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이 연구의 목적은 유네스코 국제무예센터의 현황 및 과제를 검토하는 것이다. 이에 대한 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 유네스코 후원 청소년 발달과 참여를 위한 국제무예센터는 2013년 11월 16일 제37차 유네스코총회 결의 및 2015년 12월 1일 대한민국 정부와 유네스코 간의 협정을 기반으로 출범하였다. 둘째, 유네스코 국제무예센터의 설립 목적은 세계무예의 교육·학술활동을 지원하기 위하여 전 세계 국가들로부터 무예에 관한 기록 자료를 수집·보관 및 전파하는 자료센터로서의 역할, 청소년 대상 전통무예 개설서 및 용어집 편찬, 인류무형 유산인 무예의 보호 진흥 및 전승 등에 기여하는 것이다. 셋째, 유네스코 국제무예센터의 4대 기능 및 목적 분야는 다음과 같다. ①연구 및 지식공유분야, ②역량강화 분야, ③무예관련 정보처리기관 분야, ④선진국/개도국 협력증진 분야 등이다. 넷째, 유네스코 국제무예센터에서는 4개 기능 및 목적에 부합하는 사업으로 2017년 10개, 2018년 9개, 2019년 9개 총28개 사업이 연속 및 신규로 시행 또는 추진 예정이다. 연도별 세부사업은 다음과 같다. 2017년에는 국제무예학술세미나, 유네스코 청소년 무예포럼, 젊은전문가 무예연구사업, 세계무예기초조사연구용역, 무예열린학교, 청소년무예툴킷사업, 세계무예네크워크구축사업, 세계청소년무예교류의 날, 무예실크로드사업, 국제청소년무예캠프 등이다. 2018년에는 무예전문가연수프로그램, 청소년무예툴킷사업, 국제무예학술세미나, 동북아무예포럼, 국제청소년무예캠프, 세계무예조사연구용역(아시아 5개국), 세계무예자료전시회, 무예열린학교, 아프리카지역 무예회의 등이다. 2019년에는 무예지도자연수프로그램, 국제무예학술세미나, 국제청소년무예캠프, 국제무예시범단, 세계무예조사, 세계무예자료전시 준비, 무예열린학교, 유네스코정책 및 연관사업개발, 의사결정 공유 및 내부역량 강화 등이 추진될 것이다. 다섯째, 유네스코 국제무예센터의 발전을 위한 전략과제는 다음과 같다. ①중장기 기본계획을 수립해야 한다. ②무예전문가인 연구직을 확보해야한다. ③전문학술지 발간 사업이 진행되어야 한다. ④청소년 대상 표준화된 교육과정 개발이 이루어져야 한다. ⑤청소년 대상 무예 콘텐츠 개발이 이루어져야 한다. ⑥여섯째, 유네스코 국제무예센터는 무예와 관련된 인류무형문화유산의 보존과 진흥에 힘써야한다. 특히 아프리카 지역의 다양한 인류무형유산들을 발굴하여 세계인류무형유산으로 등재할 수 있는 국제교류 방안을 강구해야 할 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to examine the status and challenges of the UNESCO International Centre of Martial Arts. The conclusions of this are as follows: First, The International Centre of Martial Arts for Youth Development and Engagement under the auspices of UNESCO was launched based of 37th UNESCO General Assembly Resolution on November 16, 2013 and Korean government and UNESCO agreement on December 1, 2015. Second, the purpose of the UNESCO International Martial Arts Center is to contribute to the collection, storage and dissemination of records on martial arts from around the world to support educational and academic activities of world martial arts, the opening of traditional martial arts for youths and the compilation of a glossary of terms, and the promotion of protection and victory of martial arts, a legacy of humanity. Third, the four different areas of function and purpose of the UNESCO International Centre of Martial Arts are as follows: 1.research and knowledge sharing, 2. capacity building, 3. development of a clearing house on martial arts. 4 cooperative promotion of the developed and developing countries. Fourth, The total number of 28 consecutive and new projects will be implemented including ten in 2017, nine in 2018 and nine in 2019 in the UNESCO International Centre of Martial Arts. The yearly particular projects are as follows: In 2017, they include an international arts seminar, UNESCO Youth Martial Arts Forum, Young Professionals Martial Arts Research Project, World Martial Arts Research Service, Martial arts School, Youth Martial Arts Toolkit, Developing world martial art network, World Martial Arts Day, the Martial arts Silk road Project and International Youth Martial Arts Camp. In 2018, the program include Martial arts experts training program, Youth martial arts project, International martial arts seminar, Northeast Asian martial arts forum, International youth martial arts camp, World martial arts research service (five Asian countries), World martial arts data exhibition, Martial arts schools and Martial arts conference in Africa. In 2019, There will be Martial arts experts training programs, International Martial arts seminars, International youth martial arts camps, International youth martial arts camps, World martial arts research, Preparation for world martial arts data exhibitions, Martial arts schools, UNESCO policy and related projects development, Decision sharing and strengthening internal capabilities. Fifth, the strategic tasks for the development of the UNESCO International Dance Center are as follows. First, the midium and longterm plan should be established. second, it needs to secure a research position that specializes in martial arts. Third, the specialized journal should be carried out. Forth, Standardized curriculum development for adolescents should be carried out. Fifth The development of martial arts content for teenagers should be carried out. Last, UNESCO International Centre of Martial Arts should strive to preserve and promote the intangible cultural heritage associated with martial arts. In particular, the government should explore ways to find various intangible human heritage sites in Africa and exchange them for the listing of the world's intangible human heritage.

본 연구는 7 Minute Screen의 Enhanced Cued Recall Task(ECR)가 초기 알쯔하이머형 치매와 노인 우울증 집단을 변별하는 데 있어서의 유용성에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. ECR 과제는 학습과 인출 단계에서 동일한 단서를 제공하여 기억의 효율성을 높임으로써 주의나 비효율적인 전략 등과 같은 다른 인지 영역이 기억에 미치는 영향을 최소화하기 위하여 제작되었다. 초기 알쯔하이머형 환자 집단 21명과 기억력 저하를 호소하는 우울증 환자 집단 21명을 대상으로 ECR, Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination(K-MMSE)의 기억 회상 과제, K-Auditory Verbal Learning Test (K-AVLT)를 시행하였다. 판별 분석 결과, 알쯔하이머형 치매 집단과 노인 우울증 집단에 대한 전체 분류 정확률은 100%로 나타났으며, 두 집단을 구분하는 데 중요한 변인은 ECR 과제의 총점과 K-AVLT의 재인 점수였다. 또한 ECR 과제는 K-MMSE 기억 회상 과제보다 더 높은 민감도, 특이도를 보였다. K-AVLT의 5회 회상 시행과 비교해서도 더 높은 특이도를 보였으며, 지연 회상, 재인 과제와도 유사한 민감도, 특이도를 보였다. 본 연구 결과는 초기 알쯔하이머형 치매 집단과 노인 우울증 집단을 변별하는 데 있어 ECR 과제의 유용함을 시사하였다.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the discriminative validity of the Enhanced Cued Recall Task(ECR) for early AD. The ECR induces semantic processing and coordinates encoding and retrieval for maximum recall by using the same category cues at learning and retrieval. Therefore the ECR reduces the influence of inefficient strategies or other cognitive process such as attention. There were 2 groups in this study: 21 early AD subjects; 21 geriatric depression subjects, who complained of memory decline, but, the results of comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation showed no impairment. The ECR, 3-word recall task of Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), Korean Auditory Verbal Learning Test(K-AVLT) were administered. Discriminant analysis indicated that the overall percentage of correct classification was 100%. ECR total score, K-AVLT recognition, delayed recall scores were highly correlated with Function which discriminate early AD group from geriatric depression group. The ECR had a higher sensitivity and specificity than the 3-word recall task of K-MMSE and similar sensitivity and specificity to K-AVLT delayed recall and recognition. In conclusion, this study suggests that the ECR may be very useful for discriminating genuine memory impairment of early AD from memory complaints of geriatric depression.

본 연구는 충동성을 측정하는 행동과제 도구인 지연 디스카운팅 과제의 유용성을 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 충동성 관련 행동인 자기관리 수행능력 수준에 따라 지연 디스카운팅 과제 수행에 차이가 있는지 확인하였으며, 지연 디스카운팅 과제 및 자기보고식 설문, 자기관리 수행능력의 상관관계를 탐색하였다. 끝으로 자기관리 수행능력에 대한 지연 디스카운팅 과제의 독립적인 영향력을 살펴봤다. 참가자는 대학교에서 개설된 자기관리 수업의 수강생이었으며, 참가자들이 한 학기동안 직접 자기관리 프로젝트를 수행한 행동을 평가해 종속 변인으로 활용하였다. 연구 결과, 자기관리 수행능력 수준이 낮은 집단이 높은 집단에 비해 지연에 따라 감소되는 디스카운팅 정도가 큰 양상을 보였고, 통계적으로 유의하게 낮은 지연 디스카운팅 값을 보고하여 더 높은 충동성을 보여줬다. 지연 디스카운팅 과제와 자기보고식 설문 모두 자기관리 수행능력과 유의한 상관을 보였으나, 두 도구 간의 상관은 유의하지 않았다. 끝으로, 성별 및 자기보고식 설문 변인을 통제하고도 지연 디스카운팅 과제가 유의한 설명 변량이 있다고 보고되었다. 이 결과는 지연 디스카운팅 과제가 충동성 관련 행동을 설명하는 데 유용한 도구임을 보여줬으며, 충동성 연구에 자기보고식 설문과 행동과제 도구의 복합적인 사용이 필요함을 시사하였다. 이와 같은 의의와 더불어 한계점 및 추후 제언을 논의하였다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the utility of the Delay Discounting Task, one of the behavioral tasks that measure impulsivity. Self-management ability was used as a dependent variable for the impulsive behavior. First, the difference in the performance of delay discounting task between the high-level and low-level self-management ability groups was explored. Second, correlations among the delay discounting task, a self-report questionnaire, and self-management ability were investigated. Finally, through controlling a self-report questionnaire measure, the independent influence of the delay discounting task on self-management ability was examined. Participants were 74 undergraduate students attending a self-management course at the university. Individuals performed a self-management project during a semester of the course and submitted a report including all related behaviors at the end of the semester. The report was evaluated and used as a dependent variable. The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11) was used as a self-report questionnaire measure. Results showed that the low-level self-management ability group reported significantly lower value in delay discounting task than the high-level group; this reflected a higher level of impulsivity for the low-level group. Both BIS-11 and the delay discounting task were significantly correlated with self-management ability, yet the correlation between BIS-11 and the delay discounting task was not significant. Furthermore, significant effect of the delay discounting task on the self- management ability was found even after controlling gender and BIS-11. These results implied that the delay discounting task was a useful measure that indicated impulsivity-related behaviors differently than the self-report. This suggests the need to utilize two different measures when evaluating impulsivity. More implications and limitations are discussed.

본 연구는 아직 병적 도박 상태에 이르지 않은 위험성 도박집단의 의사결정 특성이 도박 중독 위험성이 없는 사교성 도박집단(통제집단)과 다른지를 아이오와 도박과제(Iowa Gambling Task: IGT)를 이용하여 살펴보았다. IGT는 보상 및 벌금의 크기와 벌금의 확률이 다른 여러 선택지들 중에서 참가자가 이익과 손실을 명확히 계산하지 못하는 채로 선택을 계속하면서 점차로 유리한 선택을 하게 되는 과제이기 때문에 암묵적 의사결정 능력을 검사하는 데 많이 사용된다. 실험 결과, 사교성 도박집단에 비해 위험성 도박집단은 더 많은 돈을 잃었고 시행이 진행되어도 유리한 선택을 하지 못했다. 또한 벌금이 자주 부과되는 선택에서는 두 집단 간에 차이가 없었으나 벌금이 드물게 부과되는 선택에서는 두 집단이 달랐다. 즉 위험성 도박집단은 매번 보상이 크지만 가끔씩 큰 벌금이 부과되는 선택을, 사교성 도박집단은 매번 보상이 작지만 가끔씩 작은 벌금이 부과되는 선택을 선호했다. 따라서 사교성 도박집단에 비해 위험성 도박집단은 위험 회피보다는 이익 추구에 중점을 두어 모험적인 선택을 하는 것으로 생각된다. 위험성 도박집단은 아직 심각한 도박 중독 상태에 빠지지는 않았으나 병적 도박집단과 유사한 의사결정 패턴을 나타내는 것으로 보이며 이는 위험성 도박집단에 대한 조기 개입의 필요성을 시사한다.

This study compared the decision making process of risky gamblers with that of normal controls (social gamblers) using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). This task is often used to test implicit decision-making ability because participants select continuously among four different card decks, which differ in terms of the size of the reward and fine, and the probability of receiving a fine. The risky gambler group showed inferior performance to that of the control group on the IGT; they lost more money overall than the controls did. In addition, the two groups showed different preferences when choosing card decks with infrequent fines. That is, the risky gamblers preferred the card deck with big rewards and infrequent big fines, whereas the controls preferred the card deck with small rewards and infrequent small fines. When the fine was given frequently, the groups did not differ regardless of the size of the reward. It seems that risky gamblers focus on the pursuit of profit, which leads to risky decisions. In contrast, social gamblers seem to focus on risk avoidance. The results suggest that risky gamblers who have not yet fallen into compulsive gambling show impaired decision-making, as pathological gamblers do.

목적 : 본 연구는 작업치료 활동에서 대상자의 몰입상태정도를 측정하는 한글판 작업과제 몰입상태척도(Korean version of Flow State Scale for Occupational Task: K-FSSOT)를 개발하는 것이다. 연구방법 : 한글판 작업과제 몰입상태척도 개발을 위해 체계적인 번안과정을 거쳐 타당도 및 신뢰도검증을 하였다. 타당도 검증은 작업치료사 10명의 내용타당도와 환자 20명의 문항이해도 조사를 통해CVI 값을 산출하였다. 신뢰도 검증은 환자 33명의 내적일치도 및 검사-재검사 신뢰도를 조사하였다. 결과 : 내용타당도의 문항별 I-CVI 값은 .90~1.00으로 나타났고, 전체 항목의 평균인 S-CVI 값은 .97로적절한 것으로 확인되었다. 신뢰도 검증 결과 전체 문항의 내적일치도 값은 .855로 높은 수준으로나타났으며, 검사-재검사 신뢰도 값은 .894(p<.01)로 높은 상관관계를 보임으로 높은 신뢰도가 확인되었다. 결론 : K-FSSOT가 대상자의 참여와 몰입을 고민하는 작업치료사에게 작업치료 활동을 수행하는 대상자의몰입상태정도를 측정하는데 유용한 도구로 활용되기를 기대한다.

Objective : This study aimed to develop a Korean version of the Flow State Scale for Occupational Task (K-FSSOT), to measure the level of a flow experience of a subject in occupational therapy activities. Methods : To develop a measure of K-FSSOT, validity and reliability were verified through a systematic development process. The validity was verified by calculating the content validity index (CVI) through the content validity of 10 occupational therapists and a question-and-answer survey of 20 patients. Reliability was verified by investigating the internal consistency and examination-re-test reliability of 33 patients. Results : The item-CVI for each question in the content feasibility study was .90 to 1.00, and the scale-CVI, which is the average of the whole item, was found to be appropriate at .97. The verification of reliability indicated that the intrinsic value of the entire question was high at .855, and the test-retest reliability value was high at .894 (p<.01), showing a high correlation, and very high reliability. Conclusion : K-FSSOT could be used as a useful tool to measure the level of a flow experience of the target in performing occupational therapy activities for occupational therapists concerned about the participation and flow experience of the target.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify differences in perceived task performance, task importance, and educational needs for novice-level tasks among neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) nurses with varying levels of clinical experience and to provide foundational data for developing systematic educational programs to strengthen the competencies of novice nurses. Methods: Participants were recruited from the NICUs of three hospitals?one university-affiliated hospital and two general hospitals located in Busan, South Korea. Using convenience sampling, 116 staff nurses with at least 3 months of NICU experience were surveyed between March and November 2025. For comparative analysis, participants were divided into three career groups based on their NICU experience: <3 years, 3?9 years, and ≥9 years. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, and the Scheffe test with IBM SPSS ver. 25.0, and importance?performance analysis (IPA) was conducted to prioritize educational needs. Results: Across all career groups, the “direct nursing performance” domain showed the highest task performance. Novice nurses with <3 years of experience reported significantly higher performance in central line care and transfusion management than those with ≥9 years of experience. The IPA identified central line management, and transfusion management as priority areas for improvement, while vital sign monitoring, respiratory surveillance and discharge education for parents were common educational needs regardless of experience level. Conclusion: Educational programs for novice NICU nurses should focus on strengthening patient safety?related competencies and should be progressively structured with simulation and case-based learning to enhance clinical performance

Objective: This study was to develop and verify the effects of the exercise-cognitive combined dual-task training program on cognitive function and depression of the elderly with mild cognitive impairment(MCI). Methods: The subjects were randomly assigned to the exercise-cognitive combined dual-task training group(n=32) or single-task training group(n=31). To identify the effects on cognitive function, general cognitive function, frontal lobe function, and attention/working memory were measured. Depression was evaluated using Korean version of Geriatric Depression Scale. The outcome measurements were performed before and after the 8 weeks of intervention(2 days per week). Results: After 8 weeks, general cognitive function, frontal cognitive function, attention/working memory function, depression of the dual-task training group were significantly increased than those of the single-task training group(p<0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that an exercise-cognitive combined dual-task training for MCI was effective in improving general cognitive function, frontal /executive function, attention/working memory function and reducing depression.

목적 : 본 연구에서는 발달성협응장애와 발달성협응장애 아동을 대상으로 한 과제-중심 접근법을 문헌 고 찰을 통하여 알아보고자 하였다. 본론 : 본 연구는 발달성협응장애의 정의, 진단, 원인, 평가에 대한 전반적인 개요를 제시한다. 또한 신경 운동과제훈련(Neuromotor Task Training; NTT)과 인지기반작업수행(Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance; CO-OP)의 중재 전략에 대해 알아보기 위해 2000년 1월부터 2023년 9 월까지 게재된 국외 문헌 18편을 분석하였다. 선정된 문헌에서 언급된 중재의 목적은 작업치료 실행체계 4판(Occupational Therapy Practice Framework-4; OTPF-4)의 기준에 따라 분류하였다. 분류 결 과, NTT는 클라이언트 요인(client factor) 영역에 대한 목표 설정의 빈도가 높았고, CO-OP는 작업 (occupation) 영역에 대한 목표만을 설정하였다. 이러한 목표 설정의 차이는 두 중재 간 전략의 차이로 설명된다. 결론 : 발달성협응장애에 대한 전반적인 개요와 과제-중심 접근법의 중재에 대한 전략의 이해는 질환에 대한 인식도를 높이고 근거 기반 임상을 위한 기초 자료가 될 것이다.

Objective : This study aimed to provide an overview of task-oriented approaches for children with developmental coordination disorder, including its definition, diagnosis, causes, and assessment, through a literature review. Subject : Eighteen international articles published between January 2000 and September 2023 were analyzed to explore the intervention strategies of Neuromotor Task Training (NTT) and Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance (CO-OP). The objectives of the interventions mentioned in the reviewed articles were categorized according to the criteria of the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework-4 (OTPF-4). The results showed that NTT more frequently set goals in the area of client factors, while CO-OP set goals only in the area of occupation. This difference in goal setting can be explained by the strategy differences between the two interventions. Conclusion : A broader and deeper understanding of strategies for interventions with task-oriented approaches to developmental coordination disorder can increase awareness of the disorder and provide a more solid basis for evidence-based practice.

목적 : 본 연구는 발달지연의 아동을 대상으로 과제지향의 중재를 사용하여 시-운동 협응과 소운동 협응 기능의 변화를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 연구대상은 6세의 여아 1명이었다. 아동은 진단은 받지 않았으나 전반적인 기능에 발달지연을 보였다. 연구기간은 2021년 2월 5일부터 6월 4일까지이었고, 연구 설계는 단일대상연구 A-B를 사용하 였다. 기초선 A는 초기 3회기로 아동의 기능 파악을 위해 초기평가를 하였다. 중재기 B는 12회기로 과 제지향의 중재(task-oriented intervention)를 사용하였다. 기초선과 중재기에 동일하게 아동의 시-운 동 협응 기능을 측정하기 위해 한국판 시지각발달검사 3판의 타원그리기를 실시하였고, 소운동 협응 기 능을 측정하기 위해 Clinical Observation of Motor and Postural Skills(COMPS)의 손가락-코 짚기 를 실시하였다. 회기별 변화도는 그림으로 제시하였다. 결과 : 한국판 시지각발달검사 3판의 타원그리기의 기초선 평균은 23점이었고, 중재기 평균은 39.66점으로 기초선에 비해 중재기의 평균이 16점 이상 향상되었다. COMPS의 손가락-코 짚기의 기초선 평균은 0 점이었고, 중재기 평균은 5.08점으로 기초선에 비해 중재기의 평균이 5점 이상 향상되었다. 결론 : 취학 전의 발달지연아동에게 과제지향의 중재는 아동의 학습에 바탕이 되는 시-운동 협응과 소운동 협응 기능에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 보인다.

Purpose : This study aims to identify changes in the visuomotor coordination and fine motor coordination functions caused by the use of a task-oriented intervention in a child with developmental delay. Methods : The participant, who was a 6-year-old girl, was not diagnosed but showed a developmental delay in overall function. The study period was February 5, 2021, to June 4, 2021, and a single-subject A-B study design was used. The baseline (A) was initially evaluated in the first three sessions to identify the child’s functions. In the intervention period, 12 session (B), task-oriented intervention was applied; the child engaged in many of the activities in kindergarten, such as painting, writing, making, and cutting with scissors. Visuomotor coordination and fine motor coordination were equally measured during the baseline and intervention periods. Visuomotor coordination was measured via drawing of an oval according to the Korean Developmental Test of Visual Perception 3 (K-DTVP-3), and fine motor coordination was assessed using the finger-nose touching item of the Clinical Observation of Motor and Postural Skills (COMPS). Results : The mean of the baseline of the K-DTVP-3 oval drawing was 23, and the mean of the intervention period was 39.66. The mean of the baseline of the COMPS finger-nose touching was 0, and the mean of the intervention period was 5.08. Conclusion : Task-oriented intervention seems to have a positive effect on the visuomotor coordination and fine motor coordination abilities of children with developmental delay.

Lee, In-Chul, Kang, Mun-Koo & Han, Seok-Hee. 2015. The Study on the Improvement of English Proficiency through Task Force Team Activities. Journal of Linguistic Studies 20(1), 79-98. This study was conducted on the learner-centered class through Task Force Team(TFT) activities, all of which is a form of collaborative learning where students with a same learning objective work together in groups. For this study, 40 students in two separate classrooms of a middle school in Chung-Cheong province participated in the survey. In order to find the effectiveness on the improvement of the learners’ English proficiency, a teaching-learning model using TFT activities had been created, and later applied to classes for this study. In addition, as a way of making learners keep up their work out of classroom, home-learning tasks designed by researchers were also given to the learners as their homeworks throughout the year. The result suggests that the classes using TFT activities led the learners to have higher interest and self-confidence in classes and at the same time made them more self-directed in terms of their learning attitude. Furthermore, the home-learning tasks given by researchers also turned out to be effective in that they participated actively in classes and showed more frequent use of speaking and writing in and out of classroom. (Kongju National University)

Large-scale pre-trained vision models such as ViT, CLIP, and SAM provide strong foundations for diverse vision tasks, motivating recent Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) approaches that combine multiple experts. However, existing methods often rely on static or implicit routing strategies, limiting adaptability to task semantics and input characteristics. We propose a task-adaptive vision expert routing framework based on competency learning guided by predictive uncertainty. We define expert competency as the relative reduction in predictive uncertainty induced by inter-expert interaction, and formulate expert routing as a learning problem driven by this signal. Our method uses task embeddings derived from textual descriptions to guide expert routing, refines expert features through cross-expert interaction, and aggregates them adaptively into a unified representation. By directly optimizing routing and feature composition using an uncertainty-based competency signal, the model learns how expert collaboration improves task-specific prediction reliability. Extensive experiments on diverse vision tasks demonstrate superior generalization performance and adaptive routing behavior aligned with task semantics.

The primary objective of task scheduling involves scheduling the task on resources and minimizing the objective of the schedule. In this study, we proposed mean grey wolf optimization algorithm to enhance the system performance there by depleting the scheduling issues. The main objective of this method is minimizing the makespan and energy consumption. The objective of the proposed algorithms has been evaluated using CloudSim toolkit for standard workload (left-skewed & right-skewed). The outcome of the simulation result shows that the proposed Mean GWO algorithm renders comparatively ample result than the other existing algorithms.

The objective of cloud task scheduling is to partition tasks on shared resources to minimize energy consumption and makespan. Recently, several meta-heuristics for task scheduling were proposed and achieved encouraging results. However, their performance is far from the ideal state and needs more improvement. This paper introduces an enhanced sunflower optimization (ESFO) algorithm for improving the performance of existing task scheduling. It finds optimal scheduling in a polynomial time. The experiments show that ESFO outperformed its counterparts. The amount of improvement in comparison with the best counterpart is 0.73% and 2.24% respectively in terms of makespan and energy consumption.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 발달성협응장애 아동에게 과제중심접근 치료가 효과적인지 알아보기 위하여 문헌 분석을 통하여 중재결과를 ICF 모델로 제시하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 대상자는 DSM-Ⅳ 진단 기준에 따라 발달성협응장애에 해당하는 0∼12세 아동으로 과제중심 중재방법인 신경운동 과제훈련과 일상 작업수행의 인지중심 접근 두 가지에 관하여 1995년 1월∼2007년 11월까지 게재된 논문을 Pubmed와 Medline을 통해 체계적 고찰(systematic review)을 하였다. 결과 : 중재 효과는 과제중심 중재결과 자료 중 17개(62.96%)가 중재효과가 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 이중 신경운동과제 훈련 접근법에서 5개(18.52%), 일상작업수행의 인지 중심 접근법에서 12개(44.44%)가 중재효과가 있는 것으로 분석되었다. ICF 모델로 제시한 결과 신체 기능 및 구조 영역을 평가한 자료가 14개(51.85%), 활동 및 참여 영역을 평가한 자료가 13개(48.15%)로 나타났다. 그러나 중재효과는 신체 기능 및 구조 영역에서 6개(22.22%)이었던 반면 활동 및 참여 영역에서 11개(40.74%)로 분석되었다. 결론 : 과제중심접근 치료가 발달성협응장애 아동에게 효과가 있는지 알아보기 위해 체계적 고찰을 하였다. 고찰 결과 과제중심접근이 ICF model의 활동 및 참여 영역에서 더 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 분석 논문 수가 8개라는 제한점이 있으나, 국내작업치료분야에서 체계적 고찰을 통해 이러한 지식을 활용하고, 임상적 사용에 대한 근거를 제시할 수 있다.

Objective : The aim of this study is to suggest evidence to evaluate the effectiveness of a task-oriented approach developed for the treatment of children with developmental coordination disorder. Treatment outcomes are presented using the International Classifications of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Methods : Participants had to be children diagnosed with DCD according to DSM-Ⅳ and aged 0 to 12 years old. Their intervention could be neuromotor task training and cognitive orientation to daily occupational performance. The literature search included the following electronic databases: Medline, Pubmed (January 1997 to November 2007). Results : There were 17 (62.96%) papers on the effectiveness of neuromotor task training, and 12 (44.44%) papers on the effectiveness of cognitive orientation to daily occupational performance. The results of the ICF model presented 14 (51.85%) papers on body structure & function and 13 (48.15%) papers on activity and participation. And there were 6 (22.22%) papers on the effectiveness of body structure & function and 11 (40.74%) papers on the effectiveness of activity and participation. Conclusion : This paper conducted a systematic review of the research literature that reports on the effectiveness of a task-oriented approach developed for the treatment of children with developmental coordination disorder. The results of the review presented greater effect on the activity and participation of the ICF model. There was limit of 8 journals used. But this knowledge is utilized in occupational therapy, and therefore presents evidence of practice.

Task offloading in multi-access edge computing (MEC) systems is critical for managing computational tasks in dynamic urban environments. Existing strategies face challenges such as high communication overheads and regional performance deviations including centralized and distributed methods. Clustering approaches have been explored to address these issues, yet they often rely on physical proximity to form clusters, overlooking the variability in task rate distributions across edges. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposes a graph-driven inter-cluster resource distribution (GIRD) clustering scheme that clusters edge nodes based on task request distribution and computing resource status, ensuring similar resource utilization across clusters. Building on this, a proximal policy optimization (PPO)-enabled intra-cluster task offloading algorithm (PITO) is introduced to determine one execution server for task offloading?either an edge server within a cluster or a cloud server?using various network state information. This dynamic decision-making process optimizes a multi-objective function that includes task processing delay, consumed energy, success rate, and cloud cost. Simulation results demonstrate the proposed GIRD-PITO framework achieves superior task success rates, reduced delays, and improved regional performance fairness, making it a promising solution for large-scale MEC systems. 2018 The Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences. Publishing Services by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

In this paper, end devices are considered here as agent, which makes its decisions on whether the network will offload the computation tasks to the edge devices or not. To tackle the resource allocation and task offloading, paper formulated the computation resource allocation problems as a sum cost delay of this framework. An optimal binary computational offloading decision is proposed and then reinforcement learning is introduced to solve the problem. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of this reinforcement learning based scheme to minimize the offloading cost derived as computation cost and delay cost in industrial internet of things scenarios.

Objective To elucidate the effect of task-specific lower extremity training (TSLET) on cognitive and gait function in stroke patients. Methods Thirty-eight patients were assigned to either the TSLET group or the control group. The individuals of TSLET group went through a TSLET plus conventional physical therapy. The control group received two sessions of conventional physical therapy. The primary outcome involved the assessment with visual and auditory digit span test. The secondary outcome was evaluated by the Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) and Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) for cognitive function, Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Time Up and Go Test (TUG), 10 meters Walking Test (10mWT), 6 minutes Walking Test (6MWT), and Korean version of Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI) for gait, balance, and functional ability. Results After intervention (3 weeks) and 2 weeks of follow-up, the TSLET group showed statistically significant improvement in the visual digit span test backwards compared with the control group. In secondary outcome, a significant improvement was observed in GDS, BBS, TUG, and 10mWT in the TSLET group. There was no significant difference between the two groups concerning visual digit span test forward, auditory forward and backward digit span tests, K-MMSE, 6MWT, and K-MBI. Conclusion TSLET could be a useful alternative strategy for improving cognitive and gait function in stroke patients.

In searching for targets among a rapidly presented stream of distractors, correct identification for the first target impairs the detection of the following one appearing within a half second after the first one appeared: the attentional blink (AB). Di Lollo and his colleagues (2005) proposed that temporary loss of control of the exogenously-triggered input filter explained the AB: They showed that AB was apparent when a nontarget category item was put in the target string, but diminished when the target string consisted of the same category items. We examined whether the AB effect is also affected by disrupting the uniformity of the online-established, task-irrelevant dimension. In the current study, we manipulated the uniformity of the task-relevant, target-defining dimension (category), following the previous study by Di Lollo et al. as well as the uniformity of the instantly obtained, task-irrelevant dimension (color). The results showed that both task-relevant and task-irrelevant uniformity modulated the AB effects. However, the results also showed that task-relevant category uniformity majorly determined the AB effects and task-irrelevant color uniformity was not able to reduce AB when category uniformity was disrupted.

Objective: To examine the effects of dual-task cognitive training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on cognitive and daily functioning in older adults. Methods: Ten older adults participated in an eight-session dual-task cognitive training program combined with tDCS. Pre- and post-intervention assessments measured cognitive function, activities of daily living, attention, and brain activity using validated tools. Results: Post-intervention analyses showed significant improvements in cognitive function (measured by the Comprehensive Item Selection Test and the Korean version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment), instrumental activities of daily living (measured by the Korean version of the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scale), and reduced cognitive decline (measured by the Global Deterioration Scale) (all p < .05). No significant changes were observed in attentional control (measured by the Attentional Control Questionnaire) or in the accuracy and reaction times on the N-back and Stroop tasks. Conclusion: Combined dual-task cognitive training and tDCS may improve cognitive function and activities of daily living in older adults. Further research is warranted to validate and optimize this intervention.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to develop and establish the preliminary validity of the Restaurant Accessibility and Task Evaluation Information Tool (RATE-IT), an electronic survey for evaluating restaurant accessibility for people with disabilities. Methods : A multi-phase method was used to develop and validate the RATE-IT. The taxonomy was developed in phase one, while the validity of the content was tested in phase two. Finally, the validity of the constructs was assessed in phase three. Results : The results indicated that appropriate items were included (relevance=0.99 and language level=0.99) and also supported that the RATE-IT evaluated the construct of restaurant accessibility (F=0.72, p=.40). When compared to a checklist of the Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) for Buildings and Facilities questions, RATE-IT showed the potential to differentiate restaurants by their level of accessibility (p=.10). Further, the RATE-IT was also easy to use (p<.00), understandable (p<.00), and efficient (p<.00). Conclusion : RATE-IT shows a promising methodology and is strongly preferred by users.