Earticle

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of weight- and non–weight-bearing exercises on the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale, corticospinal axon regrowth and regeneration- related proteins following spinal cord injury (SCI). Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group (n=6), SCI+sedentary group (SED, n=6), SCI+treadmill exercise group (TREAD, n=6), and SCI+swimming exercise group (SWIM, n=6). All rats in the SCI group were given the rest for 2 weeks after SCI, and then they were allowed to engage in low-intensity exercise for 6 weeks on treadmill device. Motor function (BBB score) was improved more in the SWIM group compared to the SED group at 3 and 6 weeks after SCI. The SWIM group also showed higher levels of axonal outgrowth in cor-ticospinal tract and increased expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, a marker of axonal regeneration in the dorsal horn of the caudal region, compared to the TREAD group. Additionally, the SWIM group significantly upregulated the expression of regenera-tion-related proteins. Our findings suggest that non–weight-bearing ex-ercise may be one of several rehabilitation methods for improving loco-motor function and corticospinal axon regeneration after SCI.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the combined effects of treadmill exercise and naringenin treatment on neuronal survival and corticospinal tract (CST) fibers sprouting following spinal cord injury (SCI). Forty male rats were randomly assigned to four groups (n=10 in each group): the normal group (Norm), the SCI+sedentary group (SCI+S), the SCI+naringenin group (SCI+Na), and the SCI+naringenin combined with exercise group (SCI+Na+Ex, n=10). All rats in the SCI were allowed to recover for 2 weeks after injury, and the exercise group subsequently underwent 4 weeks of low-intensity treadmill exercise. Histological and molecular analyses were performed to evaluate astrocyte activation in the dorsal region, neuronal survival in the ventral horn, and axonal elon-gation in the caudal CST fibers following SCI. As a result, in the dorsal region of the injury site, both treatment groups showed significantly in-creased glial fibrillary acidic protein expression compared to the SCI+S group, indicating enhanced astrocyte activation. In particular, the SCI+Na+Ex group demonstrated prominent astrocytic infiltration into the cavity. In the ventral horn of the injured spinal cord, the number of mo-tor neurons was significantly preserved in the SCI+Na+Ex group com-pared to the SCI+S group. In the caudal CST, the SCI+Na+Ex group ex-hibited significantly increased neurofilament-200 expression, suggest-ing enhanced axonal regeneration. Furthermore, regeneration-associ-ated proteins including growth-associated protein-43 and activating transcription factor-3 were significantly increased following the com-bined intervention. Combined treatment of treadmill exercise and narin-genin might be one of the rehabilitation strategies to promote neural re-covery after SCI.

In the previous literature on sprouting, most attention has been paid to the elided structure. This paper, however, focuses on the remnant of the elided part. More specifically, this paper claims that, in sprouting, the wh-phrase, which is the remnant of ellipsis, echoes a cataphoric implicit argument that is locally accommodated to the argument structure of the antecedent clause. Under this view, sprouting is not very different from merger in the respect that the former comes when the antecedent of the wh-phrase is manifested as an implicit argument rather than being completely absent whereas, in the latter, the antecedent of the wh-phrase is realized as an explicit argument. The implication of this study is that backward formation should, in general, be allowed in linguistics.

Background: This study addressed the issues of uneven sprouting and yield reduction in Rehman- nia glutinosa when traditionally sown directly into open fields. A plug-tray seedling method incor- porating a sprouting process was employed to try and mitigate these problems. Methods and Results: Sprouting R. glutinosa, the rhizomes were sown into 72-cell standard trays, covered with soil, and maintained at an average daily temperature of 25°C and over 98% humidity. The sprouting periods were set at 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days and three cultivation methods were analyzed to compare the effects of sprouting: conventional direct sowing of rhizomes in open-fields, rhi- zomes plug-tray cultivation, and sprouted rhizomes plug-tray cultivation. The results showed that a 5 days sprouting period was the most effective in terms of shoot length and weight. Sprouted rhi- zome plug-tray cultivation followed by transplanting significantly outperformed both the conven- tional direct seeding cultivation in the open-field and non-sprouted rhizomes plug-tray cultivation followed by transplanting, with an underground yield of 2,040 ㎏/10a and a catalpol content of 5%. Conclusion: Sprouting effectively enhances R. glutinosa yield and quality. Further research is needed to address the challenges of root development in vegetatively propagated crops compared to seed- propagated crops and mechanization studies are required to improve the transplanting efficiency.

Background: The aging and declining population of farmers in South Korea have led to labor short- ages in agriculture, emphasizing the need for modernization and mechanization. Cultivating Rehman- nia glutinosa, a medicinal crop increasingly grown for the health food industry, is labor intensive. The varieties of Rehmannia glutinosa developed to date are high-yielding, but their long rhizomes make them unsuitable for mechanical harvesting. The aims of this study were to develop a new variety, R. glutinosa ‘Hanbangae’ suitable for mechanical harvesting, and to analyze its key characteristics. Methods and Results: R. glutinosa ‘Hanbangae’ developed by crossbreeding the R. glutinosa ‘Dae- gyeong’ and ‘Jeongeup’ local varietes in 2014, was tested in field trials in Eumseong, Chungc- heongbuk-do from 2014 to 2019. Compared to R. glutinosa ‘Togang’, R. glutinosa ‘Hanbangae’ exhibited a lower flowering rate (15.56%), greater height (30.33 ㎝), and shorter rhizomes (13.18 ㎝). Although the total yield was slightly lower (2,487.67 ㎏/10a), R. glutinosa ‘Hanbangae’ had a higher first-harvest yield (1,997 ㎏/10a) and a larger proportion of marketable sizes (> 15 ㎜). The juice extraction rate was higher (62.16%), but the drying yield was lower (19.13%). Conclusion: R. glutinosa ‘Hanbangae’ is well-suited for mechanical harvesting, with its short rhi- zomes and low flowering rate reducing damage and labor costs. It showed potential for early harvest- ing, thereby maximizing the market value. Despite its slightly lower overall yield, the higher juice extraction rate and improved marketable size distribution underscored its economic viability. Further research is needed to optimize mechanical harvesting conditions and conduct economic analyses to fully capitalize on R. glutinosa ‘Hanbangae’ benefits in addressing agricultural labor shortages.

Background: Abrupt temperature decline to freezing temperature in late spring results in severe damage to ginseng. Here we artificially applied freezing stress on ginseng and investigated the damage effects on its growth and saponin contents. Methods and Results: Freezing stress was applied on 2-year-old ginseng in the pots or 3-year-old ginseng in the field. After 1 month of freezing treatment, the damage degree of the shoot was evaluated as ‘dead’, ‘damage > 50%’, ‘damage < 50%’, and ‘healthy’. Roots were harvested after 4 months, and the growth properties were examined according to the shoot damage degree. In both experiments, there was a clear difference in root length, root diameter, and root weight in the order of shoot damage degree. The correlation coefficient between plant height and root weight was 0.979, and the regression model was obtained as Y = 0.5211 × e0.0806X, where Y is root weight and X is shoot length (R2 = 0.9947). Total saponin content was the highest in ‘healthy’. Conclusions: Freezing stress in the early stage of ginseng had significant effect on root growth according to the remaining leaf area. We assume that these results will help evaluating the damage caused by freezing stress.

본 연구에서는 상황버섯의 수용성 추출물을 이용하여 PPAECs 세포의 발아에 미치는 효과 및 그 작용기작을 알아보고자 하였다. 상황버섯 추출물을 10~50 μg/mL 농도로 처리하면 PPAECs 세포의 발아가 약 38~58% 억제되었으나, 200~400 μg/mL 처리군에서는 약 1.42~1.47배의 발아 증가를 유도하였다. PPAECs 세포에 상황버섯 추출물을 처리한 결과, MMP-2는 상황버섯 추출물 농도 50 μg/mL까지는 약 30% 정도 분비가 억제되다가 100 μg/mL에서부터 증가하기 시작하여 400 μg/mL에서는 약 1.7배의 MMP-2 분비증가 효과를 나타냈다. 이에 비해 MMP-9의 분비는 농도-의존적으로 감소되었으며, MMP-3는 50~400 μg/mL에서 약 1.5~1.7배의 분비 증가 효과를 보였다. 또한 100~200 μg/mL 농도의 상황버섯 추출물에서 피브린 젤의 용해 및 MMP-2의 활성화에 관여하는 플라스민의 분비증가가 약 2.4배 유도되었다. 한편 상황버섯 추출물 처리시 고농도 (100~400μg/mL)에서 PPAECs 세포의 발아가 촉진되었으며, 이러한 효과는 MMPs 및 플라스민 억제제에 의해 약 40~44% 억제되어 피브린 젤에서 확인된 상황버섯 추출물에 의한 발아 증가는 MMPs 및 플라스민의 분비증가에 의한 것이라 사료된다.

One of the steps in angiogenesis is the degradation of the underlying basement membrane via proteases. Endothelial cells release proteinases to degrade the extracellular matrix for their sprouting in vivo. In this study, we examined the effect of water extracts of Phellinus linteusis (Phellinus extracts) and combination of Phellinus extracts and fibroblast growth factor(FGF-2) on cultured porcine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PPAECs). Phellinus extracts induced sprouting of PPAECs, which was inhibited by MMPs and plasmin inhibitors, and induced the secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and plasmin. At high concentration of Phellinus extracts (200~400 μg/mL), the active MMP-2 secretion was induced. It is therefore, suggested that Phellinus extracts induces the sprouting of cultured endothelial cells by means of increased active MMP-2 and plasmin secretion. Also, combination with Phellinus extracts and FGF-2 produced an enhanced effect on sprouting and secretion of active MMP-2, and MMP-3 and plasmin from PPAECs.

저장상 많은 문제점을 내포하고 있는 감자, 양파, 마늘 및 밤의 장기 저장법 개발을 목적으로 수확후 l개월 이내에 Co-60 감마선을 조사하고 냉동기를 가동하지 않은 자연저온 저장고에 각각 저장하였다. 저장중 시료의 발아는 감자가 150Gy, 양파 및 마늘이 50Gy 밤이 250 Gy의 선량으로 8~10개월간 거의 완전히 억제되었다. 감마선 조사에 따라 부패율은 상당히 감소되었으며, 중량감소에 있어서도 적정선량의 조사는 네가지 사료에서 6~24%의 감소 억제 효과를 나타내었다. 발아식품의 품질에 관여하는 성분인 수분, 당 및 비타민 C의 함량은 저장기간의 경과로 비조사구에 비해 조사구가 우수한 경향을 보였다. 따라서 이들 식품의 장기 안전저장을 위해서는 감자, 양파 및 마늘은 50~150 Gy, 밤은 250 Gy 정도의 감마선을 조사하고 자연저온저장고( R.H. 75~85%)에저장하는 것이 효과적인 방법임을 시사하였다.

This research was attempted in order to develop a long-term storage method for sprouting foods such as potatoes, onions, garlic and chestnuts using Co-60 gamma irradiation combined with a natural low temperature. The sprouting of the irradiated groups, 150 Gy in potatoes, 50 Gy in onions and garlic, and 250 Gy in chestnuts was almost completely inhibited until 8 to 10 months of storage. The rotting rate of loss of weight influenced a little by irradiation with a sprout inhibiting dose, and the weight of loss of the optimum dose irradiated groups was reduced by about 6 to 24% as against that of the nonirradiated in the four stored foods. The chemical components relating to the quality of sprouting foods were better retained in the irradiated groups than in the nonirradiated until the latter period of storage. Therefore, it was shown that the long term storage of sprouting foods is possible using gamma irradiation of 50 to 150 Gy for potatoes, onions, and garlic and 250Gy for chestnuts followed by storage at a natural low temperature(, R.H. 75-85%).

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the internal structure of the sprouting type sluicing-like construction in Korean. The focus of the paper is to explore the syntactic differences between merger type and sprouting type with respect to island effect and postposition stranding. Then the remainer of this paper is devoted to the analysis of the information structure of sprouting type construction, leading to the finding that the structure semantically corresponds to that of the cleft construction. Discussing the combination of a predicational subject and a focus shared by the two constructions, the paper concludes that the sprouting type sluicing-like construction in Korean is the same as the cleft construction in general, in that they both have the structure of specificational copular clause.

The objectives of this study were to find the sprouting condition and to establish the optimum production methods of plug seedlings in yacon (Polymnia sonchifolia Poepp. & Endl.). The sprouting ratio was greatest at $30\pm 1^{\circ}C$ at 20 days after planting. Crowns with single buds were more effective than those with two or more buds for sprouting, which might be due to the apical dominance. Planting the shoots separated from crown after sprouting in the single- and double-layer polyethylene-covered greenhouses reduced seedling period with 25% and 50%, respectively. Planting the shoots after sprouting was more effective than planting the crown buds. Double-layer polyethylene-covered green-house was good for plug seedling production than open field or single-layer polyethylene-covered greenhouse. The bed soils composed of clay loam : compost or sand : compost (1:l=v:v) were more effective to produce plug seedlings than only clay loam, sand or compost. Seedlings could be produced at 30 days after planting in our studies.

Background: Identification of poor prognostic factors in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) patients is important for the patients’ care and follow-up. We can sometimes see small tumor clusters without desmoplasia and no evidence of lymphatic emboli around the main tumor mass of PTC. We termed this form of tumor clustering, ‘tumor sprouting,’ and determined whether these tumors correlate with lymphovascular invasion, lymph node metastasis, and recurrence. Methods: We analyzed a total of 204 cases of papillary thyroid macrocarcinoma. Number, size and distance from the main tumor of the tumor sprouting were observed and analyzed with clinicopathologic characteristics. Results: Tumor sprouting was observed in 101 patients. Presence of tumor sprouting was significantly associated with positive resection margin (p=.002), lymphovascular invasion (p=.001), lymph node metastasis (p<.001), and recurrence (p=.004). Univariate analysis of recurrence-free survival revealed that tumor multiplicity (p=.037), positive resection margin (p=.007), lymphovascular invasion (p=.004), lymph node metastasis (p<.001), and tumor sprouting (p=.004) were poor prognostic factors. In multivariate analysis, positive resection margin was an independent poor prognostic factor of recurrence. Conclusions: In conclusion, tumor sprouting is significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis and recurrence. Evaluation of tumor sprouting in PTC patients could be helpful in predicting tumor recurrence or lymph node metastasis.

This study was carried out to investigate sprouting and cold hardiness during wintering and thawing Periods in 7-year-old mulberry(Morus) three varieties of Kaeryangppong, Shinilppong and Yongcheonppong. The killing points of the mulberry twigs were investigated using DTA(Differential Thermal Analysis). (omitted)

This article reviews inter-Korean relations in the period from 1980 to 1997 during which Chun Doo-hwan, Roh Tae-woo, and Kim Young-sam led their respective governments. Detente became more prevalent around the division system on the Korean peninsula with various actors’ choices intersecting with one another. At the peninsular level, the South and the North agreed on a new set of definitions for mutual recognition?albeit with limitations?in the 1991 South-North Basic Agreement on Reconciliation, Non-Aggression, and Exchanges and Cooperation, which created the so-called the S-N Basic Agreement “regime.” However, the regime broke down soon after, making the Korean peninsula problem an international issue. In 1994, the United States and DPRK made a breakthrough in the Geneva Agreed Framework, despite which the division system developed minor fissures but remained intact. This failure shows that, despite changes in the international system surrounding the Korean peninsula, the division system will be extremely difficult to overcome unless each actor realizes a change of the mindset that is supplemented by a strong resolve to act on it.

Induction of neurogenesis can occur in the hippocampus in response to various pathological conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes that occur in endogenous neural stem cells in response to amyloid beta $(A{\beta})_{25-35}$-induced neuronal cell damage in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Cresyl violet staining and Fluoro-Jade B staining were used to detect neuronal cell damage and changes of mossy fiber terminals were observed by Timm's staining. The immunofl uorescence staining was used to detect the newly generated cells in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus with specific marker, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), Ki-67, Nestin, and doublecortin (DCX). In compared to control slices, neuronal cell damage was observed and the mossy fibers were expanded to CA3 area by treatment with $A{\beta}_{25-35}$. Ki-67/Nestin- and BrdU/DCX-positive cells were detected in the SGZ. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that $A{\beta}$-induced neuronal damage results in an increase in endogenous neural stem cells in rat hippocampal slice cultures not only for gliosis but also for neurogenesis.