Earticle

Objectives: This study examined the relationships among career identity, job-seeking stress, self control, and test anxiety in nursing students. Methods: Data were collected through self reported structured questionnaire form nursing students using convenient sampling methods form November 15 to December 10, 2015. The data were analyzed with SPSS/WIN 19.0 using ANOVA, t-test, Pearson correlation, and stepwise multiple regression. Results: Factors that had an influence on test anxiety included job-seeking stress(β=0.40, p<0.001), career identity(β=-0.17, p=0.010), fourth grade(β=-0.14, p=0.020). These factors together explained 25% of the test anxiety in nursing students(F=25.48, p<0.001). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that job-seeking stress management strategies and academic career identity enhancement programs should be developed to reduce test anxiety in nursing student and that further study should be done on the effects of such programs.

AMOS 23.0 프로그램을 이용하여 측정도구의 집중타당도와 판별타당도를 실시하였으며, 설정한 가설모 형에서 병사가 지각한 가정의 건강성, 사회적지지, 심리적독립, 군복무 적응 간의 관계를 알아보기 위해 모 형의 적합도 검증을 실시하였다. 또한 가족의 건강성과 군복무적응 간의 관계에서 사회적 지지와 심리적 독립의 매개효과 분석을 실시하였다. 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 병사가 지각한 가정의 건강성, 사회적 지 지, 심리적 독립, 군복무 적응에 관한 구조모형의 적합도는 영향관계를 예측하기에 적합하였다. 둘째, 병사 의 가정의 건강성은 사회적 지지, 심리적 독립, 군복무 적응에 정(+)적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 병사의 사회적 지지는 군복무 적응에 정(+)적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 병사의 심리적 독 립은 군복무 적응에 정(+)적인 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 조사되었다. 셋째, 병사의 가정의 건강성과 군복 무 적응간의 관계에서 사회적 지지는 매개효과를 가지는 것으로 조사되었다. 그러나 심리적 독립은 매개효 과가 나타나지 않는 것으로 조사되었다.

The purpose of this report was to analyse the impact of the family health whi ch perceived by soldier, social support and psychological independence on the dap tation of military service and study social support of these factors and the media ted effect of psychological independence. A survey of 300 soldiers was conducted and 251 of the total 300 questionnaires were used for final analysis. The collected data were statistically analysed using the SPSS 24.0 program. Concentration and determination validity of measurement tools were conducted by using the AMOS 23.0 program and the conformity of the model was verified to find out the relationship between family health, social support, psychological independence, and military service adaptation in the established hypothesis model. In addition, social support and psychological independence were analyzed in relation to the relationship between the health of the family and the military service application. The results are as follows. First, the health of family perceived by soldier, social support, psychological independence and suitability of Structural Model on the Adaptation of Military Service are suitable for predicting the impact relationship. Second the family health of soldiers has positive influence on social support, psychological independence and military service adaptation. However, it has been found that the psychological independence of soldiers does not have positive influence on military service adaptation. Third, social support has been found to have mediated effect in the relationship between the health of the soldier's family and the adaptability of military service. However, it has been found that psychological independence does not have mediated effect.

자아통제는 자신의 장기적인 목표를 달성하는 데 방해되는 행동을 억제하는 것을 의미한다. 개인에 따라 지니고 있는 자아통제 역량은 차이가 존재한다. 본 연구에서는 자아통제 상황에서 자아통제력이 높은 사람들의 활용하는 생각하는 방법에 대하여 살펴보고자 하였다. 구체적인 생각하는 방법으로 결과중심과 과정중심으로 구분되는 심적 시뮬레이션에 주목하였다. 본 연구에서는 자아통제 상황에서 자아통제력이 높은 사람일수록 과정중심 심적 시뮬레이션보다 결과중심 심적 시뮬레이션을 더 할 것으로 예상하였다. 그리고 자아통제가 요구되는 상황에서 결과중심 심적 시뮬레이션을 활성화 시키는 것이 과정중심 심적 시뮬레이션을 활성화 시키는 것보다 자아통제에 더 효과적일 것으로 예상하였다. 또한 심적 시뮬레이션이 자아통제에 미치는 영향을 예상된 후회가 매개할 것으로 예상하였다. 이를 검증하기 위하여 3번의 실험연구를 실시하였다. 연구 1에서는 개인의 자아통제력과 자아통제 상황에서 활용하는 심적 시뮬레이션 유형 사이의 관계를 살펴보았다. 개인의 자아통제력을 측정하고 자아통제 상황에서 활용하는 심적 시뮬레이션 유형을 측정하였다. 연구결과, 자아통제력이 높을수록 결과중심 심적 시뮬레이션을 과정중심 심적 시뮬레이션보다 더 활용하는 것으로 나타났다. 실험 2와 3에서는 조작에 의해 활성화된 심적 시뮬레이션이 자아통제에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 실험 설계는 2(심적 시뮬레이션 유형: 결과중심 vs. 과정중심)의 집단 간 실험설계 하였다. 실험 2에서는 자아통제 상황과 관련 없는 과업을 통해 참가자의 심적 시뮬레이션을 조작하였고, 실험 3에서는 자아통제 상황과 연결하여 참가자의 심적 시뮬레이션을 조작하였다. 연구 결과, 결과중심 심적 시뮬레이션 집단이 과정중심 심적 시뮬레이션 집단보다 자아통제를 더 잘하는 것으로 나타났고, 예상된 후회가 이를 매개하는 것으로 나타났다.

Self-control refer to restraining behavior that interferes with individuals from achieving their long-term goals. Individuals have different self-control ability. This study investigates the mind set of individuals with high self-control ability in the context of self-control dilemma, especially focusing on mental simulation (Outcome-focused vs. Process-focused). We predicted that in self-control dilemma, individuals with high self-control might more likely utilize Outcome-focused mental simulation for self-control than Process-focused mental simulation, and activated Outcome-focused mental simulation might be more effective on self-control than activated Process-focused mental simulation. In addition, we predicted anticipated regret might mediate the effect of mental simulation on self-control. To test hypotheses, this study conducted 3 experiments. In Experiment 1, we examined the relation between individuals’ self-control level and types of mental simulation to utilize in self-control dilemma. Results showed that high self-control individuals used more Outcome-focused mental simulation than Process-focused. In Experiment 2 and 3, we examined the effect of mental simulation on self-control with between subject design(mental simulation: Outcome vs. Process focused). We manipulated participants’ mental simulation type in Experiment 2 with unrelated task with self-control dilemma and in Experiment 3 with related task. As we predicted, individuals activating Outcome-focused mental simulation did better self-control than Process-focused. and we found out the mediating effect of anticipated regret.

Purpose: To identify and explore the latent categories of self-control and clarify the relationship betweenself-control and self-management of stroke survivors under different categories. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted using a general information questionnaire, theChinese version of the Dual-Mode Self-Control Scale, and the Stroke Self-Management Scale to measuresociodemographic data, self-control, and self-management. The questionnaires were administered faceto-face, and a convenience sampling method was used to collect the data. A total of 519 stroke survivorsfrom a tertiary hospital in Henan Province, China, were included. Data were analyzed using latent profile analysis and the Kruskal?Wallis H test. Results: The four-profile model was the most suitable. It was named as follows: low impulse-highcontrol group (25.0%), low impulse-low control group (39.7%), high impulse-high control group(24.7%), and high impulse-low control group (10.6%). The self-management scores of the low impulseand high control group were significantly higher than those of the other three groups. Conclusion: Stroke survivors demonstrate moderate levels of self-control. In particular, patients withambivalent self-control psychologies are noteworthy as they require strategies to address this contradictorypsychological situation. Healthcare providers should consider the unique self-control characteristicsof stroke survivors to assist them in enhancing their self-control abilities. Future researchshould use more objective assessment methods to examine long-term changes in self-control amongstroke survivors and their relationships with self-management.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate internet addiction among middle school students and to examine the mediating effects of social support in the relationships of self-efficacy and self-control with internet addiction. Methods: The participants in the study were 119 middle school students in J city. The measurements included a self-efficacy scale, a self-control scale, a social support scale, and the Internet Addiction Scale for Youth. Data were analyzed using the independent t-test or Mann-Whitney U test, one-way analysis of variance, the Scheffe? test, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple-regression using SPSS version 22.0. Mediation effects were analyzed by the Sobel test and Baron and Kenny's hierarchical analysis technique. Results: Significant correlations were found among self-efficacy, self-control, and internet addiction. Social support had partial mediating effects in the relationship between self-efficacy and internet addiction, as well as in the relationship between self-control and internet addition. Conclusion: In order to prevent internet addiction, the promotion of interactions among peers, which is a component of social support, is particularly important. It is also necessary to promote face-to-face activities that can strengthen relationships. The findings suggest that intensifying social support may help reduce the level of internet addiction in middle school students.

This study presents an examination of the effects of the sub-factors of both self-control and school adjustment on smartphone addiction among a sample of elementary school students. The study is comprised of 93 5^th-grade students from x elementary school located in Seoul, Korea. A descriptive analysis, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression analysis were performed, and the following two study results are presented: 1) Among the sub-factors of self-control, instant gratification positively predicts smartphone addiction. 2) Among the sub-factors of school adjustment, a student's adherence to school rules negatively predicts smartphone addiction. Based on these results, the implications for preventing smartphone addiction among elementary-school students are discussed.

4차 산업혁명 시대의 사회경제적 발전은 모든 개인의 성장에 많은 새로운 요구와 도전을안겨주고 있다. 현대 사회의 사람들은 건강, 지식, 지성, 전문성 외에도 시대의 변화를 빠르게 흡수하고 적응할 수 있는 능력과 함께 도덕적, 인문학적 가치를 유지하고 지켜나가야 한다. 현대 사회에는 많은 도전과 압박이 있는 동시에 유혹과 함정이 존재하므로, 개인은 상황에 직면했을 때 윤리적, 인본주의적 가치에서 벗어나 부적절한 태도와 행동으로 이어지지 않도록 자기 조절 능력이 필요하다. 따라서 자기 통제 능력을 키우고 개발하는 것은 개인이 자신의 욕구를 충족시키기 위해 감정과 순간적인 욕구를 따르지 않고 올바른 방향으로 자기수양과 발전의 과정을 방해하지 않기 위해 매우 필요한 요소에 해당한다. 이 글에서는 아이들의 욕구와 자기 통제 능력의 관계, 무조건적인 욕구 충족이 가져오는 결과를 분석하고, 이를 통해 아이들의 자기 통제 능력을 개발하기 위한 올바른 방향을 제시한다.

Socio-economic development in the context of the 4.0 era is placing many new demands and challenges on every individual's growth. Besides health, knowledge, intellect, and expertise, people in modern society need to maintain and uphold moral and humanistic values along with the ability to quickly absorb and adapt to changes of the times. Modern society has many challenges as well as pressures, while at the same time there are temptations and traps. Therefore, individuals need the ability of self-regulation in the face of circumstances so as not to deviate from ethical and humanistic values, leading to inappropriate attitudes and behaviors. Thus, nurturing and developing self-control ability is an extremely necessary factor for an individual to not follow emotions and momentary desires just to satisfy their own needs, hindering the process of self-cultivation and development in the right direction. This article analyzes the relationship between children's needs and self-control ability, the consequences of unconditionally meeting children's needs, and from that provides the right orientations for developing children's self-control ability.

Diabetes Mellitus is a worldwide disease affecting millions of persons and appears to be on the increase in Korea. At the present time it can not be cured but can be controlled. To achieve control the patient must know about the disease. Education of the patient is an essential part of the management of the diabetic and is the responsibility of the nurse. The educational program must be adapted according to patient's knowledge and attitude about their diseases. Therefore, the opportunity to assess the knowledge and attitude of diabetics must provided. The objectives of this study were : 1. To describe the general characteristics of the study population. 2. To find out the characteries of experience of treatment. 3. To exams the knowledge and attitude of diabetics about the self-control. 4. To learn the influencing factors affecting the knowledge and attitude of diabetics about self - control. The study population defined and selected was 65 diabetics registered at the Diabetic Clinic of 5. hospital who visited the Diabetic Clinic from April 16, 1976 to May 14, 1976. The direct interview method was used. Statistical analysis of the data was X²- test. The following results were obtained : A. General characteristics of the study population : The respondent's average age was 50. 8 years old, sex ratio(male to female) revealed as 1 : 1.1, economic background was upper middle class, the most respondents had better than- average education, 75.4 Percents of the respondents lived in Seoul, 47. 2 percents were unemployed, the average size of family was 5.3 and 47.7 percents of respondents had religions. B. The characteristics of clinical experience : The average duration was 7.0 years, 46.1 percents of respondents had experience of hospitalization, 56.9 percents was taking oral drugs, 67.7 percents examined urine- sugar at home, 60.0 Percents had treat compilations and 20.0 percents had experience of coma. C. There was significant difference in the relationship : Between complications and durations of diabetes, hospitalization and therapeutic methods.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop a self-control competency scale for school-aged children and to confirm its reliability and validity. Methods: This study involved methodological research to verify the reliability and validity of a self-control competency scale for school-aged children. Data were collected from 438 students in the fifth and sixth grades of elementary school. Results: The self-control competency scale was composed of 13 items and six subscales (control of relationship with one's teacher, problem-solving, peer empathy, control of relationships with one's peers, impulse control, and emotional control). The internal consistency reliability of the scale was evaluated using Cronbach's ?, which was .83 for the entire scale and ranged from .65 to .76 for the subscales. The model of six subscales was validated by CFA (CMIN/df=1.977; p<.001, GFI=.94, SRMR=.050, RMSEA=.065, IFI=.95, TLI=.93, CFI=.95). Concurrent validity was evaluated by comparing this scale to the scale developed by Nam and Ok (2000), and a significant correlation was found (r=.82, p<.001). On this scale, higher scores indicate higher levels of self-control among late-school-aged children. Conclusion: This scale can be used as a valid and reliable instrument for examining self-control competency among late-school-aged children.

Physical appearance functions as a form of social capital, and perceived discrepancies between actual and ideal appearance can threaten self-control. This research investigates how consumers maintain or restore self-control under appearance threat by varying the compensation type (within-domain vs. across-domain) and message framing (concrete vs. abstract), and elucidates the underlying mechanisms and boundary conditions of these effects. Study 1 demonstrates that across-domain compensation preserves self-control more effectively than within-domain compensation. Within the appearance-relevant domain, abstract (vs. concrete) message framing increases self-control by promoting higher-level construal. Study 2 introduces regulatory focus as a boundary condition and psychological distance as the mediating mechanism. Abstract (vs. concrete) framing increases perceived distance and enhances self-control under promotion focus, whereas individuals under prevention focus show no framing differences. These findings reveal how compensation strategies and message design interact to regulate self-control under self-threat, offering an integrative framework that links compensatory consumption, construal level, and motivational orientation in advertising contexts.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to obtain research-based evidence on the relationships among general characteristics, family strength, self-control, and happiness among late school-aged children using a correlational research design. Methods: The participants were 172 fifth- and sixth-grade students from two public elementary schools. Data were collected by employing structured questionnaires, including the Korean Family Strengths Scale for Strengthening Family II, a self-control scale, and a happiness scale. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 23.0. Results: The level of happiness of late school-aged students showed significant correlations with family strength (r=.78, p<.001), and self-control (r=.59, p<.001). Family strength had a significant positive correlation with self-control (r=.55, p<.001). The factors with a significant impact on participants’ happiness were family strength (β=.63, p<.001), self-control (β=.21, p<.001), exercise frequency, and self-perceived health. The total explanatory power of the model was 69%, and the explanatory power of family strength for the level of happiness was 61%, showing that the family strength was the most important factor that promoted happiness in late school-aged students. Conclusion: These findings imply that improving family strength is an important aspect of promoting happiness among late school-aged children. Interventions to strengthen late school-aged children’s self-control are also necessary.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of self-postural control on foot pressure in subjects with forward head posture. Methods: Forty-two healthy adults were recruited in this study. Participants were divided into two groups: The forward-head postural (FHP) group (craniovertebral angle<$53^{\circ}$, n=22) and the control group (craniovertebral angle${\geq}53^{\circ}$, n=20). In the FHP group, foot pressure was measured using three different standing postures: Comfortable standing posture (CSP), subjective neutral standing posture (SNSP), and neutral standing posture with visual feedback (NSP-VP). Each position was performed in random order. In the control group, foot pressure was measured only using the comfortable standing posture. Results: With respect to CSP and SNSP, there was a significant difference on heel pressure between the two groups (p<0.05). Regarding NSP-VP, however, there was no significant differences on heel pressure between the two groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: We suggest that cervical posture control using visual feedback has a positive effect on the distribution of foot pressure in subjects with forward head posture.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in diabetes-related characteristics, self-care, self-efficacy, and glycemic control of Koreans with diabetes mellitus according to the types of health care providers in Korea. Method A total of 175 patients with Type II Diabetes were included in the analysis. Using SPSS WIN 10.0 program, χ2-test and t-tests were performed to answer the research questions. Results Forty-five percent of the participants received specialist care by endocrinologists at secondary or tertiary hospitals and 55% had general physician’s care at public health centers. Participants who were cared for by specialists had higher educational levels and better annual household incomes than those that were cared by generalists. Participants receiving specialist care were more likely to have insulin therapy, exercised more regularly, and smoked less than those receiving generalist care. Participants within the specialist groups performed self-care better, reported better self-efficacy in diabetic management, and displayed better glycemic control (blood-glucose levels and HbA1c) than those in generalist group. Conclusion The study represents the possibilities in healthcare disparities within Korea. Further study is warranted to explore the specific aspects of service disparities and possible methods of intervention to reduce the variations in health care service.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this research was to know the effect of visual feedback self exercise (VFSE) on postural control in stroke patients. METHODS: 26 CVA patients were participated. The experimental group (EG) 12 (46.2%) and the control group (CG) 14 (53.8%), 17 males and 9 females. The subjects preformed VFSE on training instrument 10 minutes for 20 times in 2-3 weeks. The test was done 3 times. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences of the general characteristics of subjects between EG and CG by sex, affected site, muscle tone, sensory deficit, unilateral neglects, and vestibular dysfunction. The postural control effects of VFSE, in the EG showed that there were statistically significant differences among the tests during VFSE. However in the CG there were no statistically significant differences among the tests during VFSE. Also there was statistically significant difference between EG and CG after VFSE (p<.05). On the right hemiplegic EG showed that there was statistically significant difference between premid test and pre-post test after VFSE. But, the left hemiplegic EG showed that there was no statistically significant difference between before and after VFSE with all of tests. CONCLUSION: CVA patients had significant different of body weight ratio between hemiplegic side and the other side. This research suggested that CVA patients need self exercise with visual feedback for the improvement postural control ability. Therefore Physical therapist should not only prescribe hand-on exercise but also need to teach them self sensory feedback exercise to help them improve their postural control.

Considering the problems of poor control effect, weak disturbance rejection ability and adaptive ability of two-wheeled self-balanced robot (TWSBR) systems on undulating roads, this paper proposes a fuzzy neural network active disturbance rejection controller (FNNADRC), that is based on fuzzy neural network (FNN) for online correction of active disturbance rejection controller (ADRC)'s nonlinear control rate. Firstly, the dynamic model of the TWSBR is established and decoupled, the extended state observer (ESO) is used to compensate dynamically and linearize the upright and displacement subsystems. Then, the nonlinear PD control rate and FNN are designed, and the FNN is used to modify the control parameters of the nonlinear PD control rate in real time. Finally, the proposed control strategy is simulated and compared with the traditional ADRC and fuzzy active disturbance rejection controller (FADRC). The simulation results show that the control effect of the proposed control strategy is slightly better than ADRC and FADRC.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of remote health interventions on self-management of hypertension. Methods: We systematically searched the literature for studies published in English in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, China NationalKnowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The database was used to search for relevantstudies with full text and evaluate the remote health interventions for hypertension self-management versus usual care for hypertension. RevMan 5.4 was used for data analysis. Results: A total of 19 studies eventually met our inclusion criteria. The results showed that the remote health interventions groupcould significantly reduce the levels of SBP (MD=5.67, 95% CI=4.12-7.22, p<.001) and DBP (MD=1.88, 95% CI=1.16- 2.60, p<.001),compared with usual care group, it also significantly improving the patient's quality of life (SMD=0.84, 95% CI=0.32- 1.37, p=.002),reduce waist circumference (MD=2.39, 95% CI=0.35-4.44, p=.020) and BMI (MD=0.49, 95% CI=0.06-0.91, p=.020), and significantlyincreasing the physical activity of patients (SMD=0.19, 95% CI=0.06- 0.31, p=.004). No obvious publication bias was found in thismeta-analysis. Conclusion: This study showed that remote health interventions for self-management can significantly improve patients’ quality of lifewith hypertension and better BP control than usual care. Further studies could be assess the long-term clinical effectiveness and economicevaluation of remote health interventions for self-management. Keywords: Health; Self-Management; Hypertension; Meta-Analysis

This study compares Korean and Japanese college women's self-evaluation on obesity and examines their attitude to weight control. The subjects of this study were 101 college women residing in Daegu-si of Korea and 123 Japanese college women living in Saga-ken of Japan. A survey was conducted by each of the participants and was analyzed. This self-evaluation on obesity revealed that 47.5% of Korean college women answered that they were obese while 31.7% of Japanese college women responded they were. The results of this study show that there are about 5% of college women in both Japan and Korea who thought they were obese, even though they were actually normal or underweight. Both Korean and Japanese women who considered themselves obese selected wrong eating habits as the cause of their obesity. In terms of their recognition on ashamedness, Japanese college women showed rather stronger recognition than Korean ones. In addition, more Korean college women responded that they had been suggested to lose weight than Japanese ones. In terms of the factors that motivate weight control, few women in either Korea or Japan controlled their weight for health reasons. Most of the Korean and Japanese college women chose the size of their clothes, their undesirable look reflected on the mirror, or having no boyfriend as the chief motivating factors for weight control. In terms of their attitude towards weight control, Japanese college women checked their weight more frequently than Korean ones. Moreover, both Korean and Japanese college women were directly motivated to lose weight while they were talking with their friends.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify factors influencing older patients’ self-decision in withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment (LST) during hospitalization. Methods: For this retrospective case-control study (self-decision versus family-decision groups), we used electronic medical records. The sample included 624 older patients who died after completing the LST implementation form. 249 (39.9%) patients were in the self-decision group versus 375 (60.1%) patients in the family-decision group. We performed chi-square tests, t-tests, and binary logistic regression. Results: Receiving treatment in an internal medicine department (OR = 12.60, 95% CI = 2.83?56.13), admission to a general ward (OR = 2.83, 95% CI = 1.33?6.02), experiencing pain (OR = 2.64, 95% CI = 1.68?4.13), being alert upon admission (OR = 2.27, 95% CI = 1.15?4.51), having a diagnosis of cancer (OR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.16?3.49), and younger age (65?74 years) were significantly associated with an increased likelihood of self-decision. All factors increased the likelihood of self-decision. The self-decision group showed higher rates of withholding or withdrawing LST interventions (e.g., ventilators, dialysis, chemotherapy, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, transfusions, and vasopressors) and received more hospice and palliative care with reduced Intensive Care Unit deaths. Conclusion: The self-decision group (i.e., those in internal medicine, with cancer, admitted to general wards, and maintaining consciousness) chose reduced futile LSTs. These findings highlight the need to develop a standardized protocol for counseling and education to facilitate informed end-of-life decisions among older inpatients.