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Recently, many commercial standardization arrangements incorporating patented technologies in a standard have been vigorously made. Standardization could lead many beneficial effects of product interoperability and compatibility reducing barriers to entry, or creation of unified platforms for development of new products. However, the standardization including certain patented technologies would cause the incorporated technology to be a necessary factor for businesses to survive in the relevant market adopting the standard. For this reason, standardization process may be affected by patent proprietors wanting certain standard including their patented technology to be adopted. Usually, Standard?setting Organization(SSO) require their members to reveal all their pending or existing patents before adoption of a standard. Sometimes, the SSO could try to avoid particular patents as necessary factor in a standard when it becomes aware of the patents. The SSO’s behavior could allow the adopted standard to be opened participants in a relevant market. However, patent proprietors have been reluctant to disclose all their existing or pending patents in standard?setting process. In several cases, this incomplete disclosure has been combined with a refusal to license or a demand for excessive terms after the standard requiring the proprietors’ patents has been set. Moreover, SSOs would demand their members to promise to license an unidentified patent on FRAND (fair, reasonable and non?discriminatory) terms to use its patented technology. In that case, false FRAND commitment may be part of a strategy designed to influence the SSO's technology choice. In this reason, the breach of FRAND commitment case was brought to the court with accusation of violation of antitrust law. The patent proprietor’s concealment of patent or false commitment could affect competition to the extent that it leads the SSO to adopt a lower quality standard rather than otherwise the SSO would choose. For this reason, when patent proprietor’s behavior causes the SSO not to verify the openness of the claimed patent, it should be under investigation of a competition agency.

The primary objective of the Article is to achieve a good understanding of the relationship between standardization and patents, and provide recommendations on how essential patents should be selected and managed to establish an effective standard to spur natural innovations. The patent provides its holder with exclusive rights to prevent others from commercially exploiting the invention. This is the desirable incentive to invest in R&D, but causes negative effects on competition. Standards are open to the public to use freely and are vital for the diffusion of new technologies. Thus, “essential patents” included in a standard provide standard-setting organization (SSO) with a dilemma in that exclusive patent rights have become essential elements of a standard. In order to establish an effective standard, SSO must be aware of the following:(1) It is needed to encourage industry experts to participate in the SSO, because the lack of participation of experts results in a less-informed standards body and the adoption of an inadequate standard. (2)Standardizing on a patented technology is necessary when that technology is the best solution, because the extra effort in attempting to design around the patented technology may cause extensive inefficiencies. (3)Patent policies should define the scope of the intellectual property rights (IPRs) clearly. It should be determined whether the policies cover patents, trademarks and copyrights, whether they include both issued patents and applications pending, and whether they cover domestic patents and foreign patents. (4) Every essential patent should be included and declared. (5)Essential patents should be evaluated and adopted by their technical values and their importance to the standard rather than political behaviors by participants. (6)Patent policies and regulations should be enforceable and treated as contracts. (7) The FRAND conditions should be clearly defined. (8) The SSO should protect participants by defensive suspension against hold-up by non-participants. In addition, participating companies should recognize that participating in an SSO means that they assume legal obligations in accordance with patent policies and regulations. The government and courts also may help a SSO by suggesting IP guidelines or IPRs regulations.

본 논의는 한국어 교사들을 평가할 준거와 도구를 마련할 목적에서 출발하였다. 평가의 목적은 물론 교사의 능력을 향상시켜 학생들에게 양질의 수업을 제공하기 위함이다. 이런 취지에서라면 교사 평가에서 가장 먼저 고려해야 준거는 교사로서의 전문성이고, 그 다음이 한국어 교사로서의 다문화에 대한 이해 정도라는 결론에 도달하였다. 교사로서의 전문성은 수업의 운영 능력을 점검하는 도구로 ‘수업을 관리하는 능력’과 ‘학생을 관리하는 능력’으로 이분하였다. 먼저 수업 운영 능력은 ‘전공 지식에 대한 이해도’, ‘수업 시간에 전달해야 할 내용을 구조적으로 조직화하는 능력’, 그리고 ‘다른 교과와의 연계시키는 능력’ 등을 평가도구로 상정하였다. 그러나 이런 전문성은 학생들에게 효율적으로 전달될 때 비로소 교육적 효과가 있음을 전제로 교수방법을 교사의 전문성을 평가하는 또 다른 도구로 상정하였다. 교사의 전문성을 평가하는 또 다른 준거인 ‘학생관리 능력’을 점검하는 도구로는 ‘학습 성취’와 ‘학습 태도’로 이분하였다. ‘학습 성취’ 항목은 수업의 주체인 학생들에게 학습 동기를 부여할 수 있는지, 학생의 질문에 대한 피드백을 성실하게 하는지 등을 점검하는 도구이며, ‘학습 성취’ 항목은 수업 시간에 학생들이 보이는 태도나 몸짓을 유의미하게 해석하여 그에 대해 적절하게 대응하는 능력이 있는지 등을 점검하는 도구이다. 한편 한국어 교사로서의 다문화에 대한 이해 정도를 평가하는 도구로는 ‘다문화적 지식’과 ‘다문화에 대한 태도’로 구분하였다. 교사는 그 스스로가 학생들에게 한국 문화의 전범이 된다는 사실을 인지하여, 우선 자국 문화에 대한 이해를 깊이 해야 한다. 그러면서 학생 개개인의 문화를 파악하고 있어야 궁극적으로 양질의 수업을 할 수 있다는 판단에 도달하였다.

The purpose of this study starts from idea of making standard and means for Korean language teachers’ evaluation. The ultimate goal of the evaluation is to provide students quality lectures by improving teaching ability. There are two results drawn from this aim：1) teachers’ professionalism is the most important, and 2) Korean language teachers’ levels of understanding the multinational culture is needed. The first category of teachers’ professionalism is divided into two parts in terms of examining tools for managing classroom ability：the one is ‘the ability to make lessons’, and the other is ‘the ability to control students’. The means of evaluation to the former are set as ‘understanding rate of knowledge for one’s specialty’, ‘contents organization skills for delivering lectures’, and ‘the effective methods to connect one’s specialty to other subjects’. However, when establishing the premise that the stated professionalism should be conveyed to students for their best use, another means of evaluation for professional teachers is required. As for ‘the ability to control students’, two areas of ‘study achievement’ and ‘study attitude’ are fixed for the further discussion. The area of ‘study achievement’ is the tools for examination that how teachers grant students the motivation for learning, or how they give feedback for students’ questions. The other area of ‘study attitude’ is the tools for examination that teachers’ interpretable ability to properly correspond to students’ responses and gestures in the real classroom situations. In addition, the means of evaluation for the second result, Korean language teachers’ levels of understanding the multinational culture, is divided into ‘the knowledge of multinational culture’ and ‘the attitude for multinational culture’. Teachers should firstly aware of the fact that, to students, they are the precedents of the Korean culture, so have to take in-depth comprehension for the culture of one’s own country. At the same time, they should also understand each student’s background to give them quality lectures. (Chonnam Nat’l Univ.)

Objectives: Food safety has become one of the major public-concerning issues in Korea. In order to set guidelines to create manuals for the response to a food safety crisis by food industry, this paper classified food safety crises and suggested techniques to determine crisis level. Methods: This study clarified common terminologies and definitions including in food safety crises. It reviewed various food safety crises and described characteristics, types, and states of crises. Results: The results of this study suggested that a food safety crisis implied a situation in which hazards/risk spreading in the food supply chain was widely described, causing strong public concern followed by a socioeconomic impact, and therefore, requiring the implementation of a prompt and full response regarding the situation. In terms of seeking response plans, food safety crises might be classified according to the penalties resulting from violations of laws and regulations, causative substances, stages of the food supply chain, and first contact point for incidents. The crisis level for a food safety crisis could be classified according to its severity parameters. The guideline matrix was divided into four major stages: Blue/guarded, Yellow/elevated, Orange/high, and Red/severe. This study also suggested several methods for determining the crisis level, such as the simple judgement method, scoring methods using a check-list and a weighted check-list. Conclusion: The severity of related parameters might be of great importance in understanding a crisis and determining response options/challenges for crisis levels.

As industry standards become more important due to its intrinsic efficiency, opportunistic behavior to take advantage of becoming a standard is increasing, too. Most standard setting organizations(SSO) adopt IPR policies to require participants to disclose proprietary candidate patents beforehand and to commit FRAND(Fair, Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory) terms of license. However, there have emerged hold-up cases not to open (pending) patent rights during the standard setting process and ask excessive licensing fees after industry is locked-in to the standard. Traditional solution is to find some extreme conducts to be misuse of patent rights and/or unfair trade practices. The result can be such as to deny enforcement of the patent between the parties. When some conducts are found to undermine consumer welfare and social efficiency associated to standard setting, however, such solutions by patent laws focusing on the enforceability of patent rights and/or contractual aspects become short of sufficiency. After successful settlements in Dell(1996) and Unocal(2005), the Federal Trade Commission charged patent hold-up conducts by Rambus to violate the Section 5 of the FTC Act and Section 2 of the Sherman Act. However in 2008, the Federal D.C. Circuit Court vacated the FTC order for the reasons that the FTC failed to satisfy burden of proof for a monopolization, i.e. anti-competitive effects and causation. Another problem was about the vague disclosure rule by a SSO. While the hurdles required for monopolization findings in Rambus were merely no more than traditional, however, the FTC concentrated on the price increase effect caused by hold-up behavior and correct them, even beyond the orthodox antitrust principles. While not totally denying such a demand noticed by the FTC, the author argues that competition laws should concentrate on anti-competitive effects by market dominant players as shown in the US federal courts' decisions. Legal principles of patent and contract should be basic and starting grounds to cure problems and antitrust violations should be triggered only by findings of exclusionary effects and causation flowing out of questioned conducts. By such differentiations between tools of patent laws and competition laws, efficiencies associated with standard setting would be realized without excessive intervention by competition authorities, thereby inducing dynamic competition.

지금까지 다양한 준거기준 설정방안들이 제시되고 경험적으로 신뢰도와 타당도를 확보하기 위해서 많은 연구들이 수행되어 왔다. 최근에 전문가에 의한 주관적 판단의 한계점을 극복하기 위해서 새로운 접근 방법으로 기준선을 설정하려는 시도가 제안되어 사용되고 있다. 대표적인 것으로 군집분석을 이용한 방법, Bookmark 방법, 문항반응이론에 의한 방법을 이용해서 기준선을 설정하려는 방법들이 시도되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 위에 언급한 3가지 방법에 대한 방법 및 장단점을 간략히 소개한 다음에 실제 자료를 가지고 문항반응이론 모형에 기초한 준거기준 설정방법을 예시함에 의해서 향후 이러한 방법이 교육현장에 다양하게 적용되기 위한 시사점을 도출 하였다.

The purpose of this study is to introduce a standard setting method based on cluster analysis, the Bookmark Method, and Item Response Theory, especially the Rasch measurement model. In proposing the use of cluster analysis to facilitate a standard setting, although there are several types of cluster analysis methods, the standard setting is related essentially a classification. That is, using cluster analysis to facilitate a standard setting involves grouping test takers into discrete clusters based on their responses to test items. This method has theoretical appeal because it models the discrete nature of a standard setting. The Bookmark Method was developed to be used with tests that are scored using Item Response Theory. I also explained the procedures such as? how to set the cut-score using Bookmark method. Lastly, I introduce standard setting method using the Rasch measurement theory. For its successful implementation, some suggestions were discussed and implications were given.

교육격차를 완화하여 국가 경쟁력을 높이고 평생학습 사회에서 개인의 장래 성장과 발전 의 기틀을 마련하기 위하여 모든 학생들의 기초학력을 보장하려는 움직임이 다양하게 전개 되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 학생들의 기초학력을 결정짓는 성취수준 설정의 의미와 방법을 알 아보고, 2013년 초등학교 3학년을 대상으로 실시되는 기초학력 진단평가의 ‘기초수학’ 과목에 대한 성취수준과 분할점수 설정 방법을 살펴보고자 한다. 학교현장에서 활용할 수 있는 성취 수준 설정 방법과 적용 사례의 제시는 준거참조평가에서 성취수준 설정 시 고려해야 하는 것에 대한 시사점을 제공할 수 있으리라 기대된다.

As education is one of key factors to improve national competitiveness, quality education becomes a top priority in all countries around the world. In South Korea, The Basic Skills Competency Test is administered annually to select below-basic third graders and provide intervention programs. The Basic Skills Competency Test was designed to diagnose the minimal competency of third graders according to a national-level standards. The purpose of this study was to analyze standard-setting procedures and set cut-off scores. This study offered the empirical evidence that standard-setting is generally applicable in schools by the modified Ebel method. More future researches addressing appropriate and efficient standard-setting methods in real school situations are needed to be taken in.

제5세대 이동통신(5G) 시대를 앞두고 있는 지금 정보통신기술(ICT) 분야에서 가장 우려되는 무역장벽은 표준과 관련된 각국의 정책이다. ICT 분야의 표준화를 둘러싼 경쟁은 기업 차원뿐만 아니라 정부정책 차원에서도 치열하게 벌어지고 때론 통상분쟁으로 이어지기도 한다. WTO 회원국은 TBT협정에 따라 관련 국제표준이 이미 존재하거나 완성이 임박한 경우 이에 기초하여 기술규정을 마련해야 한다. 그러나 TBT협정에는 국제표준과 국제표준을 제정하는 국제표준화기구의 정의가 제시되어 있지 않다. 더욱이 ICT 분야의 핵심 표준화활동은 공식적인 표준화기구가 아닌 사실표준화기구에 의해 이루어지고 있어 이들의 법적 성격에 대한 논란이 지속되고 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 TBT협정 해석에 관한 WTO 분쟁해결기구의 법리를 적용하여 ICT 분야 표준화활동과정에서 중추적인 역할을 하는 사실표준화기구의 법적 성격을 분석하였다. 특히 5G 분야의 대표적인 사실표준화기구인 3GPP를 주요 분석대상으로 선정하였다. 3GPP의 법적 성격에 대한 분석은 WTO 체제 하에서 중요한 의미를 갖는다. WTO 법리에 따르면 표준을 제정하는 실체의 성격에 의해 국제표준이 결정되기 때문이다. 분석 결과, 3GPP는 WTO 법리가 요구하는 형식적 요건과 투명성, 개방성, 공정성 및 총의, 효율성 및 관련성, 일관성, 개발 차원 등의 실질적 요건을 모두 충족시키는 것으로 나타났다. 3GPP는 WTO 분쟁해결기구에 의해 ICT 분야의 국제표준화기구로 인정받을 가능성이 크므로 WTO 회원국은 3GPP에서 승인한 표준에 기반하여 국내 이동통신산업을 규율하는 기술규정 등을 제정해야 한다. 그렇지 않은 기술규정이나 표준화조치 등은 무역제한적인 조치로 인정되어 TBT협정 제2.4조 위반으로 판정받을 위험이 높다. 우리 기업과 정부는 3GPP의 표준제정과정에 적극 참여하여 5G 국제표준을 선도하는 한편 혹시 모를 ICT 분야의 통상분쟁을 미연에 방지해야 한다.

In the wake of the era of the 5th generation of mobile telecommunications, it is standards and government’s relevant policies that make businesses most worrisome in the information communications technology (ICT) sector. In the ICT sector, governments as well as firms are competing fiercely to occupy global standards. This competition has often brought about trade conflicts. In pursuant to the TBT Agreement, where relevant international standards exist or their completion is imminent, WTO Members shall use them as a basis for their technical regulations. However, the TBT Agreement does not stipulate either the definition of international standards or international standard-setting organizations. In particular, more questionable becomes the legal characteristics of de facto standard-setting organizations, as major standardization activities in the ICT sector are mostly carried out by them. In light of this, this article analyzes the legal characteristics of a de facto standard-setting organization, which plays a pivotal role in standardization activities in the ICT sector, by applying WTO jurisprudence on the interpretation of the TBT Agreement. The main focus is on 3GPP, a representative de facto standard-setting organization in the ICT sector. The analysis on the legal characteristics of 3GPP is of importance under the WTO regime, now that an international standard is valid only when it is approved by an international standard-setting organization. The result of the study shows that 3GPP may fulfill all the requirements, including substantive as well as formality requirements, presented by WTO jurisprudence. Since 3GPP is likely to be deemed as an international standardization organization in the ICT sector by the WTO Dispute Settlement Body, WTO Members should base their domestic regulations upon the international standards set up by 3GPP. Otherwise, they may run afoul of Article 2.4 of TBT Agreement. Korean firms and government must actively participate in the standardization process within 3GPP to lead 5G international standards. In so doing, Korea can avoid potential ICT-related trade conflicts in advance.

Standard setting is a procedure critical for criterion-referenced tests such as licensure examinations. Various standard setting methods have been suggested and used, some of which are based on item response theory. In this study, we suggest a relatively new standard setting method based on the Rasch model, which is a special type of item response theory model. The suggested method was applied to the Clinical Comprehensive Examination, which is used to prepare medical students for the medical licensure examination in Korea. The study was conducted in two rounds: a survey to obtain a cut-off score and the passing rate for each subject area as well as an in-depth questionnaire on a small group of experts to check the validity of these cut-off scores and passing rates. The results revealed that the obtained cut-off scores and passing rates were acceptable, although some experts thought both cut-off scores and passing rates were low in comparison with the Korean Medical Licensing Examination. Possible explanations for these opinions are provided and implications discussed.

I consider a R&D contest between two firms which can choose to concentrate their research on one of two research avenues or approaches. In the R&D contest, firms compete in two stages. In the first stage, firms choose which approach they will investigate, after which in the second stage they endogenously select optimal effort level given firms’ choice of approach. There are compatibility externalities if they choose the same approach. However, there is also th89e possibility of simultaneous discovery which may cause harmful results to both firms. The equilibrium avenue choice in each game depends on the magnitude of compatibility externality where it may exhibit too much differentiation or too much duplication. The equilibrium effort choice conditional on duplication in avenue choice is inefficiently high in the equal sharing R&D game, while the equilibrium effort choice is efficient when firms choose different research avenues. The result of the excess differentiation and the efficient investment choice in the Bertrand R&D game suggest that the lump-sum investment subsidy may need to be implemented in the US wireless telecommunication industry to reduce inefficiency involved in excess differentiation without distorting efficient investment choice.

본 연구는 중·고등학생용 ‘학교장애인식지수 검사’의 수준설정을 통해 장애인식 측정의 객관성과 실용성을 높이고자 하였다. 수정된 앵고프 방법을 적용하여 관점, 실천, 지식, 정서의 네 가지 구인별로 ‘상(ACES)’, ‘중(MIDD)’, ‘하(RASE)’의 세 단계 수준을 설정하였다. 연구 결과, 각 구인별로 특징적인 분포가 나타났다. 관점 구인에서는 중간 수준의 비율이 가장 높았으나 하위 수준의 비율도 상당히 높았다. 실천 구인의 경우 다른 구인들에 비해 상위 수준의 비율이 높게 나타났다. 지식 구인에서는 하위 수준의 비율이 높아 장애에 대한 기본적인 지식과 이해가 부족한 학생들이 많음을 보여주었다. 정서 구인의 경우 중간 수준의 비율이 압도적으로 높았다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 각 수준과 구인에 맞는 차별화된 교육 프로그램의 개발이 필요함을 제안하였다. 본 연구는 학교장애인식지수에 대한 해석의 준거를 마련함으로써, 교육 현장에서 학생들의 장애인식 수준을 보다 명확히 파악하고 적절한 교육적 개입을 계획할 수 있는 기반을 제공하였다는 데 의의가 있다.

This study aimed to enhance the objectivity and practicality of disability awareness measurement by standard setting for the ‘School Disability Awareness Index’ for middle and high school students. Using a modified Angoff method, three levels - ‘ACES’ (high), ‘MIDD’ (middle), and ‘RASE’ (low) - were set for each of the four constructs: perspective, practice, knowledge, and emotion. The results revealed distinctive distributions for each construct. In the perspective construct, while the middle level had the highest proportion, there was also a significant proportion at the lower level. The practice construct showed a higher proportion at the upper level compared to other constructs. The knowledge construct indicated a high proportion at the lower level, suggesting that many students lack basic knowledge and understanding about disabilities. For the emotion construct, an overwhelming majority fell into the middle level. Based on these findings, the study proposes the need for developing differentiated educational programs tailored to each level and construct. The significance of this research lies in establishing interpretative criteria for the School Disability Awareness Index, providing a foundation for educators to more clearly understand students' levels of disability awareness and plan appropriate educational interventions. This study contributes to the field by offering a more nuanced understanding of students' disability awareness and providing a framework for targeted educational strategies to improve inclusive education in schools.

This study aims set a standard of Korean Speaking Test for Academic Purposes(KoSTAP). KoSTAP measures Korean speaking proficiency required for international students to carry out basic academic assignments at universities. Details of the standard setting procedure adopting modified-Angoff methods is given to provide procedural and internal evidence for the outcome from the standard setting. Three cut-scores that discriminate four performance standards are derived through a total of three standard setting rounds at a workshop participated by 16 expert panels. This study presents a reliable standard of Korean speaking proficiency for academic purposes. This standard can be applied to decision-making by test takers and stakeholders. It also discusses methodological procedures and interpretation of the results, and provides empirical information necessary for standard-setting studies. Finally, it reconfirms that the panel’s expertise are important factors influencing the outcome.

Standard setting occurs across jurisdictional boundaries. Absent convergence, companies engaged in multi-jurisdictional standard setting may face disparate and conflicting legal standards with regard to their conduct. The EU Recently released the new guidelines (2011 Guidelines) that offer detailed guidance on the assessment of various types of agreements between horizontal competitors, including specific guidance about agreements in the standard setting process and provide a safe harbor for certain standard setting processes. As with many EU guidelines, 2011 Guidelines are not binding on businesses as a matter of law, although they do bind the EU in its assessment of horizontal agreements between companies under Article 101 of the TFEU. Thus, they provide helpful insight into how the EU (as well as the national competition authorities in member states) is likely to assess a horizontal agreement. The 2011 Guidelines therefore provide important guideposts for companies engaging with their competitors while simultaneously aspiring to avoid antitrust scrutiny by the EU. Considering the magnitude and global characteristics of Korean ICT industries and standard patent licensing practices, enforcement of the Korean Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act in this field needs to be consistent with that of major trading partners such as the US and EU.

Since a standard setting method often requires number of panels, cost, and time, it is difficult to use standard setting methods to obtain cut-off scores to classify students' performance levels in schools. The current study has proposed a standard setting method using the Many-facet Rasch model which is based on the item response theory and does not need any panels. This study has examined the classification consistency between the bookmark method which is also based on the item response theory and the proposed method to test the performance of the standard-setting method using the multi-faceted Rasch model. The findings of the study indicate that the student performance levels produced by these two methods are not critically different showing the proposed method can be useful in school-setting.

역량중심교육은 학생교육의 질적 강화 및 구체적인 교육효과를 요구하고 있다. 이를 위해서는적절한 성취수준 설정 및 학생의 도달 여부를 확인하는 준거참조평가(절대평가)가 보다 적절할것이다. 준거참조평가를 위해서는 준거설정방법을 통해 각 성취수준을 구분하는 분할점수를 산출해야 한다. 기존 준거설정방법들은 대부분 고부담시험에 적용되었으나, 대학의 수업수준에서이뤄진 연구는 거의 없었다. 본 연구는 준거참조평가를 시행하는 의과대학의 실제 수업에서 활용하는 준거설정방법을 소개하였다. 이를 위해 준거설정방법 중 Modified Angoff 방법과 Modified Ebel 방법을 이용하여 성취수준별 분할점수를 산출했다. 산출결과 Modified Ebel 방법이 Modified Angoff 방법보다 엄격하게 평정되어 분할점수가 높았다. 또한 Modified Ebel 방법은 예상정답률과 실제정답률을 사용했을 때 분할점수에 차이가 있었으며, 실제정답률을 반영하는 것이 보다현실적이었다. 본 연구는 고부담시험에서 주로 이뤄지는 준거설정을 실제 의과대학에서 사용하는 방법으로 의과대학 성적에 적용해 보았다는데 의의가 있다. 창의성 기반의 역량중심교육을보다 활성화하려면, 경쟁에 관심을 두는 규준참조평가보다는 협력학습을 가능하게 하는 준거참조평가가 더욱 강조될 것이고, 이때 다양한 준거설정방법이 수업수준에 적용될 것으로 예측된다.

Competency-centered education and the Fourth Industrial Revolution require qualitative strengthening of student education and concrete educational effects. To do this, it is appropriate to establish appropriate levels of achievement and to assess the criterionreferenced evaluation (so-called absolute evaluation). For the criterion-referenced evaluation, the division score between each grade should be calculated through the standard setting method. The existing standard setting methods were carried out in high-stakes examinations, but there were few studies conducted at the class level of universities. This study compares the standard setting method of the medical school which performs the criterion referenced evaluation in the actual class level. Among the standard setting methods, the modified score was calculated using Modified Angoff method and Modified Ebel method. As a result, Modified Ebel method was more strict than Modified Angoff method, and the Modified Ebel method had a higher cutoff score than the Modified Angoff method. It was more realistic to reflect actual difficulty. In this study, it is meaningful to apply the standard setting method, which is mainly used in the high stakes test, to the results of the medical college as a method used in actual medical college. In the future, competency-based evaluation will be more emphasized in order to activate competence-based education and creativity through cooperative learning rather than competition.

최근 韓國語와 他 言語의 對照硏究 중, 品詞에 관련된 것이 점차 늘고 있는 반면, 對照된 언어들의 品詞 分類가 同一한 체계적 상관성을 가져야 함에도 불구하고 각각의 체계를 가진 채 對照되었던 것이 일반적이다. 본고는 이러한 문제에 주목하여 對照 연구가 많이 이루어지는 韓․中․日 세 언어를 대상으로 하되 同一한 체계적 상관성에 따른 品詞 對照를 위해 그 출발점에 해당하는 分類 基準을 設定하는 데 목표를 두었다. 본고는 기존 논의들을 통해 韓․中․日 品詞 對照를 위해서는 ‘意味’와 ‘機能’을 分類 基準으로 설정해야 한다는 결론을 내렸다. 이들은 세 언어의 普遍性과 特殊性을 반영하는 基準으로서 각각 一次的 基準, 二次的 基準이 될 수 있다. 또한, ‘形式’은 세 언어에 적용하기에는 모두 한계가 있어 分類 基準에서 제외시켰다. 결국 학교문법을 대상으로 韓․中․日 세 언어의 대조 연구를 위한 10品詞 체계를 설정하게 되었는데 이는 品詞 分類 基準이 그만큼 品詞 對照를 위해 重要하다는 사실을 强調하기에 充分하다.

Recently, the studies which compare Korean with other languages have been increasing gradually. Among them, the contrastive work in connection with parts of speech is not inconsiderable. As we know,　a same systematic interrelationship is needed for comparing parts of speech of several languages. Nevertheless, most of contrastive studies of parts of speech for Korean and other languages were depended on every separate system until now. However, such works are not useful anymore. This study payed attention to such problem and aimed at a classification standard setting which should be the starting point of contrastive study of parts of speech. Thereby, Chinese and Japanese which are compared with Korean mostly are selected as the object of discussion. To set an appropriate classification standard, this study started with existed researches of parts of speech of Korean, Chinese and Japanese(‘KCJ’ hereafter). By such a work, the conclusion was drawn that ‘meaning’ and ‘function’ should be set as the classification standard of parts of speech for KCJ. It should be noted that ‘meaning’ refers to a standard which can reflect the universality of these three languages, while ‘function’ is seen as a standard which can reflect the specificity of them. Moreover, ‘form’ is hardly to apply to KCJ. For this reason, ‘form’ should be excluded from this standard. As a result, 10 parts of speech system had been set for KCJ. It is good enough to emphasize the importance of classification standard of parts of speech for contrastive studies of KCJ.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions of Korean teachers and supervisors in local office of education on curriculum completion standard setting for elementary and lower secondary school period. Curriculum completion standards consisted of two main elements, attendance rate and subject content completion criteria in English education, on which three research questions were focused. For this study, a questionnaire was administered to 1187 research participants including 1059 school teachers(elementary 602, secondary 457) and 128 supervisors in charge of curriculum implementation in 17 provincial office of education. An independent t-test and a One-way ANOVA were performed to explore whether there was a statistically significant difference between the teacher-supervisor groups and among four teacher groups. The results showed that, even though significant differences were found in some parts, most of all teachers and supervisors had favorable opinions towards setting both attendance rate and subject content completion criteria as curriculum completion standards in relation to English education. Noteworthy was that the result revealed that the higher the level of school year grade, the more setting of curriculum completion standards were required. The findings of this study will contribute to an understanding of the perceptions of teachers in elementary and secondary schools and supervisors in the local office of education, which can be utilized when setting standards of curriculum completion as national educational policy in Korean context.