Earticle

본 연구의 목적은 예비은퇴자와 은퇴자의 적응성을 측정하기 위한 은퇴적응성 척도를 개발하는 것 에 그 목적을 두고 있다. 이를 위해 은퇴적응성의 개념을 파악하고 구성요인을 도출하여 척도를 개발하 고, 타당화 과정을 통하여 신뢰도와 타당도를 검증하였다. 은퇴적응성 척도의 개발 및 타당화는 문항 선정, 문항 개발, 문항 검정의 절차로 이루어졌다. 문항 개발 단계에서는 먼저, 1, 2차 전문가 패널 조사를 통해 은퇴적응성 및 구성요인의 개념에 대한 적절성 과 101문항에 대한 타당성을 실시하였다. 구성요인의 적절성을 확보하고, 예비조사를 위한 57문항을 확정하여 300명의 예비은퇴자와 은퇴자를 대상으로 1차 탐색적 요인분석을 실시하여 43문항을 예비문 항으로 도출하였다. 이를 2차 탐색적 요인분석을 통해 7가지 요인을 구성하고, 최종 31문항을 확정하였 다. 문항 검정 단계인 본조사에서는 300명을 표집, 확인적 요인분석을 실시하였다. 구인타당도 검증을 위하여 수렴타당도와 판별타당도를 확인하였고, 준거타당도 분석을 실시하여 외적타당도를 확보하고자 했다. 마지막으로 신뢰도 분석을 실시하여 최종 문항을 검증하였다. 확인적 요인분석 결과 RMSEA는 0.064, RMR은 0.028, SRMR은 0.0601, CFI는 0.912, TLI는 0.901, IFI는 0.913으로 준수한 적합도를 갖추었음을 확인하였다. 준거타당도를 확인하기 위하여 삶의 만족, 은퇴준비도와의 상관분석을 실시하 여 타당도를 확보하였다. 마지막으로 은퇴적응성 척도의 전체 신뢰도 계수는 .954로 확인되었고, 하위 요인의 신뢰도는 .801∼.880로 확인되었다.

The purpose of this study is to develop a Retirement Adaptation Scale aimed at measuring the adaptability of pre-retirees and retirees. The study seeks to identify the concept of retirement adaptability, derive its components, and create a scale that is reliable and valid through a validation process. The development and validation of the Retirement Adaptation Scale followed three main steps: item selection, item development, and item testing. In the item development phase, the validity of 101 items related to the concept of retirement adaptability and its components was evaluated through two rounds of expert panel surveys. The appropriateness of the components was confirmed, and 57 preliminary items were selected for further testing with 300 pre-retirees and retirees. Using SPSS 25.0, the first exploratory factor analysis was conducted, resulting in 43 preliminary items. In the second exploratory factor analysis, seven factors were identified, and 31 final items were selected. In the item testing phase, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on a sample of 300 participants using SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 23.0. The construct validity was verified through convergent and discriminant validity analyses, and criterion-related validity was assessed to ensure external validity. Finally, reliability analysis was performed to validate the final items. The confirmatory factor analysis results showed that the model had good fit indices: RMSEA = 0.064, RMR = 0.028, SRMR = 0.0601, CFI = 0.912, TLI = 0.901, and IFI = 0.913, all of which exceeded the acceptable threshold of 0.9. The criterion-related validity was confirmed through a correlation analysis with life satisfaction and retirement readiness, securing the scale's validity. The overall reliability coefficient of the Retirement Adaptation Scale was .954, and the reliability of its components ranged from .801 to .88.

본 연구는 한국 대학생을 대상으로 개발된 눈치척도를 중국인 유학생 집단에 적용하여 중국어판 눈치 척도의 신뢰도와 타당도를 검증하고, 눈치와 대학생활적응 간의 관 련성을 분석하는 데 목적이 있다. 수도권 소재 대학에 재학 중인 중국인 유학생 220명 을 대상으로 번안된 12문항 자료를 수집하여 분석하였다. 탐색적 요인분석 결과, 눈치 척도는 원척도에서 제안된 2요인 구조(눈치파악, 눈치행동)가 대체로 유지되었으며, 전체 척도와 하위요인의 내적 일관성(Cronbach’s α = .85∼.92)은 양호한 수준으로 나 타났다. 확인적 요인분석에서는 단일요인, 2요인, 쌍요인 모형을 비교하였고, 단일요인 모형에 비해 2요인 모형과 쌍요인 모형에서 상대적으로 개선된 적합도가 확인되었다. 또한 요인부하량, 평균분산추출지수(AVE), 구성신뢰도(CR)를 활용한 수렴타당도 검 증과 FornellLarcker 기준에 따른 변별타당도 검증 결과, 2요인 모형의 하위요인은 수 용 가능한 타당도를 확보한 것으로 나타났다. 준거타당도 검증 결과, 눈치 전체 및 하 위요인은 대학생활적응과 유의한 정적 상관을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 눈치 척도가 중 국인 유학생의 사회적 맥락 인식과 대학생활 적응을 평가하는 데 활용될 수 있는 타당 한 도구임을 시사하며, 향후 다양한 문화권 유학생을 대상으로 한 비교·확장 연구의 기초 자료를 제공한다.

This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Nunchi Scale, originally developed for Korean university students, and to investigate its association with college adjustment among Chinese international students. Participants were 220 Chinese international students enrolled in universities in the Seoul metropolitan area, who completed a translated 12-item version of the scale. Exploratory factor analysis supported a two-factor structure consisting of nunchi perception and nunchi behavior, consistent with the original scale. The scale demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency across the total scale and subscales (Cronbach’s α = .85. 92). Confirmatory factor analysis compared one-factor, two-factor, and bifactor models, showing relatively improved model fit for the two-factor and bifactor models compared to the one-factor model. Convergent and discriminant validity were supported based on factor loadings, average variance extracted (AVE), composite reliability (CR), and the FornellLarcker criterion, particularly for the two-factor model. Criterion-related validity was further supported by significant positive correlations between nunchi (total and subscale scores) and college adjustment. These findings indicate that the Chinese version of the Nunchi Scale is a psychometrically sound instrument for assessing social contextual sensitivity among Chinese international students and provide a basis for its application in cross-cultural research and practice.

본 연구는 한국 대학생을 대상으로 개발된 눈치척도를 중국인 유학생 집단에 적용하여 중국어판 눈치 척도의 신뢰도와 타당도를 검증하고, 눈치와 대학생활적응 간의 관 련성을 분석하는 데 목적이 있다. 수도권 소재 대학에 재학 중인 중국인 유학생 220명 을 대상으로 번안된 12문항 자료를 수집하여 분석하였다. 탐색적 요인분석 결과, 눈치 척도는 원척도에서 제안된 2요인 구조(눈치파악, 눈치행동)가 대체로 유지되었으며, 전체 척도와 하위요인의 내적 일관성(Cronbach’s α = .85∼.92)은 양호한 수준으로 나 타났다. 확인적 요인분석에서는 단일요인, 2요인, 쌍요인 모형을 비교하였고, 단일요인 모형에 비해 2요인 모형과 쌍요인 모형에서 상대적으로 개선된 적합도가 확인되었다. 또한 요인부하량, 평균분산추출지수(AVE), 구성신뢰도(CR)를 활용한 수렴타당도 검 증과 FornellLarcker 기준에 따른 변별타당도 검증 결과, 2요인 모형의 하위요인은 수 용 가능한 타당도를 확보한 것으로 나타났다. 준거타당도 검증 결과, 눈치 전체 및 하 위요인은 대학생활적응과 유의한 정적 상관을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 눈치 척도가 중 국인 유학생의 사회적 맥락 인식과 대학생활 적응을 평가하는 데 활용될 수 있는 타당 한 도구임을 시사하며, 향후 다양한 문화권 유학생을 대상으로 한 비교·확장 연구의 기초 자료를 제공한다.

This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Nunchi Scale, originally developed for Korean university students, and to investigate its association with college adjustment among Chinese international students. Participants were 220 Chinese international students enrolled in universities in the Seoul metropolitan area, who completed a translated 12-item version of the scale. Exploratory factor analysis supported a two-factor structure consisting of nunchi perception and nunchi behavior, consistent with the original scale. The scale demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency across the total scale and subscales (Cronbach’s α = .85. 92). Confirmatory factor analysis compared one-factor, two-factor, and bifactor models, showing relatively improved model fit for the two-factor and bifactor models compared to the one-factor model. Convergent and discriminant validity were supported based on factor loadings, average variance extracted (AVE), composite reliability (CR), and the FornellLarcker criterion, particularly for the two-factor model. Criterion-related validity was further supported by significant positive correlations between nunchi (total and subscale scores) and college adjustment. These findings indicate that the Chinese version of the Nunchi Scale is a psychometrically sound instrument for assessing social contextual sensitivity among Chinese international students and provide a basis for its application in cross-cultural research and practice.

본 연구의 목적은 다차원적으로 구성된 리더-구성원의 교환 관계를 측정하는 Quality of Interaction Scale(Bhal & Ansari, 1996)을 한국어로 번안하여 척도의 요인구조를 파악하고, 타당성을 검증하는 것이다. 이를 위해 먼저 국내 직 장인 457명을 대상으로 요인분석을 실시하였다. 탐색 및 확인적 요인분석 결과, 리더-구성원의 교환 관계는 2요인(업무 적 교환 관계, 사회적 교환 관계)으로 구성되어 있음을 확인하였다. 다음으로 수렴타당도 검증을 위해 상관관계를 분석 한 결과 QI와 리더-구성원 교환 관계를 측정하는 다른 척도(LMX7, LMX-MDM) 간에 유의미한 정적 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 변별타당도 검증을 위해 확인적 요인분석을 실시한 결과 QI가 LMX7, LMX-MDM과 변별되는 척도 로서 기능하는 것을 확인하였다. 마지막으로 준거타당도를 검증하기 위해 위계적 회귀분석을 실시한 결과, QI 척도의 각 하위요인은 직무 및 조직 결과변인에 유의미한 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 구체적으로 업무적 교환 관계는 과업 수행, 직무만족에 정적인 영향을 미쳤고, 사회적 교환 관계는 맥락수행, 직무만족에 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인 하였다. 이러한 결과는 한국판 리더-구성원 상호작용의 질 척도가 국내 직장인들의 리더-구성원 교환 관계를 신뢰롭고 타당하게 측정하는 도구임을 의미한다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 의의와 제한점 및 향후 연구방향에 대해 논의하였다.

This study aimed to translate and validate the Korean version of the Quality of Interaction (QI) scale, which measures the multidimensional aspects of leader-member exchange (LMX). We examined both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses using the data sets of 150 and 307 working adults in Korea respectively. The results indicated the multidimensional nature of LMX, consisting of two factors; work-LMX relationship and social-LMX relationship. In addition, the QI was significantly correlated with two commonly used LMX scales (i.e., LMX7 and LMX-MDM), which supported the convergent validity. The results of confirmatory factor analyses showed that the QI is distinct from LMX7 and LMX-MDM, which supported the discriminant validity. In order to test the criterion-related validity, we conducted the hierarchical regression analyses. The subdimensions of QI were shown to be significantly related to job attitude and behavior. In particular, work-LMX relationship was positively related to task performance and job satisfaction, and social-LMX relationship was positively related to contextual performance. Therefore, these findings provided evidence that the Korean version of the QI scale is a reliable and valid measure for assessing the concept of multidimensional LMX in a Korean sample. The implications and the limitations of the study were discussed.

본 연구의 목적은 Avolio, Gardner와 Walumbwa(2007)가 개발한 4요인 16문항으로 구성된 진정성 리더십 척도(Authentic Leadership Questionnaire: ALQ)를 한국의 교육 현장에 적용할 수 있도록 수정하고 타당화하는 데 있다. 이를 위하여 전국의 초등학교, 중학교 및 고등학교 교사 236명의 설문 자료를 바탕으로 탐색적 요인분석과 확인적 요인분석을 실시하였다. 탐색적 요인분석을 실시한 결과, 15문항의 3개 요인이 산출되었다. 이어서 구성타당도를 확보하기 위하여 확인적 요인분석을 실시한 결과, 3요인 15문항의 모형은 모든 적합도 지수를 충족하여 타당한 측정 도구임을 검증하였다. 또한 관계의 투명성, 내면화된 도덕적 시각, 자기인식으로 구성된 3개 하위요인이 진정성 리더십이라는 상위 개념의 요인으로 수렴되는지를 검증하기 위해 2차 요인 모형(second-order factor model) 분석을 실시한 결과, 모든 적합도 지수가 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 최종 척도에 대한 신뢰도 검증을 위해 산출한 내적 일관성 신뢰도는 모두 높은 수준을 나타냈다. 이러한 결과는 본 척도가 한국의 교육 현장에서 진정성 리더십을 측정할 수 있는 타당한 도구라는 것을 입증하는 것이다. 이에 따라 이 연구는 본 척도를 바탕으로 우리나라 학교 현장에 더욱 적합한 진정성 리더십 척도의 문항이 개발될 수 있도록 후속 연구가 필요함을 제언하였다.

The purpose of this study was to validate the authentic leadership questionnaire(ALQ) comprising 4 factors of 16 items initially developed by Avolio, Gardner and Walumbwa(2007) to see if it is applicable to the schools in Korea. The data for this research was collected by survey from 236 school teachers of elementary, middle and high schools across the nation. The results of the exploratory factor analysis(EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) confirmed three sub-scales, 15 items comprising relational transparency, internalized moral perspective and self-awareness. The results of the model test produced a good fit to the data. The analysis of the second-order factor model revealed that 3-factors were well converged into the higher factor of the authentic leadership. The estimated internal consistency alphas(Cronbach’s alpha) for three factors were at acceptable levels. The results of this study demonstrated that the three-factor model, 15 items of authentic leadership questionnaire was a valid tool for measuring authentic leadership in schools of Korea, and suggested that further research be conducted to develop the items more appropriate to the schools in Korea.

Purpose: Although firefighters are likely to experience various types of personal growth followingtraumatic events, there has been a lack of reliable measurements to assess their positive changes. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and validate a post-traumatic growth (PTG) scale considering theunique occupational characteristics of firefighters as first responders. Methods: This is a methodological study to develop and validate the PTG of first responders scale forfirefighters (PTG-FIRSF). An item pool was generated after an extensive literature review including PTGtheory, and individual interviews. Content, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, convergent,and discriminant validity, criterion validity, and known-group validity were conducted for the validitytest. The scale was also evaluated for its internal consistency. Results: A four-factor structure was found with an eigenvalue >1, explaining 76.6% of the total variance. The final version of the PTG-FIRSF consisted of four factors with 21 items on a 6-point Likert scale:redefining of life's meaning (6 items), discovery of meaningful work (5 items), deepened interpersonalrelationships (5 items), and growth in self-perception (5 items). The convergent validity and discriminantvalidity were established, and the criterion validity was confirmed by significant correlationsbetween the PTG inventory-extended and PTG-FIRSF. Regarding known-group validity, the scores of“moderate and high level of PTG group” and “low level of PTG group” were significantly different in alldomains. The reliability of the scale, measured by Cronbach α was .96. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the PTG-FIRSF could be a valid, reliable, and user-friendlymeasurement to evaluate the PTG of firefighters. The PTG-FIRSF can be useful for developing variousPTG programs and evaluating the effectiveness of interventions.

Purpose: This study had two objectives: 1) to develop a scale for the process of exercise engagement (SPEE) for prediabetic individuals (PDIs); 2) to validate a structural model for the process of exercise engagement for PDIs. Methods: A cross-sectional survey with simple random sampling was conducted from September 2013 to December 2015 (in Taiwan). A total of 310 PDIs were enrolled for scale development and model validation via item analysis, factor analyses, and structural equation modeling. The Kuo model was used as the basis for developing the Chinese version of the SPEE for PDIs. Results: The SPEE contains five subscales with a total of twenty-one items that account for 54.9% to 65.9% of the total variance explained for assessing participants' process of engagement during exercise. For Kuo model validation, the model measures indicated goodness of fit between the Kuo model and sample data. Analysis further revealed a direct effect between the creating health blueprints (CHB) stage and the spontaneous regular exercise (SRE) stage (β=.60). Conclusion: The SPEE includes five subscales for assessing the psychological transition and behavioral expression at each stage of the process of exercise engagement for PDIs. The SPEE for people with prediabetes provides deeper insights into the factors of behavioral change stages that are required to initiate long-term health care outcomes and avoid developing diabetes. These insights are significant as they allow for patient-specific mapping and behavior modification to effect exercise.

Purpose End-of-life caregiving experiences can be complex. Family members experience physical and mental suffering as they anticipate their impending loss. Healthcare providers should be able to provide good quality of end-of-life (EOL) care and support for primary EOL caregivers. Studies have highlighted the role of healthcare providers providing information in the EOL situation to caregivers of chronic disease patients. This has resulted in the development of the End-of-life Caregiving Experience Appraisal Scale (EOLCAS) presented in this paper. The purposes of this study were to develop a scale that can evaluate the experiences of EOL caregivers, and to test the reliability and validity of this scale. Methods The scale domains were derived from systematic review of 35 relevant studies. We then examined its content validity with nurse scholars and clinicians using content validity index. To examine construct validity, a total of 175 caregivers from tertiary hospital setting in Korea participated in this study from December 2007 to May 2008. For the construct validity, factor analysis was utilized. Results The scale was composed of 32 items with four subscales: two negative appraisals (physical suffering and burden), one positive appraisal (maturation), and one neutral appraisal (social support pursuit). In this sample, the Cronbach’s alpha for the entire scale was .84 indicating adequate reliability. However,Cronbach’s alpha of subscales was varied. Conclusion Nurses and other healthcare professionals could use the EOLCAS to assess the experiences of EOL caregivers to understand their experience in the EOL and enhance their quality of life although psychometrics of EOLCAS shows limited findings. [Asian Nursing Research 2010;4(1):1?9]

Purpose: This study developed a resilience scale for kidney transplantation (RS-KTPL) and assessed its reliability and validity. Methods: During the tool development phase, the concept of resilience in 10 patients who had undergone a kidney transplant was analyzed by integrating results from the theoretical and field research stages. Initial tool items were then derived. These items underwent content validity verification, item review, and a preliminary survey. The validation phase involved two main surveys, conducted using the preliminary 59 items derived from the development phase for data gathering. The first survey had 266 participants, and the second had 205 participants. Using the collected data, the structural validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity, criterion validity, and reliability of the tool items were verified, ultimately establishing the final items. Results: The RS-KTPL comprises six factors with 27 items confirmed through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on a 4-point Likert scale: positive thought transition through recovery belief, supportive relationships with others, self-awareness of negative psychological reactions, physical health control, homeostasis control, and supportive relationships with medical staff. The cumulative explanation of the tool was 50.71%. The model fit of the RS-KTPL was represented as follows: GFI 0.88, CFI 0.93, TLI 0.91, RMSEA 0.04, and SRMRI 0.06. Convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity were also secured. The reliability of the tool, measured by Cronbach α was 0.87. Conclusions: The RS-KTPL can be used to identify the level of resilience in patients who have undergone a kidney transplant, enabling them to recognize their strengths and areas of improvement for enhanced resilience. This tool can be applied in clinical nursing practices to comprehensively assess the resilience of patients with a kidney transplant, providing direction for nursing intervention plans to enhance patient resilience.

Objective To develop and validate a scale to assess people’s attitudes and perspectives toward persons with disabilities. Methods The three-stage development of the scale included a preliminary version drafted from the literature review and a nominal group process. Thereafter, the draft was examined further and revised through two rounds of Delphi survey by 16 disability experts. Lastly, the psychometric properties of the scale were assessed through an online survey of 1,359 employees at three university hospitals. Results A 32-item scale, defined after two Delphi surveys, was refined into 14 items with four subcategories: community integration, discomfort, charitability, and sense of burdening. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.839 and domain reliability from 0.638 to 0.845. Recent education on disabilities yielded more positive attitudes toward persons with disabilities. Meaningful acquaintances with disabilities yielded more positive attitudes toward persons with disabilities. Conclusion This newly developed scale that measures attitudes toward persons with disability is reliable and valid. A future use of the scale could be to measure attitudinal improvements toward persons with disabilities after awareness education.

Purpose This study aimed at developing a happiness assessment scale for middle-aged women (HAS-MW) in Korea. Methods Preliminary items for the scale were drafted from the results of literature review and personal interviews and open-ended questions with women in the community. The interviews were based on the theory of existence, relatedness, and growth. After validating a preliminary scale, we analyzed the validity and reliability of the new scale items, and model fit. We surveyed 600 women aged 40 years to 64 years for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Valid data were divided into 352 for EFA and 174 for CFA by multiplies of number 1 to 3. Results Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, we extracted four primary factors?self-value, positive thinking, self-care, and family relationship?and with a total of 24 items for HAS-MW. The fit of the final model was evaluated as good showing χ2/df = 2.10, goodness of fit index = .80, comparative fit index = .85, root mean square error of approximation = .08, standardized root mean residual = .05. The HAS-MW had a significant positive correlation with the Oxford Happiness scale and showed a significant negative correlation with the Hwa-Byeong Scale. Cronbach's α for the new scale was .91, and the Spearman-Brown half coefficient was .93. The new scale used a five-point Likert scale with higher scores indicating greater happiness. Conclusion The HAS-MW is a reliable and valid one. It can be used to measure the level of happiness for middle-aged women. In addition, it might be applied to find low women and to evaluate the effect of intervention program related to happiness in woman of middle age.

Purpose: The Maternal Role Attainment Scale Form B (MRAS-Form B) was developed based on Mercer's theory and widely used to assess maternal role attainment among Thai mothers in hospitals. To assess the maternal identity among primiparous adolescent mothers in communities, MRAS-Form B remains indistinguishable due to differences in both mothers' ages and circumstances andwas modified to the Maternal Identity Scale (MIS). Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of the MIS. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 397 primiparous Thai teenagers residing with their infants aged 4e12 months. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to confirm the construct validity using Mplus Software. Results: The overall model provided fit well to the empirical data (c2/df = 2.23, comparative fit index = .93, TuckereLewis index = .92, root mean square error of approximation = .06, standardized root mean square residual = .05). About 33e66% of the variance among MIS items could be explained by three constructs of maternal identity. Convergent validity showed item loadings ranging from .58 to .81; in addition, average variance extracted and composite reliability ranged from .44 to .54 and .82 to .92, respectively. Discriminant validity correlations between constructs were ranging from .74 to .87. The MIS exhibited very good item discrimination values (.52 ≤ corrected item-total correlation ≤.70) and an excellent reliability (Cronbach's a = .95). Conclusion: Appropriately for community health nursing, the MIS was a valid and reliable tool, assessing maternal identity among primiparous teenage mothers one year after delivery.

Purpose: Decisional conflict is a significant and important barrier in end-of-life care planning, and it is often encountered in health professionals' discussions with patients and their families. Little is known about the measurement of decisional conflict, and existing measures are not suitable for all contexts. In this study, psychometric properties of the Decisional Conflict Scale, which was translated for the first time into Korean [Korean version of DCS (K-DCS)], were examined. Methods: A sample of 273 community-dwelling elders was surveyed (mean age: 77.26 years; 80.2% women). Internal consistency reliability and stability reliability were tested by calculating Cronbach a and Pearson's correlation coefficients. Exploratory factor analysis and logistic regression analyses were performed to test validity. Results: Reliability of the K-DCS was acceptable with Cronbach a =.87; test-retest correlation r = .76. Factor analysis showed a two-factor structure with nine items: informed/values clarity and uncertainty. Concordance between K-DCS and the four treatment directives was significant (kappa values .78). Controlling for age and gender, those with decision implementation were more likely to implement their decisions on tube feeding (odds ratio = 5.15, p = .033) and hospice care (odds ratio = 2.83, p = .017). Conclusion: The K-DCS appears to be a valid measure to evaluate decisional conflict about advance directives in community-dwelling Korean older adults. Further validation of the K-DCS is warranted, though caution should be exercised in using subscales because of differences in decisional contexts.

The current study attempted to validate the Almost Perfect Scale-Revised (APS-R; Slaney, Rice, Mobley, & Trippi, 2001) with a sample of Korean college students. A robust statistical approach including confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and parallel analysis (PA) was utilized. As a result, the 3-factor structure of the APS-R (Discrepancy, High Standards, and Order) was retained with the deletion of four items from the original scale. The reliability estimates of the Korean version of the APS-R (K-APS-R) was examined by the internal consistency estimates and the stability over a 3-week period and was found to be adequate. The validity of the scale was examined by the correlations between the K-APS-R and psychological adjustment (self-esteem, depression, and trait anxiety). Discussion focused on the comparison of the results of the current study with the findings from other cultures (e.g., African American college students, Hong Kong).

This study validated the Cyber Aggression in Relationships Scale (CARS), developed for measuring cyber intimate partner violence (IPV) experiences, in a Korean context. Data were collected from 300 unmarried Korean adults, aged 19 to 39, who had been in intimate relationships for at least six months. An item analysis was conducted on all 34 items. This 34-item scale was included in reliability testing, item factor analysis (IFA), and convergent validity assessments. The results of IFA and scaled chi-square difference tests indicated the three-factor models showed better fit indices for both perpetration and victimization. Furthermore, the CARS-K showed appropriate internal consistency as well as convergent validity. These findings confirm that the CARS-K is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing cyber IPV.

Objective To determine the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised (K-CRSR) for evaluation of patients with a severe brain lesion. Methods With permission from Giacino, the developer of the Coma Recovery Scale Revised (CRSR), the scale was translated into Korean and back-translated into English by a Korean physiatrist highly proficient in English, and then verified by the original developer. Adult patients with a severe brain lesion following traumatic brain injury, stroke, or hypoxic brain injury were examined. To assess the inter-rater reliability, all patients were tested with K-CRSR by two physiatrists individually. To determine intra-rater reliability, the same test was re-administered by the same physiatrists after three days. Results Inter-rater reliability (κ=0.929, p<0.01) and intra-rater reliability (κ=0.938, p<0.01) were both high for total K-CRSR scores. Inter- and intra-rater agreement rates were very high (94.9% and 97.4%, respectively). The total K-CRSR score was significantly correlated with K-GCS (r=0.894, p<0.01), demonstrating sufficient concurrent validity. Conclusion K-CRSR is a reliable and valid instrument for the assessment of patients with brain injury by trained physiatrists. This scale is useful in differentiating patients in minimally conscious state from those in vegetative state.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to develop an interprofessional collaboration (IPC) scale for home health care for frail elderly. Methods The first items of the IPC scale included collaboration members' attitudes, awareness, motivation, team strength, communication, relationships, information, care recipients' interests, effects, development, utilization of social resources, contributions to the community, and crisis management. The subjects were 512 care managers who work in home care support offices across Japan. They manage interprofessional collaboration in home health care for frail elderly who need care at 65 years old and above. The scale's construct validity, internal consistency, the validity of known groups, concurrent validity, and test-retest reliability (193 subjects) were examined. Results The final IPC scale's items consisted of four factors (37 items): the strength of interprofessional teams (16), the management of collaborative systems (7), effects of collaboration (8), and communication (6). Four factors explained 58.6% of the total explained variance. The modified model fit of the scale achieved acceptable levels. The Cronbach's α coefficient for all items was .97. The sum of communication factor in the cities/wards group was lower than those in the towns/villages group. There were differences between the sum and each factor with different levels of ease to collaborate. The intraclass correlation coefficient for all items in the first and second assessments was .875. Conclusions The validity and reliability of the IPC scale have been verified. This scale can be used to assess the IPC for home health care for frail elderly.

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Purpose: This study aims to develop a pediatric fall risk assessment scale and examine its validity and reliability. Methods: The study was conducted in two phases. First, we developed a preliminary fall risk assessment scale based on a literature review and an evaluation by 10 expert panels. Second, we tested the validity and reliability of the scale through in a retrospective case-control study. The dataset included 102 reported falls and 306 non-falls in one hospital over approximately 9 years (2005~2014). We performed a conditional logistic regression analysis to determine significance and predictability and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to test the validity of the scale’s final version. Results: The pediatric fall risk assessment scale included five factors: age, level of consciousness, gait ability, medication, and use of equipment. The area under the curve of the ROC was .75 (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: .70~.80; p<.001) at the time of hospital admission and .76 (95% CI: .70~81; p<.001) within 24 hours of a fall. The scale had high inter-rater reliability, with kappa values ranging from 0.89 to 1.00. Conclusion: We developed a fall risk assessment scale with high reliability and validity through a systematic process by accurately predicting the risk of falls among pediatric inpatients to reduce fall incidence rates.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop a self-control competency scale for school-aged children and to confirm its reliability and validity. Methods: This study involved methodological research to verify the reliability and validity of a self-control competency scale for school-aged children. Data were collected from 438 students in the fifth and sixth grades of elementary school. Results: The self-control competency scale was composed of 13 items and six subscales (control of relationship with one's teacher, problem-solving, peer empathy, control of relationships with one's peers, impulse control, and emotional control). The internal consistency reliability of the scale was evaluated using Cronbach's ?, which was .83 for the entire scale and ranged from .65 to .76 for the subscales. The model of six subscales was validated by CFA (CMIN/df=1.977; p<.001, GFI=.94, SRMR=.050, RMSEA=.065, IFI=.95, TLI=.93, CFI=.95). Concurrent validity was evaluated by comparing this scale to the scale developed by Nam and Ok (2000), and a significant correlation was found (r=.82, p<.001). On this scale, higher scores indicate higher levels of self-control among late-school-aged children. Conclusion: This scale can be used as a valid and reliable instrument for examining self-control competency among late-school-aged children.