Earticle

이 글은 국악계 창작을 주도했던 서울대학교 국악과 작곡전공의 성과와 과제를 창작음악 환경과 연계하여 숙고해봄으로써 현재 한국 창작음악에서 국악작곡 분야의 특수성과 모호성이 혼재하는 상황을 살펴보는 데에 목적을 두었다. 국악작곡의 특수성과 모호성은 국악계 창작음악의 현재를 보여준다. 국악과 음악의 모호한 구도는 국악과 창작에 관련된 대부분 분야에 모호한 경계와 구도를 파생하였다. 현 국악계에서는 국악과 국악작곡의 특수성이 적용된 창작음악보다는 대중적 음악성향에 부합하는 연주 및 공연이 선호되고 이들 음악에 대한 국악의 정체성 논의는 거의 부재하다. 이는 국악계 현장에서 국악작곡의 특수성을 고려하거나 인식하지 않고 창작음악을 양산하는 결과를 낳았다. 즉 국악작곡의 의미와 창작음악의 국악적 정체성을 강조하면서도 실제 공연현장에서는 대중적 감수성에 부합하는 창작음악을 주로 요구하고 연주하는 이질적인 상황이 벌어진다. 국악과 국악작곡의 특수성은 한국 창작음악에서 혼재하는 모호한 구도에서 비롯된 것이다. 이러한 구도를 명확히 인식해야만 국악은 물론 국악작곡의 정체성이 올바르게 형성될 수 있다. 전통음악연구와 정체성 논의를 국악작곡의 전공교육 중심에 두었던 이성천 교수는 국악작곡이 단지 작곡 기법만이 아니라 전통음악에 내재된 정신을 포괄하고 있음을 강조하였다. 국악계 창작음악이 지속적인 전개와 발전을 이루기 위해서는 국악이 단지 창작음악을 위한 혼합 ‘요소’가 아니라 창작 정신이자 기법이 될 수 있도록 국악작곡이라는 근본적인 창작 방식 및 사고가 심화되어야만 한다.

Gugak composition major of Seoul National University has led the new music of gugak circles. This study is to look over the achievement and further tasks of that major by considering the circumstance of new music area and to discuss how the specificity and ambiguity on gugak composition coexist in Korean new music area at the present. The specificity and ambiguity on gugak composition show the present that new music of gugak circles stands now. An ambiguous boundary and sphere in most area related to gugak and composition were derived from an ambiguity lied in gugak versus music. The current gugak circles prefer performance by public’s musical inclination rather than music works to which one attempts to apply a specificity of gugak composition. Most of all, there are few discussions on the identity of gugak in the former music. Accordingly the current situation came as the result in massive producing new music without considering the specificity of gugak composition. While gugak circles have emphasized on the significance of gugak composition and Korean identity of new music, the actual field of performance mostly requires a new music corresponding with public’s preference. The specificity of gugak and gugak composition can be established by virtue of being clearly aware of an ambiguity coexisting in Korean new music. Then it may lead us to a new era that gugak may establish itself as our music in Korea. Prof. Yi Sung-cheon had focused on research upon traditional music and identity in the education of gugak composition. He enforced his view that gugak composition is not only compositional technique but also spirit embedded in Korean traditional music. Gugak composition as the fundamental way and thought in music making should be deepen so that gugak can be as a spirit and technique not as just a mixing element for making new music.

본 연구의 목적은 한국어 학습자들이 관형격조사 ‘의’의 사용 양상을 이해할 수 있도록 말뭉치를 기반으로 한 기술적 분석을 제시하는 것이다. 특히 본 연구는 ‘의’의 결합에 영향을 미치는 의미 특성인 특정성과 개별성에 초점을 맞추어 이와 관련된 ‘의’의 사용 양상을 분석하였다. 말뭉치 자료로는 약 9만 개의 형태소로 구성된 자료를 조사하였다. 그 결과 ‘N1의 N2’에서 ‘의’의 빈도는 특정성이 표현될 때 높아졌으며, N1이 복수의 개체일 경우에는 개별성을 나타냄으로써 특정성을 표현할 때 높아지는 경향을 볼 수 있었다. 반면, N1이 속성으로 표현되거나 복수의 개체일 경우에는 집단적 의미로서 N2의 속성으로 쓰일 때 ‘의’의 결합 빈도가 감소한 결과가 나타났다. 그리고 또한 이러한 경향성에는 예외가 많아 ‘의’의 사용 비율을 함께 제시하여 참고할 수 있도록 하였다. 이에 본 연구는 ‘의’의 사용 양상을 실제적 자료를 바탕으로 하여 의미적, 양적으로 제시하였다는 점에 의의가 있다

The purpose of this study is to present the results of a corpus-based descriptive analysis to help Korean language learners understand the usage patterns of the genitive case marker ‘ui’(similar to ‘of’ in English, for example). To this end, the study focused on the semantic features of specificity and individuality, which influence the combination of ‘ui’, and examined the relationship between these meanings and the use or omission of ‘ui’. For this purpose, a corpus consisting of approximately 90,000 morphemes was analyzed. As a result, in ‘N1 ui N2’ constructions, the frequency of ‘ui’ tends to increase when ‘ui’ expresses specificity and when N1, as a plural entity, conveys individuality. Conversely, when N1 is expressed as an attribute or is mentioned collectively, the frequency of ‘ui’ usage tends to decrease. Additionally, although general tendencies were observed, numerous exceptions to these patterns occurred, so the tendencies of ‘ui’ usage were presented through ratios. This study provides both semantic and quantitative insights into the usage patterns of ‘ui’, offering a valuable reference for educational purposes based on authentic linguistic data.

Over the past decade, mass spectrometry-based metabolomics, especially two dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCxGC/TOF-MS), has become a key analytical tool for metabolomics data because of its sensitivity and ability to analyze complex biological or biochemical sample. However, the need to reduce variations within/between experiments has been reported and methodological developments to overcome such problem has long been a critical issue. Along with methodological developments, developing reasonable performance measure has also been studied. Following four numerical measures have been typically used for comparison: sensitivity, specificity, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and positive predictive value (PPV). However, more recently, such measures are replaced with F1 score in many fields including metabolomics area without any carefulness of its validity. Thus, we want to investigate the validity of F1 score on two examples, with the goal of raising the awareness in choosing appropriate performance comparison measure. We noticed that F1 score itself, as a performance measure, was not good enough. Accordingly, we suggest that F1 score be supplemented with other performance measure such as specificity to improve its validity.

This research paper introduces the application and implementation of medical decision metrics that classifies medical decision-making into four different metrics using statistical diagnostic tools, such as confusion matrix, normal distribution, Bayesian prediction and Receiver Operating Curve(ROC). In this study, the metrics are developed based on cross-section study, cohort study and case-control study done by systematic literature review and reformulated the structure of type Ⅰ error, type Ⅱ error, confidence level and power of detection. The study proposed implementation strategies for 10 quality improvement activities via 14 medical decision metrics which consider specificity and sensitivity in terms of  and  . Examples of ROC implication are depicted in this paper with a useful guidelines to implement a continuous quality improvement, not only in a variable acceptance sampling in Quality Control(QC) but also in a supplier grading score chart in Supplier Chain Management(SCM) quality. This research paper is the first to apply and implement medical decision-making tools as quality improvement activities. These proposed models will help quality practitioners to enhance the process and product quality level.

In the present study, we intended to investigate whether polycationic peptides including poly-L-lysine (PLL) and poly-L-arginine (PLA) specifically inhibit the mucin release and do not affect significantly the release of the other releasable glycoproteins with less molecular weight than mucin's from cultured airway goblet cells. Confluent primary hamster tracheal surface epithelial (HTSE) cells were metabolically radiolabeled with 3H-glucosamine for 24 hr and chased for 30 min in the presence of varying concentrations of either poly-L-arginine (PLA) or poly-L-lysine (PLL) to assess the effects on 3H-mucin release and on the total elution profile of the treated culture medium. The results were as follows : (1) PLL 78,000, PLL 9,600 and PLA 8,900 inhibited mucin release in a dose-dependent manner; (2) These polycationic peptides did not inhibit the release of the other releasable glycoproteins with less molecular weights than mucin's. We conclude that these polycationic peptides 'specifically'inhibit mucin release from airway goblet cells. This finding suggests that these polycationic peptides might be used as a specific airway mucin-regulating agent.

Objective To review the medical utilization in children with cerebral palsy according to age and discern particularitiesMethods From January 2007 to December 2007, 10,659 children and adolescents between 1 and 18 years of age who had filed national insurance claims for a diagnosis of cerebral palsy were selected. Age was chosen as an independent variable, and the population was categorized into specific age groups to verify any differences in medical service utilization. Admission duration to rehabilitation, number of visits to rehabilitation outpatient clinics, numbers of admission dates and outpatient clinic visits for general medical services, number of rehabilitation utilizations, and type of rehabilitations treatment were selected as dependent variables. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical evaluation, and analysis was done with SAS software.Results In general medical use, adolescences diagnosed with cerebral palsy had the highest mean admission duration (p<0.001). The mean visit day to outpatient clinics for general medical services was highest for infants (p<0.001). In rehabilitation treatment, infants diagnosed with cerebral palsy had the highest mean admission duration (p<0.001). The mean visit day to outpatient clinics for rehabilitation treatment was highest for infants (p<0.001). Conclusion Significant differences in use of general and rehabilitation medical services among pediatric age groups with cerebral palsy were evident. This implies that particular attention is necessary when setting up a national medical care policy for patient with cerebral palsy.

Purpose: This study examined the differences and correlations between the Q-angle and inter-knee distance for a genu varum evaluation. The sensitivity and specificity of inter-knee distance were analyzed using ROC curves, and their optimal discriminatory cutoff values were determined. Methods: This study measured the Q-angle and inter-knee distance in 17 individuals with genu varum and 15 healthy controls in their 20s. The measurements were taken using radiographic equipment and digital calipers. Independent t-tests compared the group differences, and Pearson correlation analysis determined the relationship between the two measurements. Furthermore, ROC curve analysis was used to assess the sensitivity, specificity, and discriminatory cutoff points of inter-knee distance for genu varum evaluation. Results: Males and females exhibited smaller Q angles and larger distances between the knees in cases of genu varum. Furthermore, a significant negative correlation was observed between the two evaluation methods. Moreover, the distance between the knees revealed high sensitivity and specificity, with a high AUC value in the ROC curve analysis. Conclusion: These findings show that the distance between the knees can be as useful as the Q angle in evaluating genu varum. These results provide evidence for assessing genu varum using the distance between the knees.

Recently, we found that Arthrobacter crystallopoietes N-08 isolated from soil directly produces trehalose from maltose by a resting cell reaction. In this study, the optimal set of conditions and substrate specificity for the trehalose production using resting cells was investigated. Optimum temperature and pH of the resting cell reaction were $55^{\circ}C$ and pH 5.5, respectively, and the reaction was stable for two hours at $37{\sim}55^{\circ}C$ and for one hour at the wide pH ranges of 3~9. Various disaccharide substrates with different glycosidic linkages, such as maltose, isomaltose, cellobiose, nigerose, sophorose, and laminaribiose, were converted into trehalose-like spots in thin layer chromatography (TLC). These results indicated broad substrate specificity of this reaction and the possibility that cellobiose could be converted into other trehalose anomers such as ${\alpha},{\beta}$- and ${\beta},{\beta}$-trehalose. Therefore, the product after the resting cell reaction with cellobiose was purified by ${\beta}$-glucosidase treatment and Dowex-1 ($OH^-$) column chromatography and its structure was analyzed. Component sugar and methylation analyses indicated that this cellobiose-conversion product was composed of only non-reducing terminal glucopyranoside. MALDI-TOF and ESI-MS/MS analyses suggested that this oligosaccharide contained a non-reducing disaccharide unit with a 1,1-glucosidic linkage. When this disaccharide was analyzed by $^1H$-NMR and $^{13}C$-NMR, it gave the same signals with ${\alpha}$-D-glucopyranosyl-(1,1)-${\alpha}$-D-glucopyranoside. These results suggest that cellobiose can be converted to ${\alpha},{\alpha}$-trehalose by the resting cells of A. crystallopoietes N-08.

This paper examines the Encoding Specificity Principle (ESP) and the related retrieval model (Synergistic Ecphoric Model of Retrieval) and assumption of the distinction between episodic and semantic memory. With the examination some difficulties with ESP and the related retrieval model and assumption are discussed.

Purpose: To develop a fall risk assessment tool to predict fall risk in pediatric inpatients. Methods: Three tools widely used in clinical practice (Humpty Dumpty Fall Scale, General Risk Assessment for Pediatric Inpatient Falls, and Seoul National University Hospital Pediatric Fall Risk Scale) were examined, and assessment items were extracted. Employing a case-control design, 29 children who experienced falls during hospital stays were selected as the "fall" group, and a control group (93 children) was selected based on age and sex matching. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the newly developed tool ("Newfs-PI") were analyzed. Results: The Newfs-PI consisted of seven items: age, activity, history of falls, length of hospital stay, and medication. The total score ranged from 0 to 15. Its sensitivity and specificity were 62.07% and 74.19%, respectively. Conclusion: The Newfs-PI has high specificity and sensitivity, which are essential for a fall risk assessment tool that complements existing tools. These values are high relative to those of existing assessment tools and satisfy both sensitivity and specificity criteria. As the EMR enables monitoring of the components of the Newfs-PI, the tool can be used as a fall risk assessment and prevention scale for pediatric inpatients.

This paper examines various discourse environments of Quantifier Shift (Q-Shift)---a postnominal quantifier construction in which a quantifier and its preceding referent form a unitary NP. The present study shows that Q-Shift in Korean discourse appears typically in several types of discourse contexts: apposition, prescriptive itemization, exhaustive negation, presentational relative clauses. The Q-shift construction is shown to be the only quantifier construction in Korean discourse which allows a unique combination of the <indefinite> and <specific> readings for the referent NP in the construction.

One account of English L2 learners’ errors in the use of articles is based on the assumption that they are influenced by the specificity of the reference, which is a non-target semantic feature, as contrasted with the target feature, definiteness. Another problem that has been increasingly recognized, and yet treated independently of the specificity-driven errors, is L2 learners’ tendency to use articles excessively in the contexts for a zero form. The present study aims to seek for a connection between these two problems by reexamining the intervention effect of specificity on Korean EFL learners’ substitution errors of the definite and indefinite articles, together with the patterns of their excessive use of articles in zero-form contexts. Data were collected from three proficiency groups of high school students (N = 102) with a forced-choice elicitation task comprising 40 questions across 8 distinct combinations of three semantic features: definiteness, specificity, and plurality. The results indicate that Korean students are only partially under the influence of specificity; their responses did not fluctuate consistently according to the value of specificity in relation to that of definiteness. That they also make omission errors frequently suggests that their awareness of the zero article affects their decision in the first place before they choose between a and the . Furthermore, Korean students tend to use the for indefinite singulars and generic plurals, while overusing the zero article for non-generic definite plurals. These findings imply that definiteness is a notion that requires learning rather than resetting and that its acquisition correlates more closely with the usage of the zero article than with the specificity ambiguities of the indefinite article.

실증적인 연구들에 의하면 고객회사(client firms)와 서비스 제공업자(vendor) 간의 파트너십의 질과 범위가 정보시스템 아웃소싱의 성공적인 구현에 결정적인 역할을 하는 것으로 알려졌다. 본 연구는 이러한 정보시스템 아웃소싱 구현에 있어서 파트너십의 역할을 좀 더 심층적으로 분석하려는 노력의 일환이다. 본 연구에서의 기본 명제는 파트너십 특성들의 아웃소싱 구현에의 효과는 아웃소싱 업무의 특성(task characteristics)과 같은 상황적 요인에 의해 영향을 받을 수 있다는 것이다. 구체적으로 본 연구에서는 자산특이성(asset specificity)과 파트너십 특성간의 상호효과(interaction effect)에 중점을 두고 조사를 하게되는데, 파트너십은 관계적거래 특성(relational exchange characteristics)에 의해 구체화되었다. 207개의 미국 회사의 아웃소싱 관계를 대상으로 한 설문조사를 기반으로 한 결과에 의하면, 전반적으로 비관계적거래(discrete exchange)보다 관계적거래에 기반을 두고 아웃소싱 관계를 운영하는 것이 아웃소싱의 성공적 구현을 위하여 필수적인 것으로 보인다. 한편 상호효과를 조사하기 위해서는 MRA와 하위그룹분석(subgroup analysis)을 시행하였는데, 자산특이성과 일부 관계적거래 특성들간에 상호효과가 유의성이 있음을 발견하였다. 발견된 상호효과를 근거로 상황 변수를 고려하지 않은 연구 결과 중 확실하지 않은 결과(inconclusive results)에 대한 해석을 시도하였다.

This study aims to investigate how the three criteria—frequency threshold, dispersion, and bundle length—interact with and affect the results of bundle analysis in relation to disciplinary variation and the specificity-generality continuum. Drawing on a corpus of academic journal articles across eight disciplines, lexical bundles were extracted across eight disciplines using multiple combinations of frequency, dispersion, and bundle length criteria, and disciplinary differences were analyzed using Log-likelihood tests. The analysis reveals overall statistically significant differences in bundle use across major domains, despite lower significance in some cross- and within-domain comparisons. The findings indicate a clear tendency toward disciplinary specificity. Importantly, methodological choices, particularly bundle length and dispersion, substantially affect results among certain disciplines within the same domain, especially in relation to specificity-generality. These findings corroborate the presence of disciplinary variation and provide valuable insights into the specificity-generality debate and ESP instruction. Further study should employ more balanced and data-driven corpus designs that incorporate a wider range of genres.

본 연구는 송아지 설사병의 주요원인체 중 소로타바이러스(bovine rotavirus; BRV)와 소코로나바이러스(bovine coronavirus; BCV)에 대한 난황항체를 생산하고 이의 면역특이성을 확인하고자 실험을 실시하였으며, BRV 및 BCV를 2주 간격으로 5회 산란계에 근육주사를 실시하여 혈청과 난황내의 특이 항체 형성 유무를 확인하였다. 실험 6주차에 면역한 산란계로부터 획득한 혈청을 이용하여 교차반응 시험을 실시한 결과, BRV 및 BCV를 면역하여 얻은 혈청은 각각 BRV 및 BCV 항원과만 특이적인 결합반응을 보였다. 면역에 따른 혈청항체 및 난황항체의 수준은 실험 8~12주차에 최고도에 달했고, BRV에 대한 항체의 경우 혈청과 난황내에서 면역 후 12주째에 각각 약 104,000과 107,000의 역가 수준을 보였으며, BCV의 경우 8주째에 각각 약 145,000과 155,000의 수준을 보였다. BRV 및 BCV에 대한 중화능력 유무 확인을 위하여 분리된 난황항체를 이용하여 혈구응집억제반응 시험을 실시한 결과, BRV 및 BCV에 대한 혈구응집억제 희석비가 각각 5,120 및 1,260으로 면역하지 않은 대조군에 비하여 8배 이상 높은 중화력을 나타냈다. 이러한 결과를 종합하면, 산란계에 BRV 및 BCV를 면역하여 얻어진 난황항체는 BRV 및 BCV에 대한 면역 특이성을 가지고 중화할 수 있는 능력이 있으며, 이러한 난황항체는 BRV 및 BCV의 증식을 효과적으로 억제시킬 수 있어 임상에 적용할 경우 유용할 것으로 사료된다.

This study was performed to produce specific egg yolk antibodies against bovine rotavirus(BRV) and bovine coronavirus(BCV) that are major pathogens causing diarrhea in calves. Chickens were immunized with BRV and BCV intramuscularly in the breast muscle by injection 5 times at two weeks interval. At 6 weeks after the first immunization of BRV or BCV, cross reactivity of each serum derived from BRV- or BCV-immunized hens was tested. Each serum antibody against BRV or BCV was reacted with only specific BRV or BCV antigens. Serum and egg yolk-antibody titers of hens against BRV or BCVwere highest at 8~12 weeks after first immunization. Specific serum and egg yolk-antibody titers against BRV were about 104,000 and 107,000, respectively, and those against BCV were about 145,000 and 155,000, respectively. Hemagglutination inhibition titers in the immunized egg yolk antibodies against BRV and BCV were 5,120 and 1,280, respectively, and were ≥8 times higher than that in non-immunized control. These results suggested that the immunized egg yolk antibodies could effectively neutralize BRV and BCV.