Earticle

본 연구는 보건복지부의 계획 발표에 따라 공론화 된 광범위한 상담사 제도의 확립이 이뤄지기 위해서 필요한 요소가 무엇인지 탐색하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위한 핵심이론으로 형태발생 이론을 제시한다. 형태 발생 사회이론은 구조·문화적 조건화를 통해 행위자 간의 상호작용을 지정하여 제도의 정교화를 설명하는 이론이 다. 연구 방법은 두 가지 단계로 나눌 수 있다. 첫째, 형태발생 사회이론을 기반으로 하여 청소년 상담사제도의 구 조·문화적 조건화와 상호작용을 분석하여 제도화 과정을 분석한다. 둘째, 동일한 분석틀을 사용하여 현재 공론화되 는 상담사 제도화를 분석하고, 그에 따른 시사점을 도출한다. 청소년 상담사제도는 구조·문화적 조건이 보호적인 성향을 띈다. 1990년대 정부의 주도로 큰 상호작용 없이 기반을 조성하였고 2000년대 민간의 주도로 합의를 통해 제도화를 이뤄냈다. 그에 반해 현재 공론화되는 상담사 제도는 난립하는 민간 자격증으로 인해 의견의 일치가 되 지 않았고. 구조·문화적 조건이 선택 강요적 성향을 띈다. 본 연구의 시사점은 공론화되고 있는 상담사제도를 제 도화된 청소년상담사와 비교하여 향후 제도화의 시사점을 도출하는데 의의가 있다.

The purpose of this study is to explore what factors are necessary to establish a wide-ranging counselor system that has been publicized in accordance with the announcement of the plan by the Ministry of Health and Welfare. As a core theory for this, we present the Morphogenetic social theory. Morphogenetic social theory is a theory that explains the elaboration of institutions by designating interactions between actors through structural and cultural conditioning. Research methods can be divided into two stages. First, the institutionalization process is analyzed by analyzing the structural and cultural conditions and interactions of the youth counselor system based on the morphogenetic social theory. Second, the same analysis framework is used to analyze the institutionalization of counselors that are currently publicized, and implications are derived accordingly. The youth counselor system has a protective tendency in structural and cultural conditions. In the 1990s, the government established a system without significant interaction, and in the 2000s, the private sector led an agreement to achieve institutionalization. On the other hand, the currently publicized counselor system was not agreed upon due to the rampant private qualifications. Structural and cultural conditions tend to be selective. The implications of this study are significant in deriving implications for institutionalization in the future by comparing the publicized counselor system with the institutionalized youth counselor.

[Background] Alcohol is the 9th largest factor for the global burden of disease, and national policies to reduce negative consequences of alcohol use are executed in many nations. Exposure to alcohol beverage advertisement and marketing is known to put adolescents and young adults at the great risk for onset and increased consumption of alcohol. [Purpose] According to WHO, regulations for alcohol marketing is one of the most effective policies to reduce negative consequences of alcohol use along with price and accessibility regulations of alcohol. However, the current alcohol marketing regulations in South Korea mainly focus on alcohol marketing through traditional media such as TV, radio, and newspapers, and do not sufficiently cover digital marketing using various new communication media. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the prevalence and types of violence against alcohol advertising regulations through Facebook. [Method] We analyzed the postings of Facebook accounts of 78 alcohol beverage manufacturing companies from March 24th to 31st in 2017. [Results] Overall, 92 postings were newly uploaded by 27 alcohol beverage manufacturing companies’ Facebook account. When comparing advertisements of different kinds of alcoholic beverages, 87 postings (43.7%) were related for Soju, which was followed by 41 postings (20.6%) for whiskey, 18 (9.0%) for beer. In terms of different marketing approaches, most postings tend to deliver information to promote alcohol consumptions such as showing alcohol drinking games, season related messages, food and settings that may go well with alcohol beverages, and other alcohol related information such as how alcohol beverages are produced. There was no posting on broad image marketing by any alcohol manufacturing company. In addition, 85.9% (79 postings) appeared to have violated the chapter 10 of the National Health Promotion Act on alcohol advertisement regulations. The most frequently violated regulation was that 82.6% (76 postings) did not present the warning label (76 postings). Also, 33.7% (31 postings) advertised alcoholic beverages that contained over 17% of alcohol, and 5.4% (5 postings) offered gifts; 33.7% (31 postings) violated 2 or more regulations at the same time. The results suggest the needs to strengthen the alcohol marketing through online communication media because such media have extended their influence on health behaviors through social network and smartphone interface.

Streptococcus suis is a major pig pathogen causing severe economic losses to the swine industry. This study aimed to analyze the genome of S. suis strain INT-01 isolated from a domestic pig in Korea. We found that the genome of strain INT-01 contains 2,092,054 bp, with a guanine (G) + cytosine (C) content of 41.3%, and the capsular polysaccharide synthesis locus of this strain is almost identical to that of serotype 3 S. suis strain 4961 isolated from China, suggesting that these isolates can be classified as serotype 3. Genomic analyses revealed that strain INT-01 is an extracellular protein factor (epf)?/ muraminidase-released protein (mrp)+/ suilysin (sly)? S. suis, which is the most prevalent genotype in Korea, and several virulence-related genes associated with the pathogenicity of S. suis were also detected. The genomic information of strain INT-01 may provide important insights into the development of control strategies against S. suis infections in Korea.

Tunicamyin (TM) blocks the synthesis of all N-linked glycoproteins and causes ER stress. It has been reported that TM inhibits LPS-induced NF-kB activation via suppression of MD-2 N-glycosylations. In this study, we investigated that the inhibitory effect of tunicamycin (TM) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation is independent of N-linked glycosylations of MD-2 in RAW264.7 macrophage. TM significantly suppressed nitiric oxide (NO) production, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpa (TNF-α) expression in response to LPS. TM also inhibited the inflammatory reactions in response to other TLR ligands, Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly:IC) or Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), which do not require N-glycosylated MD-2 protein for macrophage activation. This indicates that the anti-inflammatory effect of TM may not associated with MD-2 N-linked glycosylations. Other well-known ER stress inducers, A23187 (A23) and thapsigargin (TG) had no effect on LPS-induced inflammation, suggesting that ER stress induction and UPR pathway is not necessarily stimulatory factors for LPS-induced inflammation. We showed that TM inhibited LPS-induced nuclear translocation of p50 and DNA binding of p50 and p65 to NF-κB binding sequence of iNOS promoter. Therefore we conclude that TM repressed LPS-induced inflammation through suppression of NF-kB binding activity and independent of inhibition of N-linked glycosylations of MD-2.

Currently, even though the development of keratinocyte therapy products are actively carried out world wide, the research and development of test methods that are considered in quality evaluations require a lot of time because they vary for each product. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to suggest an optimal identity method of keratinocyte therapy products. we progressed immunofluoresence staining and Reverse Transcription-PCR(RT-PCR) by specific marker of keratinocyte. In addition, fluorescence activated cell sorting(FACS) test was conducted and morphologic identity test was carried out. CK14 was most prevalent while CK10 was not expressed at antibody-based immunofluorescence staining. With RT-PCR, it was possible to identity CK14, CK5, and E-cad as keratinocyte. FACS was not sufficient as a identity test because E-cad expressed in not only keratinocyte but also other cells, and the criterion is subjective. In addition, in the morphologic test, even though the layer differentiation is characteristic in keratinocyte, the test was not sufficient for keratinocyte therapy products, which has a short expiration date, because the test takes more than seven days.

Serologic ABO typing might be hampered in some patients with hematologic malignancies. We performed ABO genotyping using next-generation sequencing as part of a routine he- matologic malignancy gene panel to determine the ABO blood type of patients with hema- tologic malignancies. Targeted sequencing of seven ABO gene exons was performed within a hematologic malignancy gene panel for 520 patients diagnosed with various hemato- logic malignancies. The distribution of predicted ABO blood phenotypes determined through genotyping was as follows: 33.3% A, 27.3% B, 26.7% O, and 12.7% AB. No signifi- cant associations were identified between ABO allele distributions and specific hemato- logic malignancy diagnoses. We compared the phenotypes predicted using ABO genotyp- ing with serological ABO testing results in 502 samples where serological data were avail- able. All genotyping-based phenotypes were accurate, with 99.8% (501/502) of initial se- rological results aligning with the true phenotypes. Unusual serological results were ob- served in 21 samples (4.2%). The percentages of recipient cells containing ABO allele vari- ants indicated chimerism in relapsed patients who had undergone ABO-mismatched transplantation. Thus, incorporating ABO genotyping into the hematology gene panel pro- vides valuable information offering a cost-effective approach to address challenges in blood typing and post-transplant care.

Objective This study investigated the neurocognitive characteristics of patients who visited an outpatient clinic requesting diagnosis and treatment for adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Methods The patients’ electronic medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Neurocognitive test results were compared using Student’s t-test according to their chief complaint, depressive symptoms, childhood history, and intelligence quotient (IQ). Neurocognitive characteristics affecting subjective symptoms of ADHD were analyzed by linear regression.Results The study included 106 patients. They did not have significant deficits in neurocognitive tests. Patients with depressive symptoms showed more impulsive responses (hit reaction time [p=0.037] and commission error [p=0.024]) and self-reported ADHD symptoms (p=0.001). Verbal (p=0.036) and visual memory (p=0.020) were significantly deficient in patients with a childhood ADHD diagnosis. Patients with a low IQ had significant deficits in various domains. Depressive symptoms and vigilance were significantly related to subjective symptoms of ADHD (adjusted R²=0.430, β=0.457, p=0.002).Conclusion Our results imply that the neurocognitive function of patients with subjective ADHD symptoms was not abnormal but was affected by depressive symptoms.

Background/Aims: Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection is positively associated with metabolic syndrome (MS). However, the long-term effects of eradication therapy on MS and sex differences have not been thoroughly studied. We aimed to investigate the long-term effects of HP eradication on MS and sex differences. Methods: This study included 2,267 subjects who visited a tertiary referral center between May 2003 and May 2019. HP was diagnosed by histology, a Campylobacter-like organism test, and culture, and the subjects were prospectively followed up. The participants were categorized into three groups: HP uninfected, HP infected but non-eradicated, and HP eradicated. The baseline characteristics and changes in metabolic parameters after HP eradication were compared over a 5-year follow-up period. Results: Among 1,521 subjects, there was no difference in baseline metabolic parameters between the HP-uninfected (n=509) and HP-infected (n=1,012) groups, regardless of sex. Analysis of the metabolic parameters during follow-up among HP-uninfected (n=509), HP-non-eradicated (n=346), and HP-eradicated (n=666) groups showed that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and the body mass index (BMI) increased after eradication, with a significant difference at 1-year of follow-up. In females, HDL increased after eradication (p=0.023), and the BMI increased after eradication in male subjects (p=0.010). After propensity score matching, the HDL change in female remained significant, but the statistical significance of the change in BMI in the male group became marginally significant (p=0.089). Conclusions: HP eradication affected metabolic parameters differently depending on sex. HDL significantly increased only in females over time, especially at 1-year of follow-up. In contrast, BMI showed an increasing tendency over time in males, especially at the 1-year follow-up.

Most ingested foreign bodies often pass through the gastrointestinal tract uneventfully; however, complications such as perforation dooccur. Most cases of perforation are caused by thin, pointed objects such as needles, toothpicks, or fish and chicken bones. Herein, wereport an unusual case of duodenal perforation caused by a lollipop stick with blunt ends. A 23-year-old woman was admitted to theemergency department complaining of epigastric and right upper quadrant pain for the last 2 days. Abdominal computed tomographyscans confirmed the presence of a foreign body in the duodenum, with signs of duodenal perforation and inflammation. The patient wasnot aware of ingesting the foreign body. Endoscopy revealed the presence of a lollipop stick in the duodenum, which was removed withforceps. The duodenal perforation was successfully managed by using hemoclips and a detachable snare.