Earticle

본 논문은 왕양명 만년의 사상이 집약된 『대학문』을 중심으로 그가 재구성한『대학』 해석의 특징을 고찰한다. 『대학문(大學問)』은 유가 경전 『대학』을 이론적 근거로 삼아 인학(仁學)을 해명한 작품이다. 이는 왕수인 철학 체계의 강령이며, 그가 제자들을 가르칠 때의 입문서이고, 또한 그의 마지막 저작으로서 철학적 최종 견해를 대표한다. 양명은 평생의 학문적 여정이었던 ‘심즉리(心卽理)’, ‘지행합일(知行合一)’, ‘치양지(致良知)’를 이 한 편의 글에 융합하여 『대학』의 체계를 새롭게 구축하였다. 양명은 『대학』의 삼강령을 ‘만물일체(萬物一體)’의 본체와 작용으로 재해석하고, 팔조목의 공부를 ‘치양지(致良知)’라는 하나의 실천적 흐름으로 통합하였다. 이를 통해 주자학의 외재적 이치 탐구를 비판하고, 인간 마음의 주체성을 바탕으로 한 도덕 형이상학을 정립하였음을 밝힌다.

This paper examines the characteristics of Wang Yangming's reconstructed interpretation of the Great Learning, focusing on the Inquiry on the Great Learning(Daxue Wen), which encapsulates his late-period thought. The Inquiry on the Great Learning is a work that elucidates the 'Learning of Benevolence'(renxue) using the Confucian classic Great Learning as its theoretical foundation. It serves as the platform for Wang Suin's philosophical system, an introductory guide for his disciples, and his final work representing his ultimate philosophical conclusions. Yangming synthesized his lifelong academic journey—'Mind is Principle'(Xin ji li), 'Unity of Knowledge and Action'(Zhi xing he yi), and 'Extension of Innate Knowledge'(ZhiliangZhi)—into this single text, newly constructing the system of the Great Learning. He reinterpreted the 'Three Guidelines'of the Great Learning through the lens of the substance and function of 'Forming One Body with All Things'(Wanwu yiti) and integrated the practice of the 'Eight Steps' into the single practical flow of 'Extension of Innate Knowledge'. Through this, the paper clarifies how he criticized the external pursuit of principle in Zhu Xi’s Neo-Confucianism and established a moral metaphysics based on the subjectivity of the human mind.

지장사상은, 인도를 거쳐 중국에 와서 꽃피워, 한국과 일본에서 결실을 보았다. 그 구체적인 사상은, 생명의 탄생과 숙성의 ‘생명중시사상’, 또한 땅을 바탕으로 하여 끊임없는 경제원리 속에서의 ‘無盡사상’ 내지 ‘보시 및 복전사상’ 을 특히 隋‧ 唐代의 지장신앙과 밀접한 ‘삼계교’와의 접점을 통하여 살펴볼 수가 있다. 삼계교는 창시이래 『지장십륜경』을 여래장사상과 관련시키며, 보불․ 보법사상을 발전시키는데, 이 사상이 신라의 초기에 있어서는 원광 및 신방등의 직, 간접적 영향을 생각할 수 있으며, 또한 저자 미상의 『금강삼매경』의 총지품에서는 ‘지장’을 설정, 그 필요성을 느끼게 되었다. 말기에 이르러서는『점찰경』을 토대로 ‘참회사상’ 과 어울러 진표율사의 ‘점찰참회법’ 으로 발전하는데, 이것은 신라초기의 경제적 개념인 ‘寶’의 관점과 함께 주목하여야 할 부분이다. ‘占察寶’라고 하는 ‘寶’의 의미는, 경제적의미를 띄고 있다. 즉, 금전이나 곡물을 빌려주고 그 이자를 취하여 그것을 계속하여 전하여 끊임이 없게 한다는 것으로, 사상의 발단은『화엄경』의 ‘무진장법설’과 『열반경』의 ‘상락아정설’에서 도출되고 있는 것이다. 『삼국유사』에 나타난 신라의 寶 ‧ 行法 ‧ 禮懺등의 유행은, 4~5항목이 있다. ➀ 선도산 신모의 지시로 점찰법회를 열어 불사를 추진한 것. ② 사복母子를 위해 도량사를 창건, 每 3월14일 점찰회를 행하여 항규 로 삼음 ③ 김대성이 흥륜사의 六輪會에 시주후, 공덕으로 재상 김문량의 아들 로 탄생함. ④ 백두산에 지장방을 두고 福田승 5명이 낮에 금강반야경을, 밤에 점 찰예참을 念함. ⑤ 금강산에서 점찰법회를 열고 7년을 거주, 영심등의 제자에게 교법 을 전함. 이렇게 점찰사상은 ‘경제적 복지’사상과 수행법인 ‘참회실천법’ 으로 발전되어 왔으며, 이러한 다양한 사상의 발전은 일본에서 찾아볼 수 없고, 유독 신라에서 발전되어 고려로 유입되어 왔으며 이는 한국불교의 독창성이라고 말하지 않을 수 없다.

Ideas of Kstigarbha originated from India wee promoted in China and bore the fruit in Korea and Japan. Such ideas embody the birth of life, 'life-respecting philosophy', and 'permanent and universe philosophy or the concept of payment of reward. This becomes the mainstream of "Kstigarbha's Sambookyung" or " Kstigarbha's Three Way Buddhist Guidelines" according to the belief system of Kstigarbha in the Chinese ancient times. "Kstigarbha's Sambookyung" or " Kstigarbha's Three Way Buddhist Guidelines" establishes the idea of the cultivation of the general public. Such idea had direct or indirect influences on prominent Buddhist monks in the ancient Shila Age. <<Commitment to Mt. Gumgang>>, a text, unidentified of who wrote it, place the stress on 'Kstigarbha'. In the end of the Shila Age, 'the idea of penance' and 'the idea of penance on karma' was mainly covered on the basis of < Karma Text>. This should be noted in the economic terms in the Shila Age. The idea of Karma assumes the economic meaning. This concept is defined as that people continue to gain profits in exchange for cash or kinds. This is derived fro m the 'theory on the ultimate and permanent karma' construed in Hwaeymkung text and 'thet heory on the enlightment construed in nirvana text. Samkookyusa depicted by Il-yeon advocates four or five Buddhist ethical codes. ①Buddhist Services and events were held under the order of the holy saint in Mt. Seongdosan. ②The Doreyang Temple was founded and religious services were performed in every March and April. ③After Dai-Sung Kim visited the Hongreonsa Temple and extended charity there, he was reborn as the son Moon-rayang Kim. ④Kstigarbha site was installed in Mt Peckdoo. The five monks held Buddhist-smrti in every afternoon and religious service in every night . ⑤The Buddhist services are held in Mt Kumgang and preached religions to Buddha's disciples who dwelt there for 7 years and were spiritually enlightened and lived up to religious tenets. Ideas of Karma were evolved as the 'economic welfare idea' and 'penance practice code'. But, such ideas which cannot be found in Japan were imported from Shila to Goreyo. Thus, it cannot be exaggerated that the Buddhist heritages are counted as the unique Korean Buddhism.

Background/Aims: Osteoporotic fractures are an important comorbidity with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We determined the overall fracture risk as assessed by the World Health Organization (WHO)'s FRAX tool in Korean patients with seropositive RA. Additionally, we compared treatment eligibility according to the criteria of the Korean Health Insurance Review Agency (HIRA), FRAX, and the National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF). Methods: Postmenopausal women and men ≥ 50 years of age with seropositive RA were recruited from one rheumatism center in Korea. The FRAX score was estimated using the Japanese model. Patients were classified as eligible for treatment using the HIRA, NOF, and FRAX thresholds for intervention. Results: The study of 234 patients included 40 men (17%). The mean age was 60 ± 9 years, and 121 (52%) patients had osteoporosis according to the WHO criteria. The overall median 10-year fracture risk was 13% for major osteoporotic fractures and 3.5% for hip fractures. HIRA guidelines identified 130 patients (56%) eligible for treatment, FRAX included 126 patients (54%), and 151 patients (65%) were included according to NOF guidelines. Older patients with a greater number of risk factors were included by FRAX compared to HIRA. The overall concordance between HIRA and FRAX, expressed as the kappa index, was 0.67, but was as low as 0.44when limited to patients ≥ 60 years of age. Conclusions: One-half of the patients had osteoporosis requiring treatment. RA patients have a high risk of fracture, and the adoption of a risk-scoring system should be considered. (Korean J Intern Med 2010;25:436-446)

Scientists planning research that involves the use of animals are required to examine the possibilities for replacement, reduction, or refinement (the Three Rs), and their protocol must be reviewed by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Good scientific practice involving appropriate search techniques on the available Three Rs resources is essential for both ethical and scientific reasons. Appropriate experimental design and statistical analysis techniques are particularly necessary for research involving the use of animals, because this can improve animal welfare and scientific outcomes, as well as saving animal lives. There are a number of resources to help researchers improve their search techniques, experimental design strategies, and their reporting of research involving the use of animals. However, there is little specific information or resources on the Three Rs alternatives that is readily available in the Korean language. This paper outlines the common errors made by submitting researchers that have been repeatedly observed during the ethical review of experimental protocols over the last ten years, and provides information on the Korean resources available to promote good scientific practice. This could help to bridge the gap between Korean scientists and animal welfare advocates assisting scientists to improve ethical considerations and conduct responsible research.

Objectives: Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) are an effective tool for minimizing the gap between a physician’s clinical decision and medical evidence and for modeling the systematic and standardized pathway used to provide better medical treatment to patients. Methods: In this study, sentences within the clinical guidelines are categorized according to a classification system. We used three clinical guidelines that incorporated knowledge from medical experts in the field of family medicine. These were the seventh report of the Joint National Committee (JNC7) on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults from the same institution; and the Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2010 report from the American Diabetes Association. Three annotators each tagged 346 sentences hand-chosen from these three clinical guidelines. The three annotators then carried out cross-validations of the tagged corpus. We also used various machine learning-based classifiers for sentence classification. Results: We conducted experiments using real-valued features and token units, as well as a Boolean feature. The results showed that the combination of maximum entropy-based learning and information gain-based feature extraction gave the best classification performance (over 98% f-measure) in four sentence categories. Conclusions: This result confirmed the contribution of the feature reduction algorithm and optimal technique for very sparse feature spaces, such as the sentence classification problem in the clinical guideline document.

The numerical analysis of groundwater flow is indispensable for predicting problems associated with water resource development, civil works, environmental hazards, and nuclear power plant construction. Korea lacks public regulatory procedures and guidelines for groundwater flow modeling, especially in nuclear facility sites, which makes adequate evaluation difficult. Feasible step-by-step guidelines are also unavailable. Consequently, reports on groundwater flow modeling have low-grade quality and often present controversial opinions. Additionally, without public guidelines, maintaining consistency in reviewing reports and enforcing laws is more challenging. In this study, the guidelines for groundwater flow modeling were reviewed for three countries - the United States (Documenting Groundwater Modeling at Sites Contaminated with Radioactive Substances), Canada (Guidelines for Groundwater Modelling to Assess Impacts of Proposed Natural Resource Development Activities), and Australia (Australian Groundwater Modelling Guidelines), with the aim of developing groundwater flow modeling regulatory guidelines that can be applied to nuclear facilities in Korea, in accordance with the Groundwater Act, Environmental Impact Assessment Act, and the Nuclear Safety Act.

The wonderful growth of the Cheon Tae korean buddhist order[大韓佛敎天台宗] in 70 years, the very short period, is must the essential object of research in the religious science. The present study is about the ‘Patriotic Buddhism[愛國佛敎]’ in the ‘Three Guidelines of New Buddhist Movement[새 불교운동 3대지표]’(that is, the Public Buddhism[大衆佛敎], the Life Buddhism[生活佛敎] and the Patriotic Buddhism) of the Cheon Tae order. By the way the Public Buddhism is usually understood by the connection of the Guardian Buddhism of the State[護國佛敎], that a specific feature of regional buddhist tradition in eastern asia. And by my study the Guardian Buddhism of the State is known as only a special historic tradition of the region, but the universal thought of buddhism in the future. And the Public Buddhism of the ‘Three Guidelines of New Buddhist Movement’ in the earliest texts of the Cheon Tae order is the buddhism for the general public and of the general public, and the Life Buddhism is the practical buddhism in life and the buddhism within life. For this reason it is revealed that the Three Guidelines is aims to construct a new mahayana buddhist order, and the Patriotic Buddhism is a thought that the buddhism in order to create a society with common good. That is the society naturally builded by only good deeds and without all sinful deeds. Finally I suggest the buddhism with the principle of harmonized with the three aspects of truth[三諦圓融] for the righteous Patriotic Buddhism.

“The Selected Works of Three Qing Authors”(≪國朝三家文鈔≫) is a classical prose anthology compiled in 1694(the 33rd year of the Kangxi reign) by Song Luo(宋犖) and Xu Rulin(許汝霖). The anthology features selected writings by Hou Fangyu(侯方域), Wei Xi(魏禧), and Wang Wan(汪琬), prominent literati of the late Ming and early Qing periods. The work consists of a total of thirty-two juan(卷): eight juan of The Selected Works of Hou Chaozong(＜侯朝宗文鈔＞), twelve juan of The Selected Works of Wei Shuzi(＜魏叔子文鈔＞), and twelve juan of The Selected Works of Wang Dunweng(＜汪鈍翁文鈔＞). A review of existing scholarship reveals that, even in China, no punctuated or critically collated standalone edition of “The Selected Works of Three Qing Authors” has yet been published. Moreover, in Korea, no systematic research has been conducted on this anthology or on the classical prose of the Three Authors. Under these circumstances, in-depth research grounded in a foundational analysis of the original textual materials is required. As an initial step in the study of this anthology and the Three Authors, this paper translates and provides detailed annotations for key documents that illuminate its compilation background, including the motivations, objectives, and publication history of the work. These materials include the prefaces by Song Luo, Xu Rulin, and Shao Changheng(邵長蘅), Song Luo’s editorial guidelines, and the biographies of the Three Authors included at the beginning of each author’s respective Selected Works section. The translations are based primarily on digitized copies held by the Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies and the National Library of Korea. While the translations adhere closely to the original text, limited paraphrasing has been employed where necessary to ensure readability. The annotations not only explicate lexical meanings but also provide supplementary explanations of historical figures, relevant allusions, and related events, thereby enhancing the scholarly value of the study.

The purpose of this study is to find out the possibilities of duplex apartment housing which can functionfor three generation families not only to develop the positive aspects of apartment housings but also to overcome thelimitations which the apartment housings inevitably have. To be the appropriate types of dwelling for three generationfamilies living in the cities, the design elements of 'harmony', 'privacy', and 'compartments design for the aged' canbe suggested for the duplex apartment housing's design. Those elements can be made through the accurate and systematicalanalysis of various characteristics and types of three generation families.