptive block truncation coding(BTC) using human visual system(HVS) is proposed. To reduce visible blocking effect at sensitive area in HVS. a new category classification coefficient is proposed. The categroy classification coefficient was derived by combining the modified HVS and standard deviation. By computer simulations, we showed that the proposed method reduced blocking effect at low bit rate coding more than the conventional Hui's method.

본 논문에서는 스마트폰의 사진과 영상을 활용하는 상호작용형 콘텐츠 디바이스인 아이퍼즐 이미지 블록과 연동 가능한 시지각 인지기능 훈련 콘텐츠를 구성하였다. 이를 위해 시각기억, 시각연속성, 공간관계, 시각구별의 4개 영역을 도출하고 콘텐츠 동작, 활용방법과 시나리오를 작성하였다. 콘텐츠 이미지를 디자인하고 기존 학습지형 시각 및 지각 인지기능 훈련 자료를 모바일 미니 게임형으로 개발하여 유아의 훈련참여 욕구를 지속부여, 유도하고자 하였다. 개발된 콘텐츠를 활용하여 일반 아동과 보호자를 대상으로 체험활동을 수행하였으며 기본 퍼즐 완구 대비 높은 집중도와 유익성, 효과성에서 의미있는 결과를 확인하였다. 본 논문을 통해 디지털 완구와 콘텐츠를 기반으로 하는 인지기능 개선활동 연구에 의미있는 자료가 되기를 기대한다.

In this paper, in order to compose the visual perception cognitive function training content that can be linked with the IPUZZLE image block, an interactive content device that utilizes photos and videos of smartphones. Four areas of visual memory, visual continuity, spatial relationship, and visual discrimination were derived and the content operation, application method, and scenario were written. It was intended to continuously give and induce children's desire to participate in training by designing the content image and developing the existing learning terrain visual and perceptual cognitive function training materials in the form of mobile mini-games. Experiential activities were conducted for general children and their guardians using the developed contents, and the results were found to be significant in terms of concentration, effect, and effect compared to basic puzzle toys. It is expected that this thesis will be a meaningful data for the study of cognitive function improvement activities based on digital toys and contents.

The purpose of this study is to recognize the differences of visual evaluation by variations in pattern and silhouette of the block dresses. The stimuli are 9 samples: 3 variations of the silhouette and 3 variations of the size of pattern. The data has been obtained from 55 fashion students and has been analyzed by using Factor Analysis, Anova, Scheffe's Test and the MCA method. The results of this study are as follows; 1) The visual evaluation by pattern and silhouette of block dresses are composed of 4 factors: lovable personality, physical characteristics, boldness, and simplicity. 2) Block dresses were evaluated to display the figure more efficiently, such as looking slimmer or taller, in the order of 2nd stage, 1st stage, and 3rd stage in every silhouette. As the patterns became bigger, straight silhouette dresses were judged to have bolder, more dignified images. 3) Block dresses were evaluated to have cute and lively images in order of hourglass silhouette, straight silhouette, and fitted silhouette in every pattern. They were evaluated to appear slimmer and taller in order of hourglass silhouette, fitted silhouette, and straight silhouette in every pattern. 1st stage and 2nd stage dresses were evaluated to have a bolder, more dignified image in order of fitted silhouette, hourglass silhouette, and straight silhouette. 4) The pattern and the silhouette of the block dresses interacted with boldness. These were the boldest, most dignified image in the fitted silhouette and 1st stage, while they were not judged so in the case of the straight silhouette and 1st stage. 5) According to the MCA regarding lovable personality and physical characteristics, the silhouette affected the visual image of the block dresses more than the pattern did. According to the MCA on simplicity, the pattern affected the visual image of the block dresses more than the silhouette.