Earticle

As SNS use becomes prevalent, its effect on performance has received much attention. The previous literature takes either positive or negative views of SNS, arguing that it either decreases performance by taking time and effort away from work or increases performance by providing social benefits for enhancing performance. Since both can be true, this study conducts an experiment to investigate how SNS use during a task simultaneously disturbs and enhances its performance. For this purpose, this research adopts distraction-conflict theory, distinguishes the types of task as simple and complex, and analyzes data including electroencephalography data. The results overall suggest that, when doing a simple task, SNS use operates positively on performance due to the positive effect of psychological arousal. However, when doing a complex task, SNS use operates neither positively nor negatively because the negative effect of psychological arousal and the positive effect of reduced stress offset each other.

장기이식 코디네이터는 이식 진행 과정에서 수혜자와 기증자, 보호자와 이식 의료진들 간의 복잡한 업무를 조율하며, 핵심적인 역할을 수행하고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 법률과 제도 변화에 따른 장기이식 코디네이터의 직무를 분석하고 직무를 표준화하기 기초를 마련하는데 있다. Methods: 한국 이식병원의 장기이식 코디네이터 78명을 대상으로 하였다. 본 설문지는 DACUM 기법으로 직무의 중요도, 난이도와 수행빈도를 조사하여 분석하였다. Results: 장기이식 코디네이터의 직무는 5가지 임무, 13가지 일, 84개의 일의 요소로 분류되었다. 수혜자 관리, 기증자 관리, 장기기증 활성화, 행정업무, 전문가적 업무의 5가지 임무로 구성되었다. 4점 척도로 중요도가 가장 높았던 것은 기증자 관리 (3.68점)이었고, 난이도는 장기기증 활성화 업무( 2.96점) 가장 높았으며, 수행빈도가 가장 많았던 것은 수혜자 관리(3.32점)이었다. Conclusion: 장기이식 코디네이터의 직무분석 결과는 코디네이터의 교육프로그램의 기초가 되고, 전문간호사 자격시험에 참고자료가 될 수 있다. 또한, 중요도와 난이도, 수행빈도가 높은 직무에 대한 체계적인 교육을 통하여 장기이식 코디네이터의 업무를 지원하는 것이 필요하다.

Purpose: Along the process of organ transplantation, coordinators perform complex professional roles, playing as a key person among recipients, donors, family members and medical staffs. The purpose was to analyze the tasks of organ transplantation coordinators using DACUM method and to establish the basis for standardizing them in accordance with relevant laws and systems. Methods: Participants were consisted of 78 transplantation coordinators working at the medical centers in Korea. The questionnaire was administered to analyze the criticality, difficulty and frequency of task elements. Results: The job of organ transplantation was classified into five duties, 13 tasks, and 84 task elements. The five duties were recipient management, donor management, organ donation activation management, organ transplantation administration, and professional capability development. On the four-point scale: donor management was the duty with the highest criticality (3.68), organ donation activation management was the duty of highest difficulty (2.96), and recipient management was the duty of the highest frequency (3.32). Conclusion: This study will be useful for developing an educational program and as a reference of nurse practitioner qualifying examination. It is necessary to develop a comprehensive educational program for transplantation coordinators in order to support them to take their complex roles successfully.

이 연구의 목적은 서울 고교학점제 연구학교 운영의 성과와 과제를 밝히는 데 있다. 연구 목적 달성을 위해 서울특별시교육청 지정 고교학점제 연구학교 5개교 대상으로 사례연구를 하였다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 학생 맞춤형 선택 교육과정 편성⋅운영 면에서 ‘학생 선택과목 적정선 탐색’, ‘과목 선택에서의 학생 의견 존중’, ‘선택과목 블록 운영으로 학생 이 동 최소화’, ‘공유캠퍼스 운영 개선’은 성과로, ‘학생 개인별 시간표 작성 및 운용의 난점’, ‘교 과목별 수강인원 편차’, ‘공강시간 지도의 난점’, ‘타 학교 학생 지도의 난점’, ‘교⋅강사 수급 의 불안정성’은 한계로 나타났다. 둘째, 진로⋅학업 설계 지도의 활성화 면에서 ‘진로진학 자 료집 제공 및 상시 갱신’, ‘교육과정 이수 지도팀 및 진로 코디네이터의 적극적 활용’, ‘다양한 진로 검사도구의 활용’은 성과로, ‘진로 미결정 학생 대상 지도 방식의 합의 부재’는 한계로 드러났다. 셋째, 책임교육 실현을 위한 노력 면에서 ‘교원, 학부모 대상 연수 실시’, ‘학점제 TF 신설 및 운영’, ‘책임교육 실현 관련 학교조직 개편’, ‘미도달 예상 학생 대상 특별 프로그 램 운영’은 성과로, ‘미이수 관리체계 미흡’, ‘책임교육 용어의 불명확성’은 한계로 밝혀졌다. 넷째, 학점제형 공간 재구조화 면에서 ‘교원, 학생 휴게 공간 조성’, ‘단위학교별 특색 공간 조 성’은 성과로, ‘노후화된 학교 건물’, ‘교실수 부족’, ‘학점제형 공간의 불충분한 활용’은 한계로 드러났다. 분석결과를 토대로 각 차원에서 발견된 문제의 개선이 요청된다는 것, 서울에 대한 외부 기대와 실제 운영 간 격차에서 나타나는 한계 극복이 필요하다는 것 등을 논의하였다.

The purpose of this study is to find out the achievements and challenges in the operation of high school credit research schools in Seoul. To that ends, a case study was conducted. The main analysis results are as follows. First, in terms of organizing and operating a student-centered curriculum, ‘exploring the appropriate line of student choice', ‘respecting student opinions in subject selection', ‘block-time class organization for elective courses’, and ‘improving shared campus operation' were observed. And ‘difficulty in drawing up a timetable for individual students' were found as a limitation. Second, in terms of revitalizing career design education, ‘providing up-to-date career information', ‘using curriculum guidance team and career coordinator', ‘using various career inspection tools' were found to be achievements, and ‘absence of agreement on career guidance method for career undecided students' were found as limitations. Third, in order to strengthen to responsible education, ‘educational training for teachers and parents', ‘High School Credit System TF operation', ‘school organization reorganization for responsible education', and ‘operating special programs for underachieved students' were found. And ‘lack of support system for underachieved students' were found as limitations. Fourth, in terms of restructuring the credit system space, ‘creating a rest space for teachers and students' and ‘creating a characteristic space for each unit school' were achievements, and ‘aging buildings', ‘lack of classrooms', and ‘under-use of credit system space' were found as limitations. Based on the results above, the discussion was developed as follows. First, it is necessary to improve the physical space in school to make it more credit system friendly setting as well as to strengthen student-centered curriculum, to revitalize career design education, and to realize responsible education in high school. Second, more discussions should be followed to overcome the limitations arising from the gap between external expectations and actual operations in the Seoul.

SNS 사용과 성과의 관계에 관해서는 여러 연구가 있어 왔으나, 대부분의 선행 연구들은 작업 도중 SNS의 사용이 해당 작업의 성과에 미치는 영향을 연구하기 보다는 SNS 사용자와 비사용자의 평소 성과를 비교하여 긍정적, 혹은 부정적이라는 서로 상반된 결론을 내려왔었다. SNS의 사용이 공간과 시간의 제약 없이 일상화된 만큼, 본 연구에서는 이러한 기존 연구들을 보완하고자 실험 설계를 통하여 작업 도중 SNS의 사용과 해당 작업의 성과에 관한 탐색적 연구를 진행하였다. 이를 위해 휴식과 성과, 작업의 종류와 휴식의 종류에 대한 기존 문헌을 토대로 SNS의 역할을 긍정적, 혹은 부정적으로 단정 짓지 않고 다양한 상황에서 보다 구체적으로 살펴보려 하였으며, 그 방법으로 실험 참여자의 뇌파 해석, 자기 보고, 컴퓨터 기록 등 다양한 측정지표를 사용하였다. 그 결과, 간단한 작업 도중 SNS를 사용할 경우 단순 휴식을 취했을 때 보다 이후 성과가 개선되었으나, 복잡한 작업 도중 SNS를 사용한 경우에는 그 개선도가 단순 휴식과 비교했을 때 차이가 없었다. 추가 분석 결과 SNS 사용 후 성과가 개선된 참여자들의 경우, 간단한 작업을 수행한 참여자의 경우에는 SNS 사용 경험 및 몰입도가 성과에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤으며, 복잡한 작업의 경우에는 자아 존중감 확인은 긍정적, 사회적 실재감은 부정적 영향을 미친 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

Although the relationship between social networking sites (SNS) use and performance has been widely studied, most of these studies have focused on comparing the SNS users’ overall performance with that of non-SNS users instead of examining how using SNS midway of a task affects one’s task performance. To address this research gap, an experiment was conducted to examine SNS use during a task and its influence on the performance of that task. In this experiment, the role of SNS in various situations was examined by reviewing the literature on break and performance as well as the types of breaks and tasks. Owing to its exploratory nature, this study used various types of data, such as electroencephalography interpretation data generated from a brain–computer interface, self-reported data, and data recorded by a computer. Those participants who used SNS showed an improved performance compared with those who took a short break while doing a simple task. Further analysis showed that the degree of SNS usage and engagement with SNS had positive effects on the participants’ simple task performance, while social presence and reassurance of self-worth had negative and positive effects on the participants’ complex task performance, respectively.

Objectives : In this paper, we proposed a method to comprehensively examine the roles of medical insurance review nurses’ by analyses of task importance and task performance. Methods : For the analyses, we used the responsesof 268 nurses who completed a questionnaire for members of the Medical Insurance Review Nurses Association in 2015, and analyzed task importance and task performance using the IPA method and the standard task guide. Results : There were significant differences in task importance and task performance according to task position. In the category of ‘Keep up the good work,’ ‘Calculate benefit standard’ was indicated only in administrative positions, and in the category of ‘Concentrate here,’ ‘Manage hospital resources’ and ‘Process after appeal results’ was demonstrated only in general positions. There were differences in the ‘Low priority’ and ‘Possible overkill’ categories by task performance according to task position. Conclusions : Our results indicate the necessity of a new education system and task reassignment according to task importance and task performance as perceived by medical insurance review nurses.

이 연구의 목적은 신임 해양경찰공무원을 대상으로 이루어지는 교육 프로그램의 교육만족도를 측정하는데 있다. 또한 해양경찰공무원이 신임과정 교육 프로그램을 이수한 후 업무수행을 위한 의식에도 변화가 있었는지를 알아 보고자 하였다. 이를 분석하기 위하여 3개의 연구가설을 세워 통계적 분석방법을 이용하여 검증하였다. 그 결과 해양경찰공무원 신임과정 교육 프로그램 중 교육내용, 교수 및 교관, 교육시설 및 교육환경, 교육효과가 교육만족도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 교육시설과 교육환경 요인이 향후 업무수행을 위한 의식변화에 유의미한 영향을 미치고 있었다. 아울러 신임과정 교육 프로그램의 교육만족도가 업무수행 의식과 유의미한 관계가 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 따라서 이 분석결과를 토대로 교육 프로그램 개선에 활용한다면 신임 해양경찰공무원의 업무수행에 긍정적 영향을 미칠 것으로 기대된다.

This paper aims to find out factors that influence positive effectiveness to satisfaction of education and awareness of task performance by education program for new maritime police officer of KCG. In this paper, we set three hypotheses and made a questionnaire with variables for verification through literature study and interview with experts. We carried out a survey to new maritime police officers for education program and analyzed data with statistical method. As a result, we extracted 16 questions and categorized 5 factors that administration, contents, instructor, facility, and effect of education program. Also, we found out the relationship between factors for education satisfaction and awareness of task performance. Especially, we identified the key factors that contents, instructor, facility and environment, and effect have an influence on satisfaction of education program.

목적 : 로봇을 이용한 과제 지향적인 치료가 뇌졸중 환자의 상지 운동기능과 ADL 수행능력에 어떤 효과가 있는지 체계적 고찰과 메타분석을 실시하여 검증하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 1980년부터 2015년 12월까지 발표된 국외 RCT연구들 중에서 과제와 함께 이루어지는 상지 로봇 재활치료를 대상으로 분석을 실시했다. EMBASE, Ovid-Medline, PubMed, CINAHL, Cochran CENTRAL을 통해 문헌검색과 선별을 실시했고, SIGN으로 질평가를, GRADE로 근거의 수준을 마련했다. Cochrane collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias로 편향을 측정하고, RevMan 5.3 으로 메타분석을 실시했다. 개별 연구들의 대상자 수, 중재 전-후 평균값, 표준편차 등을 자료합성에 사용하였다. 결과 : 12편의 연구가 최종 선정되었고 실험군의 대상자수는 총 341명(남성 235명, 여성 106명), 연령은 60.50±5.51세의 분포를 보였다. 대조군의 경우 대상자수가 모두 301명(남성 207명, 여성 94명)이었고 58.55±17.1의 연령대를 보였다. 운동기능 전체의 효과크기는 2.63, FMA가 2.98, BB 2.25로 기능증진에 효과가 있었고, ADL 수행능력에서는 FIM(3.04)을 제외하고 효과가 없었다. 결론 : 과제기반의 로봇상지재활치료는 뇌졸중 환자의 상지 운동기능과 ADL 수행능력에 전반적인 효과를 줄 수 있다. 장기적인 관점에서 효과가 있는지 결과변수에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.

Objective: This study is aimed at finding the effects of task-oriented robot-assisted therapy for stroke patients in terms of the motor function of the upper extremities and ADL performance based on a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: RCTs were identified through a database search of MBASE, Ovid-Medline, PubMed, CINAHL, and Cochran CENTRAL from 1980 to December 2015, and through additional manual searches. Meta-analyses were separately conducted in terms of the motor function of the subjects' upper extremities and ADL performance. A quality assessment was conducted using SIGN, the level of evidence was reviewed based on GRADE, and the risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane collaboration tool. The statistical heterogeneities were also investigated, and RevMan 5.3 was used for a Meta analysis covering the averages and standard deviations. Results: Twelve studies were selected and reviewed. The overall task-oriented robot-assisted therapy group was made up of 341 participants (235 male, 106 female) with an average age of 60.50±5.51. The control subjects totaled 301 (207 male, 94 female, with an average age of 58.55±17.1). The improvement in the entire motor function of their upper extremities showed a statistical significance (mean difference, 0.34; 95% CI, -0.30 to 4.38; p<.05; I2=65.0%) with an FMA of 2.98 (mean difference, 2.10; 95% CI, 0.72 to 3.48; p<.05; I2=52.0%), BB of 2.25 (mean difference, 2.34; 95% CI, 0,30 to 4.38; p<.05; I2=28.0%), and FIM of 3.04 (mean difference, 4.14; 95% CI, -1.47 to 6.80; p<.05; I2=73.0%). However, their WMFT, overall ADL performance, ABILHAN, and MAL did not reach a level of statistical significance. Conclusion: Task-oriented robot-assisted therapy was shown to have a positive possibility for the recovery of stroke survivors, particularly in the motor function of their upper extremities and ADL performance. Further research will be needed to ground the evidence and support the clinical use of task-oriented robot-assisted therapy.

본 연구의 목적은 문헌정보학 연구 방법 분석의 맥락에서 과업 유형에 따른 대규모 언어모델(LLM) 기반 내용 분석의 적용 가능 조건을 차원별로 비교․검토하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 2020년부터 2024년까지 국내 4대 문헌정보학 학회지에 게재된 설문 및 인터뷰 연구 100편을 층화무작위표집 방식으로 선정하고, 표집 방법론을 구성하는 12개 차원에 대해 인간 코더 1인과 4개 대규모 언어모델(Claude-3.5-Haiku, GPT-4o-Mini, Gemini-2.0-Flash, Grok-4-Latest)의 코딩 결과를 비교하였다. 분석 결과, 명시적 기준에 따라 분류가 가능한 차원에서는 상대적으로 높은 일치도가 나타난 반면, 추론적․평가적 판단을 요구하는 차원에서는 일관되게 낮은 수준의 일치도가 확인되었다. 이러한 결과는 LLM 기반 자동화 코딩의 성과가 모델 성능 자체보다는 과업의 판단 구조와 정보의 명시성에 더 크게 영향을 받음을 시사한다. 따라서 LLM의 활용 범위는 과업 유형 및 판단 특성 차원에서 보다 정교하게 검토될 필요가 있으며, 인간-AI 혼합 검증 전략의 체계적 설계가 요구된다.

The purpose of this study is to compare and examine, across multiple dimensions, the conditions under which large language model (LLM)-based content analysis can be applied according to task type in the context of research methods analysis in library and information science. To this end, 100 survey and interview studies published between 2020 and 2024 in four major Korean journals in library and information science were selected using stratified random sampling. The coding results produced by one human coder and four large language models (Claude-3.5-Haiku, GPT-4o-Mini, Gemini-2.0-Flash, and Grok-4-Latest) were compared across twelve dimensions constituting sampling methodology. The results show that relatively high levels of agreement were observed in dimensions where classification could be made based on explicit criteria, whereas consistently lower levels of agreement appeared in dimensions requiring inferential or evaluative judgment. These findings suggest that the performance of LLM-based automated coding is influenced more by the decision structure of the task and the explicitness of the available information than by model performance itself. Therefore, the scope of LLM application should be more carefully examined from the perspectives of task type and judgment characteristics, and the systematic design of human-AI hybrid validation strategies is required.

연구목적 : 건설산업은 복잡한 공정 구조와 다수의 참여 주체로 인해 재해 위험이 높은 대표적 고위험 산업이다. 최근 스마트건설기술 도입이 확산되고 있으나, 기술 특성과 기술수용 요인이 실제 안전성과로 이어지는 구조적 경로에 대한 실증 분석은 제한적이다. 본 연구는 스마트건설기술을 개별 기술이 아닌 기술 특성 체계로 정의하고, 기술수용 요인과의 관계를 통해 안전성과에 미치는 영향을 실증적으로 규명하는 데 목적이 있다. 연구방법: 기술수용모형(TAM)과 과업–기술 적합성 이론(TTF)을 통합한 연구모형을 설정하고, 구조방정식모형(SEM)을 활용하여 건설현장 종사자를 대상으로 수집한 설문자료를 분석하였다. 연구 결과 : 분석 결과, 기술수용 요인 중 TTF2는 스마트건설기술 특성(ATM)에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미친 반면(β = 0.457), TTF1은 부(–)의 영향을 나타내어(β = −0.494) 기술수용 요인의 차별적 작동 양상이 확인되었다. 반면, 스마트건설기술 특성은 안전성과(sPP)에 매우 강한 직접 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며(β = 0.924), 기술수용 요인을 통한 매개 효과는 제한적인 수준에 그쳤다.결론 : 스마트건설기술을 통한 안전성과 제고는 사용자 인식 변화보다는 기술의 통합성, 자동화, 지속성 등 기술 특성의 현장 구현 수준에 의해 보다 직접적으로 결정되는 것으로 해석된다.

Purpose:The construction industry is a high-risk sector characterized by complex processes and multiple stakeholders. While smart construction technologies are increasingly adopted, empirical evidence explaining how technology characteristics and acceptance factors translate into safety performance remains limited. This study aims to conceptualize smart construction technology as a system of technology characteristics and to empirically examine its impact on safety performance through technology acceptance mechanisms. Method:An integrated analytical framework combining the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Task–Technology Fit (TTF) theory was developed. Survey data collected from construction site practitioners were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). Result:The results show that one dimension of task–technology fit (TTF2) has a significant positive effect on smart construction technology characteristics (β = 0.457), whereas another dimension (TTF1) has a significant negative effect (β = −0.494). In contrast, technology characteristics exert a strong direct influence on safety performance (β = 0.924), while the mediating effects of technology acceptance factors are relatively limited..Conclusion:These findings indicate that improvements in construction safety performance depend more on the practical implementation level of smart construction technology characteristics—such as integration and automation—than on changes in user perceptions alone.

Purpose: To provide the data of health manager education program in order to improve the quality of work-sites health management with qualification based job analysis of health managers (Occupational Health Nursing, Industrial Hygienist, Environmental Engineer). Methods: A descriptive research on 132 health managers using IPA and SPSS/WIN. Results: The overall average of importance of health management job was 8.0 (10 being the maximum score). Nurses had significantly higher score in the level of importance per areas and health management jobs. The overall average of performance of health management job was 6.7 (10 being the maximum score). Nurses had higher score in the area of health management. IPA matrix distributions per health management job area showed the correlations in qualification backgrounds and all of 3 main areas. Conclusion: There was difference in the level of importance and performance on health management jobs based on the qualification backgrounds of health managers. To improve the health of workers, an integrated health management must be provided. And to provide this, it is necessary to offer the additional education to health managers with an institutional complementary plan.

This study explores the structural relationship between information technology and task performance of firms via leadership performance and absorptive capacity by using a survey of 288 samples across the different industry sectors in South Korea. In the empirical model framework, we adopted the structural equation model for analyzing input-output relationships between information technology and task performance. First, the findings show that IT utilization and IT infrastructure have a positive impact on the absorptive capacity directly and task performance of firms indirectly. Second, self-sacrificial leadership in the division of labor also has a positive impact on the absorptive capacity. Third, absorptive capacity and task performance of firms have a positive relationship with a high degree of statistical significance. In the moderating effect, the integration of board of directors plays a significant role in the relationship between absorptive capacity and task performance of firms. Finally, in the total effect of path coefficients, IT infrastructure has highest impact on the task performance than the other two independent variables.

The purpose of this study is to propose some meaningful considerations for communicative material development by exploring the aspects of task-based materials and performance with reference to first year high school English textbooks in Korea. For this purpose, two studies were conducted. The first one was to quantitatively analyze task-based materials in textbooks based on the qualitative analysis criteria supported by Nunan’s (1989) theory of task components. The second study was to examine the level of participants’ satisfaction with task-based performance through questionnaire research. The results of data analysis show, in accordance with core regulations of the 7th national curriculum for English represented by task-based learning and activity-oriented language use, that communicative theory of language learning is adequately reflected in the task-based materials of all textbooks. To conclude, a few suggestions are made to enhance the effectiveness of task-based activities in communicative classroom practices: a) task goals and rationale that encourage the learner’s motivation; b) authenticity of input data based on real-world situations; c) more emphasis on group work containing problem-solving procedures rather than individual ones; d) proportional representation of activity types and themes, etc.

직원몰입은 선형적이거나 단일 차원적인 개념이 아니라 정서적·인지적·행동적 요소의 결합에 따라 다양한 유형으로 구분될 수 있는 복합적 개념이다. 이 연구는 국내 직장인의 직원몰입 유형을 체계적으로 탐색하고, 유형별로 성과에 어떠한 차이를 갖는지 분석함으로써 시사점을 제공하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 한국 근로자 1,108명을 대상으로 자료를 수집하였고, 잠재프로파일 분석을 실시하였다. 또한 잠재프로파일 유형별 인구통계학적 특성과 업무그릿, 과업성과, 경력만족의 차이를 파악하였다. 연구결과, 첫째, 직원몰입에 대한 잠재프로파일 수는 3개가 가장 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 집단1은 114명(10.3%), 집단2는 597명(53.9%), 집단3은 397명(35.8%)으로 나타났다. 둘째, 집단1은 인지적 몰입 점수는 상대적으로 높았으나 정서적·행동적 몰입 점수는 낮게 도출되어 ‘인지기반저몰입형’으로 명명하였다. 집단2는 모든 하위요인에서 중간수준의 점수를 보여 ‘안정적몰입형’으로 지칭하였다. 집단3은 모든 하위요인에서 높은 점수를 보유하는 것으로 나타나 ‘적극적몰입형’으로 분류하였다. 셋째, 적극적몰입형은 업무그릿, 과업성과, 경력만족에서 다른 두 집단에 비해 통계적으로 유의미하게 높은 점수를 보였으며, 연령이 높고, 직급이 높으며, 경력이 오래된 비율이 높은 것으로 도출되었다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 직원몰입 유형에 따른 차별화된 HRD 전략을 제안하였다.

Employee engagement is not a linear or unidimensional concept; it can manifest as various distinct profiles. This study aimed to explore the engagement profiles of employees in Korea and to analyze the differences in outcome variables across these profiles. Data were collected from 1,108 Korean employees and latent profile analysis (LPA) was conducted. Differences in demographic characteristics, work grit, task performance, and career satisfaction were examined across the identified profiles. The results revealed the following: First, a three-profile model was found to best represent employee engagement. Group 1 included 114 participants (10.3%), group 2 included 597 participants (53.9%), and group 3 included 397 participants (35.8%). Second, Group 1 showed relatively high scores on cognitive engagement but low scores on emotional and behavioral engagement, and was thus labeled the “cognition-based low engagement type.” Group 2 demonstrated moderate scores across all dimensions, earning the label “stable engagement type.” Group 3 displayed high scores across all dimensions, and was labeled the “active engagement type.” Third, the active engagement type showed significantly higher levels of work grit, task performance, and career satisfaction than the other two groups. This group also had a higher proportion of older employees, individuals in higher positions, and those with longer tenure. Based on these findings, this study suggests HRD strategies tailored to each engagement profile to enhance organizational development.

Purpose: The purpose was to analyze the effects of internal marketing activity factors on nurse's turnover intention, nursing task performance and nursing productivity. Methods: The subjects were 355 nurses who were working at the 3 universities hospital over 1 year. The instruments were used of internal marketing activity factors(Lee, 2001), turnover intension(Lee, 1995), nursing task performance(Park, 1988) and nursing productivity(McNeese-Smith, 1996). Results: The mean score of internal marketing activity factors was 2.79, education and training 2.97, individualization 2.93, communication 2.87, promotion 2.76, work environment 2.63, reward system 2.62, and management vision for employee 2.61. The turnover intention was 3.12, nursing task performance 3.49, and nursing productivity 3.38. The internal marketing activity factors were negatively correlated with turnover intention(r=-0.37, p<0.0001), and positively correlated with nursing task performance(r=0.29, p<0.0001) and nursing productivity(r=0.30, p<0.0001). The key predictor of turnover intension was reward system, education and training, communication, and salary. They explained 35.0% of the total variance. In nursing task performance, communication, management vision for employee, salary and unit explained 26.0% of the total variance. In nursing productivity, communication, reward, education and training, salary, and position explained 24.0%. Conclusions: To increase nurse's nursing task performance and nursing productivity and to decrease turnover intention, it is necessary to concentrate on improving communication and reward system in the internal marketing activity factors. Through these activities, the effectiveness of internal marketing strategies will be enhanced and finally, nursing organizational outcome will be increased.

본 연구의 목적은 쌍 구성조건에 따른 유아의 협력학습에서 또래들간 스캐폴딩(Scaffolding) 유형과 과제수행력의 차이를 알아보는 것이다. 연구대상은 부산 소재 유치원에 재원중인 만 4, 5세 유아 각 60명씩 120명이었다. 유아들의 인지적 수준을 검사하여 동질쌍 구성 집단과 이질쌍 구성 집단으로 나눈 뒤, 막대 퍼즐을 통해 또래 협력학습 과정에서 나타나는 유아의 스캐폴딩 유형과 인지적 과제수행력을 관찰, 측정하였다. 연구결과 유아들이 협력학습에서 나타낸 스캐폴딩 유형별 빈도는 조언하기, 오류 찾아주기, 격려하기, 질문하기, 시범 보이기 순으로 높게 나타났고, 만 5세보다 4세 유아가, 여아보다 남아가 더 빈번한 스캐폴딩을 보였으나 동질/이질 집단 간에는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 협력학습을 통한 과제수행력은 만 4, 5세, 남녀 모두 동질쌍 구성 집단보다 이질쌍 구성 집단에서 더 높게 나타났다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether children's scaffolding type and joint problem solving performance would differ according to age, sex, and partner's ability when asked to solve problems with a peer. Subjects of the study were 120 4-and 5-year-old children recruited from a kindergarten in Busan, Korea. They were divided into two groups. The unmatched dyad group was composed of high level and low level paired together. The matched dyad composed of middle level and middle level paired together. Solid block puzzles were used to measure the children's scaffolding type and task performance. Interaction processes of the pairs were recorded by video camera and transcribed for analyses. The transcribed peer interactions were coded according to the types that researchers generated. Collected data was statistically analyzed using SPSS/PC program. The major findings were as follows: First, significant main effects of age and gender were found for ‘correction’ and ‘hint’. In both pairing conditions, four year olds showed more correcting and hinting words than five year olds, and boys showed more interactions than girls respectively. For ‘demonstration’, no significant effect based on pairing condition, age, and gender was found. However, an interaction effect of condition by age was observed. The interaction indicates that five-year-old children produced more demonstrating utterances in unmatched dyads but not in matched dyads. No significant effect was observed for ‘encouragement’ and ‘question.’ Secondly, unmatched dyads showed significantly better achievement in the performance than matched dyads. Age and gender did not make any difference in the children's task performance. The findings supported Vygotskian social contextual perspective that interaction with a peer of higher level was more beneficial to children's scaffolding and problem solving than with a peer of same level.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify tasks performed by patient safety personnel using importance-performance analysis. Methods: An online survey was conducted during a mandatory educational course. The questionnaire consisted of 43 items categorized into four subscales: management of patient safety accidents, education of healthcare personnel, education of patients and guardians, and patient safety activities. Importance-performance analysis was employed to ascertain the relationship between the importance and performance of tasks conducted by patient safety personnel. Results: A total of 145 patient safety personnel participated in the survey. The perceived importance of tasks by participants averaged 3.67 out of four, while the average performance was 3.40 out of four, indicating a significant difference (t=8.04, p<.001). Activities such as collecting patient safety reports, conducting root-cause analyses, and educating new employees were identified as low-performance tasks compared to their perceived importance. Conclusion: Tasks recognized as having low importance but high performance among patient safety personnel should be addressed through increased awareness and education. Analyzing the causes of tasks with low importance and performance is crucial for recognizing their importance and implementing improvement measures.

본 연구는 블로그 학습환경에서 동료 피드백 활동을 실시하고 피드백 유형이 학습자의 인지된 유용성, 피드백 수용도, 과제성과에 미치는 영향에 관해 탐구하였다. 피드백 유형은 피드백의 목적(제안적, 고무적, 교정적)과 피드백의 상세성(간결형, 상세형)에 따라 6가지로 구분하였다. 분석 결과를 세 가지로 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 학생들은 교정적 피드백보다는 제안적 피드백이나 고무적 피드백을 더 많이 사용하였다. 또한 상세형 피드백보다는 간결형 피드백의 사용 빈도가 더 높았다. 한편, 교정적 피드백을 사용할 때는 제안적 피드백이나 고무적 피드백을 사용할 때와 비교하여 상대적으로 상세형을 보다 더 많이, 간결형을 더 적게 사용하는 경향을 보였다. 둘째, 학생들은 제안적 피드백을 교정적 피드백 보다 더 유용하게 인식하였다. 한편, 상세형 피드백과 간결형 피드백에 관한 유용성 인지의 차이는 없었다. 학생들은 제안적 피드백의 경우, 상세형일 때 피드백을 더 잘 수용하였고, 교정적 피드백일 경우에는 반대로 간결형 피드백 유형으로 제시되었을 때 수용도가 더 높았다. 셋째, 피드백 유형이 간결형인 경우, 고무적 피드백을 많이 받은 학생일수록 최종 과제성과가 높게 나타났다. 또한 교정적 피드백과 제안적 피드백에 대해 유용하다고 인식할수록, 제안적 피드백에 대한 수용도가 높을수록 과제 성과가 높은 것으로 나타났다.

In this study, peer feedback activity was conducted in the instructional blog environment. The study aimed to analyze types of peer feedback affecting students’ perceptions of the usefulness of feedback, feedback acceptance, and task performance. The peer feedback was categorized into six types according to the purpose of feedback (suggestive, encouraging, corrective) and the degree of details of peer feedback(concise, detailed). The results of data analysis are as follows. First, students were more likely to use suggestive or encouraging feedback than corrective feedback. They also used concise feedback more frequently than detailed feedback. Moreover, they used more detailed feedback and less concise feedback when offering corrective feedback compared to giving suggestive or encouraging feedback. Second, students perceived suggestive feedback more useful than corrective feedback. There was no significant difference between concise feedback and detailed feedback in the degree of students’ perceived usefulness of feedback. Students were inclined to accept peer feedback when they received suggestive feedback with detailed format or when they received corrective feedback with concise format. Finally, when the feedback type was concise, the more students received encouraging feedback, the higher their achievements were. The higher the level of students’s perceptions on usefulness of corrective and suggestive feedback, the better they performed on their tasks.

본 연구의 목적은 서울시와 수도권 지역 사립유치원 중간관리자 177명을 대상으로 중간관리자의 개인적 배경변인에 따른 직무인식과 직무수행의 차이를 분석하는데 있다. 연구결과 첫째, 중간관리자가 자신의 직무로 가장 중요하게 인식하는 것은 인화적 직무였으며 이러한 직무인식은 중간관리자의 개인적 배경변인 중 직위, 학력, 중간관리자경력, 학급담당여부, 중간관리자 직무의 만족정도에 유의미한 차이가 있었다. 둘째, 중간관리자의 직무수행 역시 인화적 직무를 가장 많이 수행하는 것으로 나타났으며, 이러한 직무수행은 중간관리자의 개인적 배경변인 중 직위, 연령, 학력, 교직경력, 중간관리자경력, 학급담당여부, 중간관리자 직무의 만족정도에 유의미한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 중간관리자는 4개의 직무영역인 관리적 직무, 지도적 직무, 인화적 직무, 대외적 직무 모두 직무인식과 직무수행간에는 차이가 있었으며, 직무인식에 비해 직무수행이 미치지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 중간관리자의 직무인식과 직무수행에서 지도적 직무가 직무의 만족 정도에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the difference between the job-task performance and the job-task perception of 177 middle managers, working for private kindergartens in Seoul and the capital region area, based on their personal background variables. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, the harmony job-task is perceived as the most important task, and as to this perception there are meaningful differences at position, academic background, career as a middle manager, whether or not they are in charge of homerooms, and whether or not they are satisfied with their job as a middle manager, among the various personal background variables. Second, private kindergarten middle managers place the heaviest emphasis on performing the harmony job-task, and in their performance, there are meaningful differences at position, age, career as a teacher, career as a middle manager, whether or not they are in charge of homerooms, and whether or not they are satisfied with their job, among the various personal background variables. Third, there exist gaps between the job-task perception and the job-task performance in all four job-task areas of managemental job-task, (which are managemental job-task, leadership job-task, harmony job-task, and external job-task), and the degree of the job-task performance falls behind that of the job-task perception in those areas. Finally, with respect to the job-task perception and the job-task performance, leadership job-task shows to be significantly influential of task satisfaction.

최신 GPU는 프로세서 내부에 포함된 다수의 코어를 활용하여 높은 병렬처리가 가능하다. GPU의 높은 병렬성을 활용하는 기법 중 하나인 GPGPU 구조는 GPU에서 대부분의 CPU의 작업을 처리가 가능하게 해주며, GPU의 높은 병렬성과 하드웨어자원을 효과적으로 활용할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 다양한 벤치마크 프로그램을 활용하여 CTA(Cooperative Thread Array) 할당 개수 변화에 따른 메모리 효율성과 성능을 분석하고자 한다. 실험결과, CTA 할당 개수 증가에 따라 다수의 벤치마크 프로그램에서 성능이 향상되었지만, 일부 벤치마크 프로그램에서는 CTA 할당 개수 증가에 따른 성능 향상이 발생하지 않았다. 이러한 이유로는 벤치마크 프로그램에서 생성된 CTA 개수가 적거나 동시에 수행할 수 있는 CTA 개수가 정해져 있기 때문으로 판단된다. 또한, 각 벤치마크 프로그램별로 메모리 채널 정체에 따른 메모리 스톨, 내부연결망 정체에 따른 메모리 스톨, 파이프라인의 메모리 단계에서 발생하는 스톨을 분석하여 성능과의 연관성을 파악하였다. 본 연구의 분석결과는 GPGPU 구조의 병렬성 및 메모리 효율성 향상을 위한 연구에 대한 정보로 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

Modern GPU can execute mass parallel computation by exploiting many GPU core. GPGPU architecture, which is one of approaches exploiting outstanding computational resources on GPU, executes general-purpose applications as well as graphics applications, effectively. In this paper, we investigate the impact of memory-efficiency and performance according to number of CTAs(Cooperative Thread Array) on a SM(Streaming Multiprocessors), since the analysis of relation between number of CTA on a SM and them provides inspiration for researchers who study the GPU to improve the performance. Our simulation results show that almost benchmarks increasing the number of CTAs on a SM improve the performance. On the other hand, some benchmarks cannot provide performance improvement. This is because the number of CTAs generated from same kernel is a little or the number of CTAs executed simultaneously is not enough. To precisely classify the analysis of performance according to number of CTA on a SM, we also analyze the relations between performance and memory stall, dram stall due to the interconnect congestion, pipeline stall at the memory stage. We expect that our analysis results help the study to improve the parallelism and memory-efficiency on GPGPU architecture.

The objective of this study was to apply a Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST)-based diagnostic tool to assess the text organizing ability of elementary and middle school students in order to examine how they performed their tasks in each grade. To this end, we developed a diagnostic tool constituted by some tasks and conducted statistical analyses on the scores of 478 elementary and middle school learners for each task and group. Our findings are specifically summarized as follows. First, the differences between the task scores of elementary and middle school students were statistically significant in all grades. The two tasks for which the scores were markedly low presented greater numbers of “relations” and “types of relations” than the other tasks. We also observed that the lack of nuclei contributed to the difficulty of these tasks. Second, the analysis of inter-group differences using the overall average scores of students of all genders and grades showed significant inter-group differences across grades. The analysis of the text organizing ability through the differentiation between the ability to distinguish and arrange text indicated the presence of significant inter-group differences across grades. However, these differences were not found across genders. Third, a detailed analysis of the scores of elementary and middle school students by grade, gender, ability to distinguish text, and ability to arrange text indicated statistically significant differences in scores across grades. However, no interaction effects were found between grade and gender. Fourth, we found statistically significant differences across grades in terms of ability to distinguish and ability to arrange text. This implies that it would be possible to give feedback on the assessments on each sub-area of text organizing ability depending on the characteristics of each student group. Despite its findings, this study is limited because it assesses the text organizing ability of students based solely on the arrangements of given sentences. However, this study is significant because, through efforts to validate the diagnostic tool, it has paved the way for a relatively simple, expedient, and valid method of assessing the text organizing ability of a large number of students.