Earticle

This paper proposes heterogeneous communication method in WiFi Small Cell environment, and suggests the expected effect of it. and The overall goal of the paper is to reduce power consumption.

재난망용 LTE(Long Term Evolution)는 자가망을 기본으로 구축하고 일부 상용망 시설을 활용함으로써 비용 을 절감하는 방향으로 구축되고 있다. 하지만, LTE 망은 기지국, 교환기 등 정보통신 기반시설 붕괴 시 망 생존성과, 폐쇄된 건물 내부 또는 지하구간 등 음영지역에서의 통신 커버리지가 취약하다는 한계가 있다. 본 연구에서는 기존 에 활용하고 있는 검증된 기술들의 융합을 통해 망 생존성 기술을 제공하는 방안을 도출하였다. IoT시대의 도래에 따라, 사물과 환경 속에 내재된 스마트 센서는 컴퓨팅 파워와 네트워킹 모듈을 포함하여 망 생존성 구현을 위해 매 우 유용한 기반을 제공한다. 본 연구에서는, 이러한 스마트센서의 특성을 기반으로 스몰셀 기술과 무선 네트워크 커 버리지 확장기술을 융합함으로써 망 생존성을 효과적으로 구현하기 위한 USN(Ubiquitous Sensor Network) 싱크노드 아키텍처를 기획하였다. 사물과 환경 속에 내재된 컴퓨팅 파워는 재난재해 발생 시 유용한 자원으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Public Safty-LTE(Long Term Evolution) is being deployed in the direction of reducing cost by using both of municipal network and commercial network. However, LTE Network is difficult to ensure the survivability during the information communication infrastructure failures. In addition, it is vulnerable in communication coverage of inside buildings and underground. In this study, we propose to implement effectively the network survivability technique through the convergence to the proven technology. As the advent of the IoT Age, smart sensors which are embedded in the environment and the things will be able to provide a useful infrastructure for ensuring the network survivability. Based on the feature of the smart sensor, we designed the sink node architecture to guarantee the network survivability in disaster situation through the convergence of the small cell technology and extension of wireless network coverage technology. The computing power inherent in the environment is a valuable resource that can be utilized in the disaster situation.

A 54-year-old male smoker, previously in good health, was admitted to the hospital due to a tingling sensation in his upper and lower extremities. He reported difficulty walking due to a loss of balance and numbness, leading to an initial diagnosis of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Brain and spine magnetic resonance imaging, along with needle electromyography, yielded inconclusive findings. However, a nerve conduction study indicated a length-dependent pattern of sensory-dominant polyneuropathy. A cerebrospinal fluid study did not reveal any specific findings in terms of cell numbers, proteins, or immune tests. Following hospitalization, the patient reported progressive dizziness upon standing, leading to a preliminary diagnosis of orthostatic hypotension. However, a positive anti-Hu autoantibody test, along with chest computed tomography and positron emission tomography scans, revealed a mass in the left interlobar lymph node, suggestive of lung cancer. An endoscopic biopsy confirmed the presence of small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The patient underwent chemo-radiation treatment for the SCLC and immunoglobulin therapy for sensory ganglionopathy. As a result, a definitive diagnosis of paraneoplastic neurologic syndrome was made. Although such cases are rare, our observations suggest that symptoms of dysautonomia and sensory ganglionopathy may be associated with the production of anti-Hu antibodies.

This paper proposes a QoS-guaranteed scheduling algorithm that considers the available resources and traffic load of small cell. Even though the available resources are scarce or traffics to be scheduled are overloaded, Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) traffic such as VoIP and video should be supported. The proposed algorithm provides a flexible weight ratio between GBR and Non-GBR traffic according to resources and traffic load. Furthermore, since QoS is considered by simple QoS Class Identifier (QCI), low complexity is achieved. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm improves QoS including delay and Packet Loss Rate (PLR) performance effectively.

Anti-Hu antibodies usually present in small cell lung cancer are associated with encephalomyelitis, encephalitis, cer-ebellitis, and neuropathies. However, to our knowledge, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) related anti-Hu syn-drome presenting acute exacerbation of dysphagia has not been reported. Herein, we report a rare case of atypical dysphagia in an anti-Hu positive NSCLC patient resulting in a fatal outcome. A 73-year-old Korean male went through surgical interventions for recurrent tongue cancer and NSCLC. After the surgery, he resumed full oral feed-ing with a regular diet. However, four weeks later, he developed a sudden difficulty in swallowing. Neck computed tomography angiography, brain magnetic resonance imaging, brain positron emission tomography, computed tomog-raphy and electromyography all showed nonspecific findings. A paraneoplastic antibody test was positive for an-ti-Hu antibodies. His dysphagia worsened and eventually, he expired due to malignant pleural effusion. Our case shows that anti-Hu antibodies can be expressed in NSCLC and when associated with dysphagia, the outcome can be fatal.

Since mobile traffic has been growing recently, the deployment of indoor small cells has become an attractive solution to enhance coverage. However, the increasing density of cells makes inter-cell interference more considerable. In this paper, we propose a max-throughput Interference Avoidance (MTIA) centralized algorithm to improve the system’s throughput. Based on signaling and reports, a central controller connected to each base station can properly turn off base stations that may induce a relatively strong interference, and thus increase SINR. We implemented the MTIA algorithm in an LTE TDD network simulation and showed that MTIA effectively reduces inter-cell interference and improves the system’s throughput.

Paclitaxel (PTX) is a effectively chemotherapeutic agent which is extensively able to treat the non-small cell lung, pancreatic, breast and other cancers. But it is a practically insoluble drug with water solubility less than $1{\mu}g/mL$, which restricts its therapeutic application. To overcome the problem, hyaluronic acid-complexed paclitaxel nanoemulsions (HPNs) were prepared by ionic complexation of paclitaxel (PTX) nanoemulsions and hyaluronic acid (HA) to specifically target non-small cell lung cancer. HPNs were composed of ${\small{DL}}-{\alpha}$-tocopheryl acetate, soybean oil, polysorbate 80, ferric chloride, and HA and fabricated by high-pressure homogenization. The HPNs were $85.2{\pm}7.55nm$ in diameter and had a zeta potential of $-35.7{\pm}0.25mV$. The encapsulation efficiency was almost 100%, and the PTX content was 3.0 mg/mL. We assessed the in vivo antitumor efficacy of the HPNs by measuring changes in tumor volume and body weight in nude mice transplanted with CD44-overexpressing NCI-H460 xenografts and treated with a bolus dose of saline, $Taxol^{(R)}$, PTX nanoemulsions (PNs), or HPNs at a dose of 25 mg/kg. Suppression of cancer cell growth was higher in the PN- and HPN-treated groups than in the $Taxol^{(R)}$ group. In particular, HPN treatment dramatically inhibited tumor growth, likely because of the specific tumor-targeting affinity of HA for CD44-overexpressed cancer cells. The loss of body weight and organ weight did not vary significantly between the groups. It is suggest that HPNs should be used to effective nanocarrier system for targeting delivery of non-small cell lung cancer overexpressing CD44 and high solubilization of poorly soluble drug.

Effect of the depletion or oxidation of GSH on mitomycin c (MMC)-induced mitochondrial damage and cell death was assessed in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. MMC induced cell death and the decrease in the GSH contents in SCLC cells, which were inhibited by z-LEHD.fmk (a cell permeable inhibitor of caspase-9), z-DQMD.fmk (a cell permeable inhibitor of caspase-3) and thiol compound, N-acetylcysteine. MMC caused nuclear damage, release of cytochrome c and activation of caspase-3, which were reduced by N-acetylcysteine. The depletion of GSH due to L-butionine-sulfoximine enhanced the MMC-induced cell death and formation of reactive oxygen species in SCLC cells, whereas the oxidation of GSH due to diamide or $NH_2Cl$ did not affect cytotoxicity of MMC. The results show that MMC may cause cell death in SCLC cells by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to activation of caspase-9 and -3. The MMC-induced change in the mitochondrial membrane permeability, followed by cell death, in SCLC cells may be significantly enhanced by the depletion of GSH. In contrast, the oxidation of GSH may not affect cytotoxicity of MMC.

Previously, we studied the antioxidant potential of Chaga mushroom [Inonotus obliquus (persoon) Pilat] extracts and isolated several small (poly)phenolic compounds as the major antioxidant components in the 80% methanol (MeOH) extract. In the present study, these isolated phenolic ingredients together with several other types of Chaga extracts were examined for cytotoxic effects against normal (IMR90) and cancer (A549, PA-1, U937, and HL-60) cell lines. Results revealed decoctions from both the fruiting body (FB) and sclerotium (ST) parts of Chaga, especially the ST part, showed considerable cytotoxicity toward tumor cells, but the cytotoxicity appeared to be stronger against normal cells than cancer cells. The 80% MeOH ST extract also showed the same trend. On the other hand, the 80% MeOH extract of FB showed significant cytotoxicity towards tumor cell lines without affecting normal cells, for example, the 50% lethal dose was $49.4\;{\pm}\;2.9\;{\mu}g/mL$ for PA-1 cells versus $123.6\;{\pm}\;13.8\;{\mu}g/mL$ for normal cells. The phenolic components isolated from the 80% MeOH extracts had markedly greater cancer cell toxicity than the extracts themselves. In particular, two out of seven compounds showed strong cytotoxicity towards several tumor cell lines without giving rise to significant cell toxicity toward normal cells. For example, the 50% lethal dose for 3,4-dihydroxybenzalacetone was $12.2\;{\mu}mmol/L$ in PA-1 cells but was $272.8\;{\mu}mmol/L$ in IMR90 cells. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis further revealed these phenolic ingredients have high potentiality for apoptosis induction in PA-1 cells.

Patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) amplification or sensitive mutations initially respond to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib, however, the treatment becomes less effective over time by resistance mechanism including mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) overexpression. A therapeutic strategy targeting MET and EGFR may be a means to overcoming resistance to gefitinib. In the present study, we found that picropodophyllotoxin (PPT), derived from the roots of Podophyllum hexandrum, inhibited both EGFR and MET in NSCLC cells. The antitumor efficacy of PPT in gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cells (HCC827GR), was confirmed by suppression of cell proliferation and anchorage-independent colony growth. In the targeting of EGFR and MET, PPT bound with EGFR and MET, ex vivo, and blocked both kinases activity. The binding sites between PPT and EGFR or MET in the computational docking model were predicted at Gly772/Met769 and Arg1086/Tyr1230 of each ATP-binding pocket, respectively. PPT treatment of HCC827GR cells increased the number of annexin V-positive and subG1 cells. PPT also caused G2/M cell-cycle arrest together with related protein regulation. The inhibition of EGFR and MET by PPT treatment led to decreases in the phosphorylation of the downstream-proteins, AKT and ERK. In addition, PPT induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and GRP78, CHOP, DR5, and DR4 expression, mitochondrial dysfunction, and regulated involving signal-proteins. Taken together, PPT alleviated gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cell growth and induced apoptosis by reducing EGFR and MET activity. Therefore, our results suggest that PPT can be a promising therapeutic agent for gefitinib-resistant NSCLC.

Due to the recent increase in the mobile streaming market, mobile traffic is increasing exponentially. IMT-2020, named as the next generation mobile communication standard by ITU, is called the 5th generation mobile communication (5G), and is a technology that satisfies the data traffic capacity, low latency, high energy efficiency, and economic efficiency compared to the existing LTE (Long Term Evolution) system. 5G implements this technology by utilizing a high frequency band, but there is a problem of path loss due to the use of a high frequency band, which is greatly affected by system performance. In this paper, small cell technology was presented as a solution to the high frequency utilization of 5G mobile communication system, and furthermore, the system performance was improved by applying machine learning technology to macro communication and small cell communication method decision. It was found that the system performance was improved due to the technical application and the application of machine learning techniques.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Despite progress in developing chemotherapeutics for the treatment of NSCLC, primary and secondary resistance limits therapeutic success. NSCLC cells exhibit multiple mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which cause aberrant activation of diverse cell signaling pathways. Therefore, suppression of the inappropriate amplification of EGFR downstream signaling cascades is considered to be a rational therapeutic and preventive strategy for the management of NSCLC. Our initial molecular target-oriented virtual screening revealed that the ginger components, including [6]-shogaol, [6]-paradol and [6]-gingerol, seem to be potential candidates for the prevention and treatment of NSCLC. Among the compounds, [6]-shogaol showed the greatest inhibitory effects on the NSCLC cell proliferation and anchorage-independent growth. [6]-Shogaol induced cell cycle arrest (G1 or G2/M) and apoptosis. Furthermore, [6]-shogaol inhibited Akt kinase activity, a downstream mediator of EGFR signaling, by binding with an allosteric site of Akt. In NCI-H1650 lung cancer cells, [6]-shogaol reduced the constitutive phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription- 3 (STAT3) and decreased the expression of cyclin D1/3, which are target proteins in the Akt signaling pathway. The induction of apoptosis in NCI-H1650 cells by [6]-shogaol corresponded with the cleavage of caspase-3 and caspase-7. Moreover, intraperitoneal administration of [6]-shogaol inhibited the growth of NCI-H1650 cells as tumor xenografts in nude mice. [6]-Shogaol suppressed the expression of Ki-67, cyclin D1 and phosphorylated Akt and STAT3 and increased terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling-positivity in xenograft tumors. The current study clearly indicates that [6]-shogaol can be exploited for the prevention and/or treatment of NSCLC.

Lavender oil is a prolonged history in ancient medicine and has a wide range of biological effects. The lavender essential oil has 50 different constituents that have different therapeutic significance. The compounds that are separated from essential oil can be used for the anticancer treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. ROS1 is one of the major targets for NSCLC. The compounds from lavender essential oil are separated through GC-MS. From 91 compounds the top compounds that are having high retention values are taken for Molecular docking study against the ROS1 target protein. The binding affinity and the docked pose for those compounds are studied. Later, the chemical reactivity of the compounds is studied by Density Functional Theory. The potent compounds must be validated by in vivo study.

Background: We investigated the impact of 0.35 T magnetic field on dose calculation for nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) in the ViewRay system (ViewRay Inc.), which features a simultaneous use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to guide radiotherapy for an improved targeting of tumors. Materials and Methods: Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the effects induced by the 0.35 T magnetic field on various characteristics of SABR plans including the plan qualities and dose calculation for the planning target volume, organs at risk, and outer/inner shells. Therefore, two SABR plans were set up, one with a 0.35 T magnetic field applied during radiotherapy and another in the absence of the field. The dosimetric parameters were calculated in both cases, and the plan quality indices were evaluated using a Monte Carlo algorithm based on a treatment planning system. Results and Discussion: Our findings showed no significant impact on dose calculation under the 0.35 T magnetic field for all analyzed parameters. Nonetheless, a significant enhancement in the dose was calculated on the skin surrounding the tumor when the 0.35 T magnetic field was applied during the radiotherapy. This was attributed to the electron return effect, which results from the deviation of the electrons ejected from tissues upon radiation due to Lorentz forces. These returned electrons re-enter the tissues, causing a local dose increase in the calculated dose. Conclusion: The present study highlights the impact of the 0.35 T magnetic field used for MRI in the ViewRay system for NSCLC SABR treatment, especially on the skin surrounding the tumors.

본 논문은 웨슬리 신학과 전통 안에서 발전된 셀(cell) 그룹 운동에 관한 신학적, 역사적 고찰에 그 목적이 있다. 웨슬리 시대의 Class Meeting은 초대 감리교도들의 신앙, 경건, 친교, 영성, 그리고 봉사실천을 발전시키기 위한 기초적인 기능이었다. 웨슬리에게서 시작된 소그룹 운동은 한국 감리교회에도 도입되어 속회로 조직되었다. 한국의 상황에서, 속회 운동은 구성원들의 리더십과 영적 성장의 발전에 초점을 맞추어 왔으며, 한국 감리교회 역사 속에 교회 성장의 밑거름이라는 공헌을 가져왔다. 그러나 속회의 약점은 개인적인 삶 속에 경험된 신앙고백과 실천을 위한 모든 구성원들의 참여의 부재이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 속회는 특별히 예배와 선교를 위한 리더십 개발과 영성 개발의 중요한 역할을 해왔다. 미국의 커버넌트 제자화 운동은 기독교의 제자화를 위한 책임감을 강조한다. 이 제자화 운동에서 구성원들은 서로 열려진 자신들의 모습을 발견하며 그들의 삶의 영적인 여정을 서로 나누는 수용성과 친밀성을 강조한다. 또한, 커버넌트 제자화 운동은 균형 잡힌 자비의 행위(Works of Mercy)와 경건의 행위(Works of Piety)에 대한 그리스도인들의 책임감을 강조한다. 이 소그룹의 목적은 성령 안에서 그리스도인들의 영적인 양식을 위해 일하고, 교회를 향한, 그리고 교회를 위한 책임감을 가지도록 돕는 것이다. 그러므로 커버넌트 제자화 운동은 한마디로 경건과 선행의 균형을 갖춘 제자화에 초점을 맞추고 있는 소그룹 운동이다. 자유주의 신학에 근거한 라틴 아메리카의 기초 공동체는 빈민들의 사회에 초점을 맞추고 있다. 기초 공동체는 더 풍요로운 삶을 위해 자원(resource)을 제공하는 (사회적) 공동체와 그것을 보조하기 위한 기관으로서 소그룹의 기능을 강조한다. 이 기초 공동체 안에서 사람들은 성경연구, 기도, 찬양을 하며, 하나의 의식화된 공동체로 자신들의 목소리를 찾아가려는 평신도 운동이다. 초대 감리교도들과 같이 오늘날 크리스천들도 그들의 공동체 안에서 동일한 요구들을 경험한다. 비록 그들이 다른 문화와 사회적 상황에 놓여 있음에도 불구하고, Class Meeting은 오늘날 한국교회에 좋은 전통이 되었다. 이러한 웨슬리 신학의 좋은 전통 안에서 여전히 현대 교회 안에 강조되어야 할 것은 경건과 행함의 균형이다.

This article deals with the issue in a theological reflection on the importance of cell group movement, the class meetings. The class meeting in Wesley’s day was a basic foundation for the early Methodists to develop their faith, fellowship, piety, spirituality, and works. In a Korean context, the class meeting has focused on the developing of leadership and spiritual growth amongst the members. The Sock-Whey movement contributed to the Korean church’s growth in its Methodist history. However, the weakness of the Sock-Whey is a lack of participation through individual expression of confession and testimonies. Sock-Whey, however, has been especially strong in building spirituality and in developing leadership for worship and mission. For covenant discipleship groups, the implications are the accountability for Christian discipleship. In the group, the members develop openness to one another, and an intimacy that permit them to share their spiritual pilgrimage unreservedly. The covenant discipleship groups have a heritage of accountability for a balance between works of mercy and works of piety. Class meetings work for our spiritual food in the Holy Spirit and they have accountability to and for the church. In the covenant discipleship group, it is focused on the discipleship, balancing between the works and piety based on the General Rule. In Latin America, the base communities focus on their society (the poor) based upon liberation theology. They also function as community social and assistance centers offering the resources for more abundant life. In these basic communities people practice Bible study, prayer, singing, and they find their voice in the personality of individuals as well as a group consciousness. Like the early Methodists, today’s Christians experience the same needs in their communities, even though they come from different cultures and social contexts. Class meetings give a good heritage to the Methodist church today. In its good heritage, the basics of the general rule that balances between the works and piety are as significant today as they were when Methodism was a young movement.

To establish induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) by reprogramming cells that is differentiated types, specific transcription factors are needed. Some researchers examined whether chemical molecules or proteins can replace transcription factors to alter the de fined cell fate. Previously, we confirmed that the treatment of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) could intermediately reprogram the mouse skin fibroblasts (MSFs) to stem-like cells. In this study, to reprogram the cell more efficiently and definitely, we investigated the synergic effects of BMP4 and 4 kinds of small molecules, RG108, 5-azacytidine, Na-butyrate and PD173074, that regulates some signal transduction pathway. The ventral skin epidermis of an adult mouse were used to confirm the synergic reprogramming activity of small molecules. After the cells were cultured with BMP4, they were formed sphere-like organoid bodies (OBs) with BMP4 and each small molecules for 5 days. The activity of alkaline phosphatase was the highest in BMP4+RG108 group. Also, all the small molecule treated groups expressed high Oct-4 level than BMP4 treated group. To confirm the stem cell potency of these cells, we induced their differentiation into cardiomyocytes. The cells exhibited similar mRNA expression of cardiac mesoderm markers such as connexin 40 and GATA binding protein 4, and the cardiomyocyte marker troponin T among groups. However, the expression of one of the cardiac mesoderm marker gene, Nk2 transcription factor-related locus 5, was significantly decreased in BMP4+RG108 group. These results suggest that treatment of some small molecules may enhance the BMP4-mediated somatic stem cell reprogramming.

We present a patient of Lamber-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) with small cell lung cancer recurred as metastatic brain tumor after one year of remission. This is a case of remitted LEMS by chemotherapy with regardless of tumor recurrence. Though it is difficult to interpret due to the rarity, LEMS can be the initial and transient finding in the natural course of small cell lung cancer.

The purpose of this study was to identify symptom cluster experienced by patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) on gefitinib treatment. In addition, this study assessed the patterns in severity of the symptom cluster and differences in quality of life (QOL) and function among subgroups by the severity of symptom cluster. Methods: This study was conducted as a secondary analysis of symptoms of 72 patients from a mother study. Factor analysis was used to identify symptom clusters measured with EORTC QLQ-C30 and LC13 symptom related items. Results: Three symptom clusters were identified: cluster 1 was comprised of fatigue, anorexia and dysphagia; cluster 2 of dyspnea, cough and insomnia; and cluster 3 of pain, constipation and nausea/vomiting. These three symptom clusters were improved one week after gefitinib administration. The group with more severe symptom clusters showed significantly lower QOL and function than the group with less severe symptom clusters. Conclusion: Since symptom clusters experienced by the patients with advanced NSCLC influenced on the QOL and function, it is important for nurses to understand and observe their symptom clusters. In addition, there is an necessity to develop nursing interventions to effectively care patients with the symptom clusters.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that are influenced on swallowing function in non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with dysphagia. Also, we aimed to investigate the difference of swallowing function according to the type of diet in these patients. Method: Sixteen patients diagnosed with NSCLC were included. The medical records and findings of videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) using pureed and liquid diet were investigated retrospectively. We compared pureed diet and thin liquid in the swallowing function. Result: Bolus formation was poorer with increasing age. Triggering of pharyngeal swallow was impaired in patient with lymph node metastasis. Patients who underwent radiotherapy showed higher functional dysphagia scale score and, more specifically, delayed triggering of pharyngeal swallow, more residue in pyriform sinuses, and more frequent coating of pharyngeal wall after swallow. When swallowing pureed diet, patients showed more residue in valleculae and pyriform sinuses, and more frequent coating of pharyngeal wall after swallow than when swallowing thin liquid. When swallowing thin liquid, patients showed poorer epiglottic closure and more frequent aspiration than when swallowing pureed diet. Conclusion: Age, lymph node metastasis, and radiation therapy are risk factors of dysphagia in patients with NSCLC. Swallowing problems of these patients vary according to the rheological properties of diet. We have to apply appropriate swallowing therapy based on the characteristics of dysphagia of these patients.