Earticle

우리나라 방위산업은 국제경쟁력 확보 및 세계시장 진출 단계로 도약하고 있다. 최근 국방과학기술을 노리는 위협이 증가 하고 있고 연구원의 불법 국외 이직, 사이버 해킹 공격이 발생하고 있어 수출용 무기체계의 기술보호를 위한 안티탬퍼링 필요 성도 요구되고 있다. 안티탬퍼링은 무기체계의 역설계를 통한 기술 유출을 지연, 방지하기 위한 공학적 보호조치이다. 주요 무기수출국인 미국은 오래전부터 무기체계의 기술보호를 위해 안티탬퍼링을 적용하고 있다. 우리나라는 방위산업기술보호법 을 제정하고 방산업체의 기술 유출을 방지하기 위한 활동에 중점을 두고 있으나 아직까지 무기체계의 기술보호를 위한 활동 은 미미하고 관련 지침도 부재한 실정이다. 본 논문에서는 무기체계의 안티탬퍼링 적용을 위해 보호할 방산기술의 식별과 안 티탬퍼링 적용 여부를 결정하는 위험평가 방안을 제안하였다. 제안한 방안은 방위사업청 및 연구개발기관이 무기체계 획득과 연구개발 절차에서 사용할 안티탬퍼링 지침의 개발에 활용할 수 있다.

The Korean defense industry is taking a leap forward into the global market by securing international competitiveness. Recently, threats targeting defense science and technology are increasing, researchers are moving abroad illegally, and cyber hacking attacks are occurring, so the need for anti-tampering is also required to protect the technology of weapon systems for export. Anti-tampering is the engineering protection measure to delay and prevent technology leakage through reverse engineering of weapon systems. The United States, a major arms export country, has long applied anti-tampering to protect the technology of weapon systems. Though Korea enacted the Defense Industry Technology Protection Act and focused on activities to prevent technology leaks from defense industry, no technical protection activities are being carried out for weapons systems, and there is no guideline for technology protection of weapon systems. In this paper, we propose a method for identifying defense technology to be protected in the anti-tampering process and a risk assessment method for determining whether to apply anti-tampering. The proposed method can be used to develop anti-tampering guideline to be applied to weapon system acquisition and R&D procedure by the Defense Acquisition Program Administration and R&D institutions.

지문은 개인을 식별하는 요소로서 가장 광범위하게 적용되어지고 있다. 특히 일반적인 출입용 보안시스템에서 과학수사의 증거 수단에 이르기까지 그 활용도 는 타 생체인식 수단보다 효율적인 면에서 많은 장점을 가지고 있다. 현재까지 지문을 채취하기 위하여 채취인의 손가락이 직접 시스템에 접촉하여야 하는 방 법으로 수행되어 왔으나, 이로 인한 여러 가지 단점이 많이 대두되었다. 최근 선 도국에서는 이러한 단점을 극복하기 위하여 3차원(3D) 영상기술을 이용한 비접촉 식 지문인식시스템을 개발하여 상용화 단계에 이르렀다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 최근의 고정밀도 비접촉식 시스템의 기술동향을 면밀히 연구하고, 향후 국내 기 술의 개발환경 조성에 기반이 되는 제안을 제시함에 따라 효과적인 산업보안 전 문인 기여할 수 있을 것으로 예상되며, 나아가 국가 차원의 생체보안 기술수준 향상에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.

Due to uniqueness and consistency over time, fingerprint identification is one of the most well-known and publicized biometrics in the world. But the current fingerprint recognition systems perform biometric acquisitions using touch-based devices, such as optical and solid state sensors. they have many problems in difficulty acquisitions with clear images. Touchless systems do not introduce deformations of the finger skin. They are more robust to dirt and environmental factors and do not present problems related to latent fingerprints. Recently, Addition to advancements in 3d-image processing capabilities and various sensor modules, fingerprint identification is detail information in acquisition data from enhancement sources. Through technology analysis of this paper to present intuitive standards for training specialized develop 3D systems, it is expected that it will be able to contribute to the researching of effective industrial security experts, furthermore at the national level industry. It is expected that it can contribute to the improvement of forensic security level.

Covid-19으로 인한 디지털화는 인공지능 기반의 음성인식 기술을 급속하게 발전시켰다. 그러나 이 기술은 데이터셋이 일부 집단에 편향될 경우 인종 및 성차별과 같은 불공정한 사회적 문제를 초래하고 인공지능 서비스의 신뢰성과 보안성 을 열화시키는 요인이 된다. 본 연구에서는 대표적인 인공지능의 CNN(Convolutional Neural Network) 모델인 VGGNet (Visual Geometry Group Network), ResNet(Residual neural Network), MobileNet을 활용한 편향된 데이터 환경에서 정 확도에 기반한 불공정성을 비교 및 분석한다. 실험 결과에 따르면 Top1-accuracy에서 ResNet34가 여성과 남성이 91%, 89.9%로 가장 높은 정확도를 보였고, 성별 간 정확도 차는 ResNet18이 1.8%로 가장 작았다. 모델별 성별 간의 정확도 차 이는 서비스 이용 시 남녀 간의 서비스 품질에 대한 차이와 불공정한 결과를 야기한다.

Digitalization due to COVID-19 has rapidly developed artificial intelligence-based voice recognition technology. However, this technology causes unfair social problems, such as race and gender discrimination if datasets are biased against some groups, and degrades the reliability and security of artificial intelligence services. In this work, we compare and analyze accuracy-based unfairness in biased data environments using VGGNet (Visual Geometry Group Network), ResNet (Residual Neural Network), and MobileNet, which are representative CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) models of artificial intelligence. Experimental results show that ResNet34 showed the highest accuracy for women and men at 91% and 89.9% in Top1-accuracy, while ResNet18 showed the slightest accuracy difference between genders at 1.8%. The difference in accuracy between genders by model causes differences in service quality and unfair results between men and women when using the service.

교통 데이터는 교통계획이나 교통시스템 운영에 필요한 기초 자료이며 최근 ADAS 카메라로 측정한 선행 차량과의 거리를 이용하여 교통류를 파악하는 방법이 시도되고 있다. 본 연구는 영 상기반 차량인식의 거리오차를 반영한 미시적 시뮬레이션 분석을 통해 교통류를 추정하기 위한 ADAS 차량의 활용 가능성을 살펴보았다. 차로수, 교통수요, 프로브 차량의 점유율(MPR), 시공간 검지영역 등에 따른 교통류 추정치의 표준 평균 제곱근 오차를 통해 분석을 수행하였다. 분석 결과, ADAS 카메라의 최대 인식거리의 한계로 저밀도 교통류(LOS A, LOS B)의 추정치는 신뢰 할 수 없는 수준이다. 다차로나 교통수요가 크고 점유율(MPR)이 높을 경우 추정치의 신뢰성이 개선될 수 있지만, 인위적으로 점유율(MPR)을 높이는 것은 현실적으로 어려움이 있다. 또한, 검 지영역의 시간범위를 연장함으로써 추정치의 신뢰성을 개선할 수 있지만, 가장 크게 영향을 미 치는 것은 ADAS 차량의 주행행태로서 해당 차량이 도로의 교통류와 상이한 주행행태를 보일 경우 그 추정치는 신뢰할 수 없게 된다. 결론적으로 모든 교통류를 정확히 추정하지는 못 하지만 ADAS 카메라의 성능이나 기능을 개선함으로써 ADAS 차량의 활용 가능성은 확대될 것이다.

Traffic data is the most basic element necessary for transportation planning and traffic system operation. Recently, a method of estimating traffic flow characteristics using distance to a leading vehicle measured by an ADAS camera has been attempted. This study investigated the feasibility of the ADAS vehicle reflecting the distance error of image-based vehicle identification technology as a means to estimate the traffic flow through the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) based on the number of lanes, traffic demand, penetration rate of probe vehicle, and time-space estimation area by employing the microscopic simulation model, VISSIM. As a result, the estimate of low density traffic flow (i.e., LOS A, LOS B) is unreliable due to the limitation of the maximum identification distance of ADAS camera. Although the reliability of the estimates can be improved if multiple lanes, high traffic demands, and high penetration rates are implemented, artificially raising the penetration rates is unrealistic. Their reliability can be improved by extending the time dimension of the estimation area as well, but the most influential one is the driving behavior of the ADAS vehicle. In conclusion, although it is not possible to accurately estimate the traffic flow with the ADAS camera, its applicability will be expanded by improving its performance and functions.

This paper aims to research the technology level of sports industry, through analyzing the technology gap between Korea and other major countries (USA, Europe, Japan, and China), and provide a list of technologies to be prioritized for R&D investment by conducting an analysis of the strategic importance of various element technologies. The results of the analysis showed that the technology level of Korean sports industry currently stands at 70.5% of the country with the most advanced technology (the USA), and that the technology gap amounts to 4.8 years. It was also found that the USA is the country with the most advanced technology (100%) at present, followed by Europe (91.1%), Japan (88.3%), Korea (70.5%), and China (61.2%). To reduce the technology gap, we established a Strategic Zone (SZ) and derived three element technologies including ‘design and production technologies for sports and game equipment’ in the 1 st tier, nine element technologies including ‘3D motion analysis and simulation technology’ in the 2nd tier, and four element technologies including ‘fitness/health promotion and management technology’ in the 3rd tier. The significance of this research is that it included five major technology categories of the sports industry in its analysis, selected an expert on sports industry technologies using the delphi method. Therefore, the results of this study may be suitable for use as basic data in establishing the R&D strategy for the future development of the sports industry.

It is seen the construction project which comes to be constructed recently. It gradually is a tendency which becomes highly, largely and complicatedly. The important gradually increase the hoisting, specially case of skyscraper construction of the city center area from smallness one space to ascend with the upper floors it is gradually augmented. It develops the automatic hoisting technology of the tower crane which uses a radio frequency identification from in automation technique. Like this research to lead the work efficiency of the tower crane and safety of worker come to be high.

최근 인공지능 기술을 활용한 콘텐츠가 널리 확산되고 있다. 인공지능 기술은 기 술 발전을 거듭하며 더욱 정교하게 만들어지고 있어 앞으로 실생활과 여러 산업 분 야에 걸쳐 다양하게 이용될 것으로 전망된다. 비록 얼마 전까지만 해도 우리는 인공지능 기술이 가져올 혁신에 많은 기대를 했 었다. 하지만 현재는 인공지능 기술로 인한 ‘사회적 혼란’, ‘권리침해’, ‘위험성’ 등과 같은 부정적인 키워드가 논의의 중심에 있다. 이러한 인공지능 기술에 대한 논의의 불을 붙인 것이 미국에서 발생한 ‘펜타곤 폭발 사진’과 같은 허위정보의 유포이다. 그리고 여러 국가들은 그 심각성을 인식하며 서둘러 문제 해결 방안을 고민하고 있 다. 문제의 중심에는 인공지능 기술을 활용하여 실제로 존재하지 않은 사실을 거짓 으로 지어내거나, 마치 인간이 만들어낸 저작물과 혼재되고 별다른 구별 없이 유통 및 게시되고 이용되는 경우를 들 수 있다. 앞으로 기술의 진보는 거듭되어 결국 인공지능 콘텐츠와 실제의 사실 및 인간이 창작한 저작물 등이 혼재되어 특수한 기술의 발명 없이는 서로 구별이 어려운 시점이 도래할 것이다. 만약 인공지능 기술의 사용 여부 및 결과물에 대한 구분 기준이 나 안내 표시가 마련되지 않는다면, 인공지능 콘텐츠와 그 외의 정보 및 콘텐츠 간 의 구분은 불가능해질 것이다. 그렇게 된다면 각종 허위 정보의 범람 문제뿐만 아니 라 그동안 인간이 긴 시간과 노력을 들여 해왔던 콘텐츠 제작 활동 역시 위축되어 사라지게 될 것이다. 우리나라에서는 이러한 문제에 대응하기 위하여 인공지능법의 제정을 추진하고 있다. 인공지능법은 인공지능 기술의 육성과 발전을 위한 제도적 근거를 마련함과 동 시에 인공지능 서비스 제공자에 대한 이용자 보호 의무 등을 규정한다. 그러나 법제 도의 마련과 실제 규제의 적용까지는 상당한 시간이 소요된다는 문제가 있다. 따라 서 이미 현재 진행형인 허위 정보의 혼동, 이용자 보호 문제, 저작물과의 오인 문제 등을 예방하기 위해 워터마크 등 식별조치에 대한 논의가 필요한 시점이다. 예를 들 어 인공지능이 만들어낸 콘텐츠에 ‘인공지능 기술이 적용된 콘텐츠’ 또는 ‘ai-generated’와 같은 식별 표시를 해줌으로써 여타 콘텐츠들과 혼재하게 되는 상황 을 예방할 수 있다. 인공지능 기술을 활용한 콘텐츠를 알기 쉽게 표시하는 기준을 마련한다면 인간이 창작한 저작물 등과의 차별성이 유지되어 각각의 콘텐츠가 지니는 가치를 훼손하지 않게 될 것이다. 또한 이용자 보호와 이용 편리성에도 도움이 될 것으로 보인다.

As artificial intelligence technology spreads widely and the level of technology increases, it is causing various social problems. In particular, some artificial intelligence contents are generated so elaborately that it cannot be easily distinguished by general users. If it is not specifically marked as 'content generated by artificial intelligence technology' or 'ai', it may mixed with other contents. We have had high expectations that artificial intelligence technology would bring unprecedented innovation. Due to artificial intelligence technology, however, the contents created by using artificial intelligence technology in all over the world have faced serious social problems, and efforts are being made to find a solution in various places. In particular, there are cases where facts that do not actually exist are fabricated or distributed, posted, or used as if they were human-made works. By technological development continues, there will eventually come a moment when artificial intelligence created content and human-created content will be mixed and it will be difficult to distinguish them without a special method. If it becomes impossible to differentiate the value and characteristics of the production process and results of each content or the boundaries between content will become blurred, content creation activities in which humans have invested a long time and effort will gradually shrink. Korea is pursuing the enactment of the Artificial Intelligence Act to establish policies, including support necessary for the fostering and development of artificial intelligence technology, and to stipulate obligations to protect artificial intelligence service users. Because it takes a considerable amount of time to establish a legal system and apply actual regulations, however, it is moment to discuss identification measures such as watermarks to prevent mis-recognition and confusion regarding artificial intelligence contents that are currently occurring. If standards are established to distinguish contents using artificial intelligence technology, the differentiation between human-created content and artificial intelligence created content will be maintained and the value of each content will not be damaged. It is also expected to help prevent copyright protection protected by law from being infringed and protect users. Above all, in the future, there is a risk that artificial intelligence content and human-created works will not be distinguished, resulting in misunderstanding and confusion, which is reducing the value of existing works and weakening the sense of protection for them. Therefore, there is a need to seriously discuss countermeasures before these problems become bigger.

In this paper we study one prison identification method based on iris image recognition to meet the real-time identification requirements for prison management. The identification method for online real-time acquisition personnel iris image using pre-processing algorithm to improve the quality of image for subsequent feature extraction. Moreover, we use the coarse-to-fine approach to precisely extract the iris information. We combine the edge extraction method and the connected domain characteristics of multistage de-noising method to locate the inner and outer boundary. Finally we use image multiple features template matching method to recognize the iris information. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can correctly identify the iris image quickly. It can meet the requirements of the prison site management.

The automatic handwriting identification is a hot topic in pattern recognition that it has been extensively studied in many languages. A Uyghur handwriting identification technique based on the stroke statistical features is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the handwriting image is preprocessed taking modified methods of grid line removal, noise reduction and thinning. Then novel stroke statistical features are extracted based on the structural character and writing styles of Uyghur handwriting. And this approach respectively achieves a top 1 and top 2 identification rates of 98.66% and 99.78% on the Uyghur handwriting data set from 224 different people. Finally, Comparison analysis of different stroke length and distance measurement method has been conducted through three different kinds of experiments, the optimal stroke length and distance measurement method is determined, and its effectiveness and stability are tested. The stroke statistical features can capture the structural character and writing style of Uyghur handwriting efficiently, and it is suitable for any languages theoretically.

The development of the fourth industrial revolution and logistics 4.0 related technology, the growth of the e-commerce market, and the transition to a non-face to face society due to the pandemic are accelerating the growth of the logistics industry. Due to the growth of the logistics industry, various services are emerging to meet the requirements of the market, and research and technology development related to the parcel storage, which is an important element of the last mile service, is also underway. In the past, if it was difficult to deliver the goods directly to the recipient, the parcel storage installed near the delivery location was used, but the usability was not good and the storage of the goods was limited. In addition, the existing parcel storage has a lot of functional limitations compared to the advanced logistics technology, so it is necessary to develop a device that improves it. Therefore, this study conducted to secure safety for unmanned parcel storage devices with robot technology to improve usability and functionality in line with the advanced logistics industry. Based on ISO 10218, an industrial robot related standard, risk identification studies were conducted to derive results that contribute to the development of devices under development.

정부에서는 전국에 설치된 공공 CCTV를 이용하여 실종아동 등 범죄 예방을 위하여 많은 노력을 하고 있다. 하지만, 운용인력의 부족과 장시간 집중에 따른 집중력 약화 그리고 추적의 어려움 등이 나타나고 있다. 또한, 딥러닝 알고리즘을 통하여 실시간 객체 탐색 및 재인식 그리고 추적을 적용하는 것은 복잡한 신경망 분석의 사유로 파라미터가 증가하고 속도감소 메모리 부족이라는 현상을 나타냈다. 본 논문에서는 실시간 객체 인식이 가능한 Yolo의 적용과 Batch 및 TensorRT 기술 적용을 통하여 신경망을 경량화를 통하여 속도 개선 및 메모리 절약이 가능하도록 설계하였 다. 이 논문에서는 이러한 발전된 알고리즘의 연구를 바탕으로 K-reciprocal nearest neighbor 알고리즘, Jaccard distance 비유사도 측정 알고리즘, 산출물 알고리즘 등을 개발하여 공공 CCTV 식별추적시스템 구축을 제시하였다. 그 결과, 비교분석을 통한 알고리즘 조합을 통해 공공 다중CCTV환경에서 실시간으로 객체를 인식하고 재식별하여 객체를 추적할 수 있는 한국형 공공 추적시스템을 제안하였다.

The government is making great efforts to prevent crimes such as missing children by using public CCTVs. However, there is a shortage of operating manpower, weakening of concentration due to long-term concentration, and difficulty in tracking. In addition, applying real-time object search, re-identification, and tracking through a deep learning algorithm showed a phenomenon of increased parameters and insufficient memory for speed reduction due to complex network analysis. In this paper, we designed the network to improve speed and save memory through the application of Yolo v4, which can recognize real-time objects, and the application of Batch and TensorRT technology. In this thesis, based on the research on these advanced algorithms, OSNet re-ranking and K-reciprocal nearest neighbor for re-identification, Jaccard distance dissimilarity measurement algorithm for correlation, etc. are developed and used in the solution of CCTV national safety identification and tracking system. As a result, we propose a solution that can track objects by recognizing and re-identification objects in real-time within situation of a Korean public multi-CCTV environment through a set of algorithm combinations.

한국 저작권위원회에서는 불법으로 유통되는 북스캔 만화를 효과적으로 식별하기 위하여 “북스캔 어문/만화 저작물 식별 및 복제방지 기술” 개발과제를 통해 북스캔 만화 저작물 식별에 대한 기본적인 솔루션을 확보하였다. 본 논문에서는 출판물 중에서 만화 콘텐츠를 대상으로 웹하드 등을 통해 불법적으로 유통되고 있는 북스캔 만화 저작물의 유형을 분석하고, 스캔 과정을 단계별로 분류하여 각 단계에서 발생 가능한 변형 유형을 분석하여, 분석된 변형 요인들 로부터 상용화 수준에 적합한 스캔 만화 식별 기술을 확보하기 위해 요구되는 주요 항목들을 도출하여 이를 성능평가 기준으로 제안한다.

In order to identify scanned cartoon books which are illegally distributed, the copyright project granted from the Korea Copyright Commission (Project title: Identification and Copy Protection Technology of Scanned Text/Comic Books) secured basic solutions for scanned cartoon books. The purpose of this paper is to propose a performance evaluation standard with essential items required for developing technology to identify whether a comic book is illegally scanned and distributed. For this purpose, types of scanned comic books which are illegally distributed through webhard sites are analysed, the transformed factors are classified and major detail items of the factors are identified.

Radio frequency identification(RFID) combined with wireless technology has good potential for structural health monitoring(SHM). We describe several advantages of RFID and wireless technologies for SHM, and review SHM examples with working principles, design and technical details for damage detection, heat exposure monitoring, force/strain sensing, and corrosion detection in concrete, steel, carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP), and other materials. Various sensors combined with wireless communication are also discussed. These methodologies can be readily developed, implemented, and customized. There are some technical difficulties, but solutions are being addressed. Lastly, a surface acoustic wave-based RFID system is presented, and possible future trends of SHM based on RFID and wireless technology are presented.

Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ), a causative molecule in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and the main component of senile plaques, is known to be neurotoxic in vitro and in vivo. The mechanisms involved in this Aβ-mediated neurotoxicity are not fully understood, although there is evidence to suggest the involvement of oxidative stress, alterations in calcium homeostasis, and/or of CDK activators. Many studies have suggested that Aβ may exert its toxic effect via the activation of transcription factors. Therefore, we investigated Aβ- responsive genes in human neuroblastoma CHP134 cells using 3.1K human DNA microarrays. Among the several genes overexpressed or repressed by Aβ, RTP801, Hi95/sestrin 2, and stanniocalcin 2 were confirmed to be Aβ-mediated overexpression in the cells by semiquantitative RT-PCR. Transient expression of the sense RTP801 gene in CHP134 cells increased sensitivity to Aβ cytotoxicity and the expression of the antisense RTP801 gene protected the cells from the Aβ toxicity. These results suggest that RTP801 might play important roles in Aβ toxicity and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.

This study has identified human performance research issues associated with the implementation of new technology in nuclear power plants (NPPs). To identify the research issues, current industry developments and trends were evaluated in the areas of reactor technology, instrumentation and control technology, human-system integration technology, and human factors engineering (HFE) methods and tools. The issues were prioritized into four categories based on evaluations provided by 14 independent subject matter experts representing vendors, utilities, research organizations and regulators. Twenty issues were categorized into the top priority category. The study also identifies the priority of each issue and the rationale for those in the top priority category. The top priority issues were then organized into research program areas of: New Concepts of Operation using Multi-agent Teams, Human-system Interface Design, Complexity Issues in Advanced Systems, Operating Experience of New and Modernized Plants, and HFE Methods and Tools. The results can serve as input to the development of a long-term strategy and plan for addressing human performance in these areas to support the safe operation of new NPPs.

Porcine pleuropneumonia is an infectious disease caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. The identification of A. pleuropneumoniae genes, specially expressed in vivo, is a useful tool to reveal the mechanism of infection. IVIAT was used in this work to identify antigens expressed in vivo during A. pleuropneumoniae infection, using sera from individuals with chronic porcine pleuropneumonia. Sequencing of DNA inserts from positive clones showed 11 open reading frames with high homology to A. pleuropneumoniae genes. Based on sequence analysis, proteins encoded by these genes were involved in metabolism, replication, transcription regulation, and signal transduction. Moreover, three function-unknown proteins were also indentified in this work. Expression analysis using quantitative real-time PCR showed that most of the genes tested were up-regulated in vivo relative to their expression levels in vitro. IVI (in vivo-induced) genes that were amplified by PCR in different A. pleuropneumoniae strains showed that these genes could be detected in almost all of the strains. It is demonstrated that the identified IVI antigen may have important roles in the infection of A. pleuropneumoniae.

RNA analysis has become a reliable method of body fluid identification for forensic use. Previously, we developed a combination of four multiplex quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) probes to discriminate four different body fluids (blood, semen, saliva, and vaginal secretion). While those makers successfully identified most body fluid samples, there were some cases of false positive and negative identification. To improve the accuracy of the identification further, we tried to use multiple markers per body fluid and adopted the NanoString nCounter system instead of a multiplex qRT-PCR system. After measuring tens of RNA markers, we evaluated the accuracy of each marker for body fluid identification. For body fluids, such as blood and semen, each body fluid-specific marker was accurate enough for perfect identification. However, for saliva and vaginal secretion, no single marker was perfect. Thus, we designed a logistic regression model with multiple markers for saliva and vaginal secretion and achieved almost perfect identification. In conclusion, the NanoString nCounter is an efficient platform for measuring multiple RNA markers per body fluid and will be useful for forensic RNA analysis.

배경 : 골관절염은 단순 노화로 인한 질병이 아니라 연골대사의 이상으로 인한 기계적 그리고 생화학적 불안정성이 나타나는 질환이다. Transforming growth factor-${\beta}$와 같이 연골세포의 기능을 향상시키는 촉진인자가 있는 반면 Interleukin(IL)-1이나 Tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$는 염증반응을 증가시킨다. 이중 IL-1은 골관절염의 병인에서 가장 중요한 염증 유발 인자로 알려져 있으며 이에 대한 자료도 축적되고 있다. 이 논문의 목적은 IL-$1{\beta}$에 대한 human chondrosarcoma cell (SW1353)의 유전자 발현 양상을 파악하여 골관절염 병인의 이해를 증대시키는데 있다. 재료 및 방법 : Chondrosarcoma cell line (SW 1353)은 연골세포의 IL-$1{\beta}$를 통한 세포노화에 대한 유전자 조절을 실험실에서 연구하는데 유용한 것으로 알려져 있다. 골관절염에서 IL-1에 의한 전체적인 유전자 발현의 변화를 연구하고 분석하기 위해 SW1353을 각각 1시간, 6시간, 24시간동안 IL-1에 노출시킨후 각각 총 RNA를 정제하였다. 유전자 발현의 변화는 17k human cDNA microarray로 분석하였고 semiquantitative RT-PCR로 확인하였다. 결과 : Metallothioneins, matrix metalloproteinases, extracellular proteins, antioxidant protein, cytoskeletal proteins, cell cycle regulatory proteins, 세포성장과 세포 자멸사에 대한 단백질, signal protein, transcriptional factor를 포함한 1,200개 유전자에서 2배 이상의 변화가 관찰되었다. 이러한 변화는 초기 관절염에서 보이는 병리생리학적 변화와 상관관계가 있는 것으로 생각된다. 결론 : cDNA microarray 분석으로 유전자 발현의 의미있는 변화를 관찰하였으며 골관절염 발병기전에서 분자생물학적 변화에 대한 인식과 치료 목표를 정립하는데 대한 새로운 자료로서 가치가 있을 것으로 생각된다.

Background : Accumulating evidence shows that interleukin(IL)-1 plays a critical role in inflammation and connective tissue destruction observed in both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. IL-1 induces gene expression related to cytokines, chemokines and matrix metalloproteinases by activation of many different transcription factors. Materials and Methods : The chondrosarcoma cell line, SW1353, is known to be a valuable in vitro system for investigating catabolic gene regulation by IL-$1{\beta}$ in chondrocytic cells. To explore and analyze the changes in gene expression by IL-1 responsible for arthritis, SW1353 was treated with IL-1 for 1, 6 and 24 h and then total RNAs were purified for each time. The changes in gene expression were analyzed with 17k human cDNA microarrays and validated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Results : Greater than a two-fold change was observed in 1,200 genes including metallothioneins, matrix metalloproteinases, extracellular matrix proteins, antioxidant proteins, cytoskeleton proteins, cell cycle regulatory proteins, proteins for cell growth and apoptosis, signaling proteins and transcription factors. These changes appeared to be correlate with the pathophysiological changes observed in early osteoarthritis. Conclusion : cDNA microarray analysis revealed a marked variability in gene expression, and provided insight into the overall molecular changes. The result of this study provide initial information for further studies to identify therapeutic targets in osteoarthritis pathogenesis.