Earticle

2022년 7월 21일부터 시행된「수산부산물 재활용 촉진에 관한 법률(이하, 수산부산물법)」은 수산부산물을 친환경적· 위생적으로 처리하고, 재활용을 촉진함으로써 수산 자원을 효율적으로 이용하기 위하여 제정되었다. 그리고 「수산부산 물의 배출량 산정 방법과 이물질 등의 제거기준 고시」에서는 수산부산물 분리배출의무자에게 수산부산물에 붙어 있는 잔존 육질 등의 이물질 함유량을 3% 이하(무게기준)로 배출하도록 하고 있으나, 구체적인 이물질 함유량 시험법의 부재 로 현장에서는 혼란스러워하는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 다양한 분야의 유사 시험법을 검토 후 이들 부산물(껍데기) 의 이물질 함유량 시험방법을 제안하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 대상 이물질의 종류 또는 범위, 채취하는 시료 수와 양, 시료채취방법, 건조 등 전처리 방법, 분석방법, 이물질 함유량의 계산방법 등을 제안하였다.

「The Act on Promotion of Recycling of Fishery By-Products」, which came into effect on July 21, 2022, was enacted to efficiently use fishery resources by processing fishery by-products in an eco-friendly and hygienic manner and promoting recycling. And, the「Notice on Methods for Determining Emission of Fishery By-products and Standards for Removal of Foreign Substances, etc.」requires those the responsibility for separate discharge of fishery by-products below 3% or less of the content of foreign substances. However, there is confusion in the field due to the lack of content testing methods. Accordingly, this study reviewed similar test methods in various fields and proposed a test method for the foreign matter content of these by-products (i.e. shells). In this study, the test method for shellfish by-products includes the type or range of target foreign substances, the number and amount of samples, the sampling method, pretreatment methods such as drying, analysis methods, and calculation methods for foreign matter content.

본 연구는 연구자의 모래놀이치료 상담과정에서 내담자가 자주 사용했던 소품 중 하나인 조개의 생물학적 특성을 알아보고 조개가 갖고 있는 의미를 종교, 설화, 인류사, 한국문화 속에서 알아보고 임상적 시사점을 살펴보고자 한다. 조개는 재생과 부활, 치유와 구원의 상징을 갖는다. 조개는 다산과 풍요로움, 여성성을 상징하며, 길조와 주술적인 힘의 상징을 의미한다. 또한, 조개는 자원을 나타내는 대표적인 상징으로 조개화폐, 밥조개로 표현되었고 사람들의 주요한 양식으로 나타나고 있다. 조개는 외부로부터 들어온 이물질을 고스란히 받아들여 오랜 시간 품고 둥근 보석의 결정체인 진주를 만들어낸 것이 가치를 더해준다. 고통과 인내의 상징을 의미한다. 종합하면 조개는 치유, 재생, 여성성, 내적자원, 성장 등 다양한 상징을 보여주고 있으며 본 연구자의 내담자들은 이러한 측면을 조개를 사용하여 모래작품에서 표현하였다.

This study aims to examine the meaning of shellfish, one of the props frequently used by clients in the consultation process of sand play therapy, in religion, folklore, human history, and Korean culture, and to examine clinical implications. Shellfish have a symbol of regeneration and resurrection, healing and salvation. Shellfish symbolizes fertility, abundance and femininity, and is a symbol of auspiciousness and magical power. In addition, shellfish are represented as shellfish currency and scallops as a representative symbol of resources, and they appear as the main form of people. The fact that shellfish receives foreign substances from the outside and embraces it for a long time to create pearls, the crystals of round gems, adds value. It is a symbol of suffering and perseverance. Taken together, shellfish show various symbols such as healing, regeneration, femininity, internal resources, and growth, and this aspect of this researcher's clients expressed in sand works using shellfish.

Symbols have had a strong impact on each individual throughout all eras and civilizations since the advent of mankind, and they naturally arise from aspects related to the deep psychological and mental world within us. Symbols of nature are derived from the contents of the unconscious mind, and they appear in the form of a fundamental circular image, and among the symbols of nature, living things live in the sea, rivers, and lakes and are used as mystical symbols along with water. Marine life, combined with the water of the uterus, is commonly used as a symbol of reproduction and restoration of the universe. Shells are naturally associated with sea, water, and life, and have long been regarded as symbols with profound meanings of life and death. They exist even before the formation of mankind and are spiritual creatures used in religion, witchcraft, medicine, funerals, and various ceremonies. The purpose of this study is to examine the symbolism of clams in various cultures, explore their meaning, and explore how the symbols appear in actual sand play cases. To this end, the general characteristics of clams and their symbolism were examined through literature, and how they are applied in modern times was expanded. The symbolism of clams can be seen in terms of divinity, femininity, abundance, and fertility, rite of passage, death and regeneration, guide, and beauty. Applying the symbolism in the researcher's actual sand play case, in the case of a 10-year-old girl suffering from a panic attack, considering that she had just begun her period, she was able to interpret the clam as a symbol of femininity and rite of passage, and her insights helped her understand the children she spoke to and supported them stably in the process. In the case of an eight-year-old boy who has difficulty controlling his emotions, he was able to imagine the hero's journey of killing himself caught up in a negative maternal complex and winning with the help of a hero. He was then able to mourn over the shells over two consecutive sessions, see the unusually angry father(父) and many shells placed in front of him in the box where he made his family, and he was able to believe in the inner strength of the child shown in the sand box and wait.

연안의 양식 어장에서 식량자원으로 주로 생산되는 양식 패류는 성장에 따라 탄소가 저장된 패각을 형성한다. 수확된 패류를 식량자원으로 사용하고 남겨지게 되는 패각 부분을 탄소저장기능이 있는 방법으로 재활용할 경우, 탄소수지 개선 효과가 있다는 것이 여러 연구를 통해 보고되었다. 본 연구에서는 해양 패류의 개체성장에 따른 패각 내 이산화 탄소의 생성과 저장에 대한 기작을 분석하였고 자연 패류 및 양식 패류의 생산성 향상을 통하여 일반적으로 얻어지는 탄소수지 추정에 대하여 고찰하였다. 또한 양식 패류 생산의 부산물로 얻어지는 패각의 재활용방안에 대하여 분석하 였으며 마지막으로 탄소저장 기능성을 가진 재활용 방법이 활용될 경우에 대한 탄소수지를 추정함으로써 온실가스 감축에 대한 잠재효과를 고찰하였다.

Coastal shellfish in the shallow aquaculture waters form carbon contained shells as they grow. The existing researches showed that carbon flux can be improved, if the shells are re-treated by the carbon stored methods. In the present study, firstly, the mechanism and the quantitative flux of carbon dioxide in the shellfish individual have been analyzed. The re-treated methods of the useful by-product in the shellfish aquaculture, shells, have been reviewed. Finally, the potential effects to reduce the greenhouse gas has been suggested, if the shells can be properly re-treated.

In this study, we isolated Shewanella putrefaciens from shellfish and determined the optimum growth conditions of the isolates. S. putrefaciens is Gram-negative marine bacterium which is able to produce hydrogen sulfide from thiosulfate. Initially, the isolation of S. putrefaciens was carried out by obtaining black colonies on spreadplated LB agar supplemented with ferrous sulfate and sodium thiosulfate after incubation for 24hr. All black colonies were tested for their catalase activity and examined Gram-staining. Subsequently catalase positive and Gram-negative colonies were confirmed by PCR assays. The 16S rRNA gene and gyrB gene were used as S. putrefaciens-specific PCR primers. From three species of shellfish – oyster, short-neck clam and mussel samples tested, a total of 27 strains of S. putrefaciens were isolated and ten of them were tested to optimum growth conditions. To determine the optimum growth conditions, we selected the range of temperature (4, 25, 30, 37 and 42℃), pH (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9) and NaCl concentration (0, 0.085, 0.25, 0.5, 0.7, and 1M). According to our results, all isolates grew optimally at 25℃, pH 7.0 and 0.085 M NaCl concentration.

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of domoic acid (DA) a potent neurotoxin, responsible forthe syndrome amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) contamination of various species of bivalve shellfish purchased from fishmarket in Korea and the implications for food safety. Liquid chromatography (LC) methods were applied to quantify DA inshellfish after sample clean-up using solid-phase extraction (SPE) with strong anion exchange (SAX) cartridges. Toxindetection was achieved using photodiode array ultraviolet (LC-UV) and electrospray ionization-mass (LC-ESI-MS). DA wasidentified in 4 bivalve shellfishes of 872 shellfishes collected from March, 2006 to October, 2007 in Korea. DA amount of 3surf clams (Mactra veneriformis) collected at Seoul, Daejeon, and Daegu were 4.13, 1.99, and 1.94mg/kg, respectively. DAamount of 1 pink butterfly shell (Peronidia venulosa) collected at Seoul was 3.02mg DA/kg. The amounts of DA that werepresent in 4 bivalve shellfishes were within EU guideline limits for sale of shellfish (20mg DA/kg).

Regional variation in the fatty acid content of shellfish was investigated on 5 species of Korean shellfish includingmurex shell, ark shell, jack-knife clam, orient hard clam, and little neck clam that were originated from 2 geographicallydifferent regions in Korea (Region 1: South coast, 34-35oN, 127-129oE; Region 2: West coast, 36-38oN, 126-127oE).Significant regional difference in total fatty acids content was observed in murex shell and little neck clam (p<0.01), but not inthe other species of shellfish. The contents of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fattyacids including n-3 and n-6 fatty acids were appreciably higher in murex shell from Region 2 and in little neck clam fromRegion 1 than the shellfish originated from their counterpart areas (p<0.05). Nevertheless, relative percentages of the fattyacids remained constant within same species regardless of geographic regions or species. Considering the facts of that the fish/shellfish are unique sources of n-3 fatty acids and a little neck clam is the most-consumed shellfish in Korea, n-3 fatty acidsintake might vary with the habitat of the shellfish that Koreans consume.

토사질을 제거한 생 개량조개 육을 BHA, EDTA 또는 를 각각 처리한 다음 갈아서 박편으로 열풍건조한 박편건제품의 제조 및 저장중에 있어서 이들의 처리가 박편건제품의 색소 소실 및 흡수율에 미치는 영향을 검토한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 생개량조개를 갈아서 조개의 형태를 바꾸어 엷게 열풍건조 하므로서 조개의 원형 그대로 건조하는 것 보다 건조시간을 약1/2로 단축할 수 있었다. 2) BHA를 처리하여 박편으로 건조한 것은 다른 처리구와 비교할 때 박편건제품 제조 및 저장중에 색소 소실이 가장 적었다. 3) 박편건제품은 조개 형태 그대로 말린 제품 보다 흡수율이 약2배 높았다. 4) 박편건제품을 암실에 저장한 것은 햇빛이 닿는 곳에 저장한 것 보다 색소 소실도 적고 흡수율도 좋았다.

The raw surf clam meat was pretreated with BHA, EDTA or . The pretreated meat was chopped with chopper, and spread the chopped meat on nylon net, and then dehydrated with cabinet type hot air dryer. In the surf clam meat flake process, the pretreating and the copping steps prior to final dehydration improved the pigment retention and texture of the products. The chopping steps prior to dehydration reduced the dehydration time of surf clam meat. The BHA treatment prior to dehydration of mashed surf clam meat had an outstanding effect on the pigment retention during a process of dehydration and storage. The surf dam meat flakes reabsorbed water more rapidly about two times than the dehydrated natural surf clam meat products. The surf clam meat flakes stored for three months in the dark place showed less pigment loss than the exposed ones, and the former reabsorbed water more rapidly than the latter.

토사질을 제거하여 자숙 탈각한 개량 조개육을 BHA 또는 EDTA 처리를 하여 열풍건조 및 천일건조 하였다. 이 건제품을 유리병에 넣어 밀폐한 다음 암실에서 3개월간 저장 하였을 때 색소 잔존율 및 흡수성의 변화를 실험한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 열풍건제품과 천일건제품 모두 저장중 색소 소실이 심하였다. 2) BHA를 처리한 제품은 EDTA 처리 또는 대조제품 보다 저장중 색소 소실이 적었다. 3) 열풍건제품과 천일건제품 모두 저장중 흡수율이 현저하게 감소하였다. 그리고 BHA 또는 EDTA 처리가 흡수성에 미치는 뚜렷한 효과는 찾아 볼 수 없었다.

The cooked surf clam meat was treated with BHA or EDTA, and then dehydrated by means of hot-air dehydration or sun drying. The dehydrated products were packed in glass bottle and stored for three months in the dark place. After three month storage, the pigment loss and water absorbing capacity of dehydrated products were compared with those of directly after dehydration. Both of the sun dried and hot-air dehydrated surf clam products showed a great deal of pigment loss during storage. The BHA treatment prior to dehydration of surf clam meat had good effects on the pigment retention, and the EDTA treatment had a weak effect on it during storage. The rate of rehydration of dehydrated surf clam products had markedly decreased during storage. And it could be seen that there was little difference among the rate of rehydration of the BHA or EDTA treated product and untreated one during storage.

한국에서 경제적으로 중요한 3종의 패류인 참굴, 백합 그리고 홍합 근육을 0.5 Mrad이하의 감마선량에 조사하여 냉장온도에서 현저한 선도 연장을 가져오게 하는 최적 선량을 구했으며 0℃와 5℃에서 조사후 저장기간중의 변화과정의 특성을 규명하였다. 0.5Mrad의 감마선조사로서는 어느 패류도 방사취를 발생치 않았다. 그러나 처음 2-3주간의 저장기간중의 관능 특질은 저선량 조사구(0.1과 0.2Mrad)의 경우 고선량 조사구(0.3 Mrad이상)보다 우수하였다. 참굴과 홍합을 위한 최적조사선량은 0.2 Mrad, 백합은 0.1 Mrad임이 밝혀졌다. 이 최적 조사선량에 처리된 패류의 선도 연장은 참굴의 경우 0℃에서는 비조사구의 14일 내외로부터 35일까지, 5℃에선 3일에서 21일로 각각 연장이 가능했다. 홍합도 비슷한 선도연장을 가져왔다. 백합의 경우 0℃에선 7일에서 14일로, 5℃에선 3일에서 12일로 각각 연장되었다. 방사선 조사로 인한 근육 조직의 연약 현상은 백합에 있어서 가장 두드러지게 나타났다. 조사선량이 높을수록 조사후 저장 기간중 연약현상이 빨리 일어났으며 연약도도 높았다. 저선량 조사에 의한 패류의 선도연장을 꾀하는데 있어서 조사후 저장기간중에 일어나는 근육의 연약화는 중요한 제한점인 것으로 사려된다.

Pacific oyster, hard clam and mussel were irradiated at doses up to 0.5 Mrad, the optimum dose rather than the maximum permissible was sought for in each species and post-irradiation storage characteristics studied at 0℃ and 5℃. No shellfish meat irradited at doses as high as 0.5 Mrad produced any adverse odor. However the organoleptic quality of each sample irradiated at lower doses was superior to those irradiated at the higher during the early storage period. The optimum dose was determined to be 0.2 Mrad for Pacific oyster and mussel and 0.1 Mrad for hard clam. By irradiating at the optimum dose, the storage life of Pacific oyster cculd be extend from less than 14 days to 35 days at 0℃ and from only 3 days to 21 days at 5℃. A similar storage extension was observed with mussel. The storage life of hard clam was extended from 7 days to 14 days at 0℃ and from 3 days to 12 days at 5℃. The hard clam meats were particularly susceptible to tissue softening by irradiation; an earlier onset and more extensive softening were observed with increasing dose.

본 연구에서는 어패류 및 그 가공품 중 PAMs(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 다환방향족탄화수소) 분석방법을 확립하고 오염실태를 파악하기 위하여 서울 춘천 대전 광주 부산의 5대 도시 시장에서 어류 12종, 패류 5종, 가공식품 7종 총 205건을 채취하였다. 균질화된 시료를 알칼리 분해하여 n-hexane으로 추출하고 증류수로 세척한 후 Sep-Pak florisil cartridge로 정제하여 HPLC/FLD로 동시 정량 분석하였다. 각각의 PAHs에 대한 회수율은 약 90-106%였으며 검출한계는 PAHs에 따라 차이는 있으나 0.002-0.5ng/g 수준이었다. 어패류 및 그 가공품 중 8가지 총 PAHs의 평균 함량은 0.23ng/g이었으며 개별 평균 PAHs 함량은 benzo(a)anthracene 불검출, chrysene 0.01 ng/g, benzo(b)fluoranthene 0.04ng/g, benzo(k)fluoranthene 0.07ng/g, benzo(a)pyrene 0.05ng/g, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene 0.004ng/g, benzo(g,h,i)perylene 0.0008ng/g, indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene 0.06ng/g이었다. 또한, 우리나라 국민이 이들 식품을 통해 섭취하는 1일 PAHs 섭취량은 약 9ng, 벤조피렌 섭취량은 약 2ng이었으며 이 수준은 다른 나라에서 보고된 결과에 비해 낮은 수준이었다.

Cocentrations of PAHs [benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, benzo(g,h.i)perylene, indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene] in fish (n=120), shellfish(n=50) and their products (n=35) were estimated by saponification and extraction with n-hexane, clean-up on Sep-Pak Florisil Cartridges and HPLC/FLD. Overall recoveries for eight PAHs spiked into samples ranged from 90 to 106%. Mean level of benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene and indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene were not detected, 0.01, 0.04, 0.07, 0.05, 0.004, 0.0008 and 0.06ng/g, respectively, similar to those reported by other countries.