Earticle

본 연구는 노년기 우울과 자살생각의 관계에서 대인관계 변인이 미치는 영향이 전기 노인(65-74세)과 후기 노인(75세 이상)에 따라 차이가 있는지를 알아보는 것을 주요 목적으로 하였다. 먼저 자살에 대한 대인관 계-심리학적 이론에 근거하여 좌절된 소속감과 짐이 되는 느낌이 노년기 우울과 자살생각의 관계를 조절 하는 위험요인이 될 것이라 가정하였고, 한국문화 특성을 고려하여 가족책임 및 자녀걱정으로 인한 삶의 이유가 노년기 우울과 자살생각의 관계를 완충시키는 보호요인이 될 것이라 가정하였다. 본 연구는 지역사 회 노인 2,000명을 대상으로 실시한 춘천노인생활 실태조사 패널 1차 년도 자료를 사용하여 실시되었다. 본 연구에서는 자살행동척도(DSI-SS)를 사용하여 지난 2주 동안의 자살생각 수준을 측정하였다. 또한 한국 판 노인우울 단축형 척도(SGDS), 개정판 대인관계 욕구 질문지(INQ-R), 노인판 삶의 이유 척도(RFL-OA)를 사용하여 우울, 좌절된 소속감, 짐이 되는 느낌과 가족책임 및 자녀걱정과 관련된 삶의 이유를 측정하였다. 위계적 회귀분석 결과, 우울과 자살생각의 관계에서 좌절된 소속감과 짐이 되는 느낌, 그리고 가족책임 및 자녀걱정과 관련된 삶의 이유의 조절효과가 모두 유의하였다. 하지만 후기 노인에 비해 전기 노인에서 짐이 되는 느낌과 가족책임 및 자녀걱정으로 인한 삶의 이유의 조절효과가 더 크게 나타났다. 반면, 좌절된 소속 감의 조절효과는 전기 노인과 후기 노인 간 유의한 차이가 없었다. 본 연구의 결과는 노인의 자살생각 감소 를 위한 심리사회적 개입에 있어 노년기 생애 주기에 따른 차별적인 접근이 필요하다는 점을 시사한다.

The goal of this study was to examine the moderating effects of interpersonal variables in the association between depression and suicidal ideation in older adults, and further to examine whether the moderating effect would differ by the age groups, young-old (65-74 years old) and old-old (75 years old and above) older adults. Based on the interpersonal-psychological theory and Korean culture, it was hypothesized that thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness were risk factors, and reasons for living related to family was a protective factor that moderate the relationship between depression and suicidal ideation. A community sample of 2,000 older adults were recruited from Chuncheon, a mid-size city in Korea. The Depressive Symptom Inventory-Suicidality Subscale (DSI-SS) was used to assess suicidal ideation during the past two-week. Participants also completed the Geriatric Depression Scale (SGDS), Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire Revised (INQ-R), and a subscale of the Reasons for Living Scale-Older Adult Version　 (RFL-OA) to assess depression, thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and reasons for living related to family responsibility. The results of the study supported the moderating effect of thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and family-related reasons for living in the relationship between depression and suicidal ideation. Moreover, the moderating effects of perceived burdensomeness and family-related reasons for living were stronger among the young-old group compared to the old-old group. However, there was no significant group difference in the moderating effect of thwarted belongingness. These results suggest the need for differential psychosocial intervention approach in suicide prevention for young-old and old-old older adults.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 뇌졸중 환자의 우울, 재활동기, 일상생활동작과 삶의 질 간의 상관관계를 종합적으로 파악하여 재활에 관여하는 작업치료사들에게 뇌졸중 환자의 삶의 질을 향상시킬 수 있는 임상적 개입방향을 제시하는데 도움을 주고자 하는데 있다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 2008년 6월 7일부터 2008년 8월 1일까지 14개 종합병원, 2개 재활전문병원, 1개 장애인종합복지관의 MMSE-K 24점 이상인 뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 설문지(BDI, 장애인의 재활동기 측정도구, MBI, SS-QOL)를 이용해 자료를 수집하였으며 총 123부를 최종적으로 분석하였다. 결과 : 우울과 삶의 질은 유의미한 높은 음의 상관관계(p<.001)를 보였으며, 일상생활동작과 삶의 질은 유의미한 양의 상관관계(p<.001)를 보였다. 삶의 질에 영향을 미치는 변수로는 우울(p<.001)과 일상생활동작(p<.001) 그리고 인구사회학적 변인 중에서 월수입(p<.05)이었으며 이들 변수는 삶의 질을 47.9% 설명하였다. 결론 : 뇌졸중 환자의 삶의 질 향상을 위하여 뇌졸중 환자의 재활에 있어서 급성기로부터 우울과 불안 등의 심리적, 정서적 문제를 정기적으로 확인, 조기에 발견하여 개입함으로써 삶의 질에 부정적으로 영향을 미치는 요소를 제거하는 노력을 기울여야 한다. 또한 일방적인 경제적 지원이 아니라 직업재활의 기회를 마련해 줄 수 있는 다양한 프로그램을 제공해 준다면 이들의 삶의 질은 더욱 높아질 것이다.

Objective : The purpose of this study is to analyze the correlation between depression, motivation for re-habilitation, Activities of Daily Living (ADL), and quality of life in stroke patients, and to improve their quality of life by providing clinical intervention technigues for staff members assisting stroke patients in the fields of medicine and social welfare. Methods : This investigation was performed using 123 stroke patients who obtained 24 points and above on an MMSE-K: some of them were being hospitalized or treated as outpatients at 14 general hospitals, 2 rehabilitation hospitals, or 1 community rehabilitation center. In order to measure their depression, moti-vation for rehabilitation, activities of daily living, and quality of life, the researcher used BDI, an instru-ment to measure diabled patient's motivation for rehabilitation, as well as an MBI and SS-QOL. Results : The quality of life of stroke patients was negatively correlated with their depression (p<.001) and positively correlated with their ADL (p<.001). Among the sociological characteristics of the population, the factors affecting their quality of life were depression (p<.001), ADL (p<.001), and monthly income (p<.05). These variables explained 47.9% of the aspects of their quality of life. Conclusion : These findings suggest the following alternatives to improve the quality of life of stroke patients. Early diagnosis and intervention in psychological and emotional problems such as depression and anxiety are necessary for their rehabilitation after their first stroke, and thus we need to make an effort to eliminate negative factors in their reuality of life. Also, practitioners need to provide the opportunity for vocational rehabilitation for their patients. These support methods can provide various programs that will help patients create a secondary goal-directed and intrinsic motivation for themselves.

The purpose of this study is to compare the discourse function of English relative pronouns used in ‘news report’ and ‘editorial’ of newspaper. It is assumed that these different registers in newspaper deliver different purpose of discourse respectively. Therefore, it is possible to hypothesize that relative pronouns appearing in newspaper can show different discourse function depending on its discourse purpose. To get this goal, 266 relative pronouns in ‘news report’ and 265 relative pronouns in ‘editorial’ were collected. They are also classified by the types of OS, OO, SS, SO and by restrictive or non-restrictive usage in order to identify discourse functions. The results showed that both ‘news report’ and ‘editorial’ have common characteristics such as the preference of 4 types of relative pronoun and more dominant using of restrictive usage. It is because cognitive language processing ability and discourse functions are applied in most of our language registers. The findings of the study also indicate that different preference of certain type of relative pronouns between ‘news report’ and ‘editorial’ is derived from realizing distinctive discourse purpose. The findings in this study are believed to improve our understanding on specific relative pronouns used in order to reflect discourse functions in accordance with discourse purpose.

재모바일동영상광고시장이급속도로성장하는이유는 소비자들 모바일기기의기존고정미디어의롱폼동영상콘텐 츠에서 숏폼 동영상 콘텐츠로 점차 이동했다. 이에 본 연구는 숏폼 광고 길이에 따른 소비자가 지각하는 정보성, 창의성, 매 력의차이를파악하는것이다. 기업이소비자가선호하는광고 길이를 이해하여 효과적인 마케팅 전략을 수립하는데 기여하 는것을 목표로한다. 본논문은 2020년 글로벌스마트폰브랜 드순위에 따라상위3개 휴대폰브랜드(삼성, 애플, 화웨이)홍 보용 숏폼 광고를 연구대상으로 선정하였다. 구체적인 연구방 법은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 숏폼의 개념과 숏폼 비디오의 콘텐츠 유형 정리했다. 둘째, 선행연구를 통해 사용자 반응의 요소를 정리하고 분석 기준을 채택했다. 셋째, 연구대상을 소개하고 숏폼 광고의 길이(15s, 30s, 60+s)에 따라 세 가지 특성(정보 성, 창의성, 매력성)에 대해 102명수용자의 선호도 조사를 실 시한다. 넷째, SPSS 23.0을 사용하여 빈도와 평균값, 일원 분 산분석 등회귀분석을실시하였다. 연구결과는 다음과같이요 약된다. 정보성, 창의성, 매력성에 대한 응답자의 반응은 15초 와 30초 비디오에서 높은 수준으로 나타났고, 60초 이상의 경 우 낮게 나타났다. 즉, 소비자들은 창의적인 동영상 콘텐츠를 통해 짧은 시간에 적은 정보를 받아들이는 것을 선호한다.

The mobile video advertising market is growing rapi dly as consumers gradually switch from long-form vi deo content to short-form video content from existin g fixed media on mobile devices. Accordingly, this stu dy aims to determine the differences in informativene ss, creativity, and attractiveness perceived by consu mers depending on the length of short-form ads. The goal is to help companies establish effective marketin g strategies by understanding the advertising length preferred by consumers. This paper selected short-fo rm ads to promote the top three mobile phone brands (Samsung, Apple, and Huawei) according to the 2020 global smart phone brand rankings as the research o bject. The specific research methods are as follows. First, the concept of short form and the content type s of short form videos were summarized. Second, we organized the elements of user responses through pri or research and adopted analysis standards. Third, w e introduce the research subject and conduct a prefe rence survey of 102 recipients on three characteristic s (informativeness, creativity, and attractiveness) dep ending on the length of short-form ads (15s, 30s, 60+ s). Fourth, regression analysis including frequency, mean value, and one-way analysis of variance was co nducted using SPSS 23.0. The research results are su mmarized as follows. Respondents' responses to infor mativeness, creativity, and attractiveness were high f or videos lasting 15s and 30s, and low for videos long er than 60s. In other words, consumers prefer to abs orb less information in a short period of time throug h creative video content.

The goal of this study was to screen and characterize the physiological functions of Korean traditional wines (TW) and liquors (TL). Forty-two TW and TL were collected and evaluated for quality and cardiovascular activities. Ethanol content ranged from 9.0%~41%, and pH ranged from 3.0~7.8, and they also contained 0.01% to 0.67% of total acid. Samples contained a maximum of 2.0% of crude protein and 0.1%~14.0% of reducing sugar. Commercial CM-wine showed the highest antihypertensive angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, 85.9%. The greatest fibrinolytic activity and platelet aggregation inhibitory activity were also found in commercial CM-wine (31.8U) and commercial SS2-wine (38.6 %), respectively. Commercial SHBI-liquor showed the highest HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity, 78%. The ACE inhibitor from commercial CM-wine was a peptide compound and also showed an antihypertensive effect in spontaneous hypertensive rats at a dosage of 1.5 mg/kg.

목적: 일차성 쇼그렌증후군은 귀밑샘 및 턱밑샘의 구조적 변화가 발생하는데 이러한 침샘 침범을 증명하기 위한 방법으로 침샘 초음파의 유용성을 알아보고자 하였다. 또한 초음파 소견에서 침샘 실질 이상 소견의 정도와 쇼그렌증후군에서 보일 수 있는 여러 가지 임상 현상들과의 상관관계를 분석하고자 하였다. 방법: 일차성 쇼그렌증후군이면서 항 Ro/SS-A 항체 양성인 30명의 환자군과 일차성 쇼그렌증후군의 증거가 없는 30명의 대조군 환자들을 대상으로 양쪽의 귀밑샘 및 턱밑샘 초음파를 시행하였다. 침샘 실질 불균등성의 초음파 소견은 침샘 후경계의 불분명화, 다발성으로 보이는 고에코의 띠 그리고 다발성 저에코 영역으로 정의하였고, 4단계로 나누었다. 또한 환자군은 항 Ro/SS-A 항체의 역가, 백혈구 수치, 건빵 검사에서의 건빵 용해 시간, 셔머 검사에서 양안의 눈물량과 자극하지 않은 상태에서 침유속량을 침샘 초음파의 실질 불균등성 정도와 비교하였다. 결과: 귀밑샘의 실질 불균등성은 일차성 쇼그렌증후군의 83.3%에서 발견되었으나 대조군에서는 6.7%에서만 보였고 턱밑샘에서는 환자군의 80%와 대조군의 6.7%에서 관찰되었다. 귀밑샘에서 실질 불균등성의 민감도와 특이도는 83.3%와 93.3%이고 턱밑샘에서는 각각 80%와 93.3%였다. 그리고 실질 불균등성 단계의 증가와 쇼그렌증후군의 진단(p-value< 0.001) 또는 건빵 검사에서 건빵 용해 시간과의 유의한 연관성이 있었으나 항 Ro/SS-A 항체 역가와의 연관성은 관찰되지 않았다. 또한 초음파 소견에서 침샘 실질 불균등성에 대한 검사자와 관찰자간의 높은 일치도를 보였다(귀밑샘: κ= 0.859, 턱밑샘: κ=0.837). 결론: 침샘 초음파는 침샘 실질의 구조적 이상을 잘 관찰할 수 있어서 일차성 쇼그렌증후군의 진단 보조 및 질환의 추적 그리고 침샘 손상의 정도를 파악하는 도구로 매우 유용할 것으로 생각된다.

Background/Aims: This study sought to evaluate the diagnostic value of salivary gland ultrasonography in primary Sjogren’s syndrome with anti-Ro/SS-A antibody. The secondary goal was to assess the relationship between the grade of parenchymal inhomogeneity and the anti-Ro/SS-A antibody titer or clinical manifestations. Methods: The parotid and submandibular glands were examined ultrasonographically in 30 patients having primary Sjogren’s syndrome with anti-Ro/SS-A antibody and 30 control subjects with no evidence of Sjogren’s syndrome. The ultrasonographic definition of parenchymal inhomogeneity of the salivary glands was blurred glandular borders, multiple hyperechoic bands, and hypoechoic areas. The parenchymal inhomogeneity of the glands was categorized into four grades. Results: Parenchymal inhomogeneity of the parotid gland was seen in 25 (83.3%) patients with primary Sjogren’s syndrome and 2 (6.7%) control subjects. Of these cases, the submandibular gland showed parenchymal inhomogeneity in 24 (80%) patients with primary Sjogren’s syndrome and 2 (6.7%) control subjects. The sensitivity and specificity of parenchymal inhomogeneity of the parotid gland were 83.3% and 93.3%, respectively, and 80% and 93.3% for the submandibular gland. The grade of ultrasonographic parenchymal inhomogeneity was related to a diagnosis of Sjogren’s syndrome (p<0.001) and the time of dissolution of the wafer, but had no relationship with the anti-Ro/SS-A antibody titer. A high degree of interobserver agreement was found in the assessment of parenchymal abnormalities of the salivary gland (parotid gland: κ=0.859; submandibular gland: κ=0.837). Conclusions: Salivary gland ultrasonography is a useful method for visualizing glandular structural changes and making a diagnosis of primary Sjogren’s syndrome.

본 연구에서는 변동적인 특성을 지닌 자료 분석에 효과적인 확률, 통계기법을 도입하여, 하수처리장의 처리효율을 분석하고 그 결과를 설계에 반영할 수 있는 방법을 제시하였다. 이를 위하여 3개 대상하수처리장의 유입수와 처리수 자료(BOD, COD, SS, TN, TP)를 대상으로 통계분석을 실시하였다. 유입수의 표준편차는 $9.7\sim34.9$ mg/L로 평균농도 대비 약 $16.7\sim54.7%$의 범위를 보였으며, BOD와 SS가 상대적으로 큰 편차를 보였다. 처리수는 전 항목에 걸쳐 표준편차 $0.28\sim4.48$ mg/L, 평균수질 대비 $13.9\sim125%$의 범위를 보였고, SS의 변동이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 각 처리장 처리수의 분포는 일정한 양상을 보이지 않았지만 BOD와 COD의 경우 전반적으로 정규분포 형태를, SS와 TN, TP는 대수정규분포에 근접한 형태를 나타냈으며, 오른쪽으로 치우친 경향을 나타내었다. 위와 같은 기본적인 통계처리 결과를 바탕으로 신뢰도 계수(coefficient of reliability, COR)를 도입하여 처리효율을 평가한 결과, 각 항목의 처리수질은 백분위 50% 수준에서 방류수 수질기준의 절반에 해당하는 농도를 보였으며, 모든 처리장에서 연간 방류수 수질기준 달성확률이 100%로 나타났다. 처리공정의 설계와 운전시 각 공정이 가지는 고유의 변동성을 반영하기 위해서는 성능결과를 객관화 할 수 있는 확률적 접근이 필요하며, 특히 방류수 수질기준에 대한 처리성능을 보다 과학적으로 평가하기 위해서는 신뢰성계수를 도입하여 기준달성의 신뢰성을 분석하는 것이 적절할 것으로 판단되었다.

Statistical and probabilistic method was used in the analysis of data, which is the most effective one in describing the various natures, and the methodology relating the results with the design was developed. Influents and effluents of three treatment plants were analyzed and the focus was made on BOD, COD, SS, IN, TP The fluctuations of influent such as BOD, COD, SS were extremely large and their standard deviations(st.dev) were more than 10 mg/L. but those of TN, TP were small; the st.dev was 6.6 mg/L for TN, 0.6 mg/L for TP, respectively. But, effluent concentration showed consistent pattern regardless of the influent fluctuations, the st.dev was ranged between 0.28 and 4.48 mg/L. Effluent distributional characteristics were as follows; BOD, COD were distributed normally, but SS, TN, and TP, log-normally; unsymmetric and skewed to the right. The coefficient of reliability(COR) based on the results of statistics of data was introduced to evaluate the process performance an4 to reflect the process performance to the process design. The coefficient of reliability relates the design value(the goal) with the standards and it can be used in operating treatment facilities under a certain reliability level and/or in evaluating the reliability of the treatment facilities on operation. Each treated water quality of effluent showed the half of water quality standards in the level of 50% percentile and all treatment plant was achieved 100% probability of water quality standards. It was concluded that the variability of the process performance should be reflected to the design procedure and the standards through the analysis based on the statistics and the probability.

In the traditional view the ultimate goal of !IÙssion was to build up the indigenous church which can stand itself carrying out seκ govercúng, self-propagating, self-supporting. For this reason the 버ree-self princip1e was considered the most crucial princip1e in !IÙSsion strategies. At 1east until 1950s there was almost no one who doubted or opposed the formula. Yet with the app끊rance of .Mìssio Dei concept -- which emphasizes the "wodd" instead of the "church"-- in the 1950s, 10ts of criticisms fell on the three-self princip1e which specially focused on indigenous church. Finally in these days the three-self princip1e seems to be considered an antique or use1ess concept not drawing any interest. This article started from the question why this change occurred and whether this kind of negative view toward the princip1e is pro따 or not. With the concern fìrst 1 invl뼈gated the major contents of the 버ree-self formula to find out the strengths and we와ffiesSes of the principle. πlen evaluating all the criticisms on the principles whether or not they are pro야r， 1 found out that it is hard to accept some criticisms though some are valid. on the contrary to the negative view on the principle, 1 recognized that the principle is st피 very useful with lots of strong points and wisdoms for effective church planting ministry in the ffilSSlon fìeld. of course, the three-self principle is not the perfeα fi11SS10n principle as all others are not either. 깐le principle is not the unique answer for solving problems in today’s mission either. In addition there might be some fi11SS10n fìelds where it is hard to apply this formula exactly. However, 1 recognized that the three-self principles is very effective in building up healthy churches. Some scholars in the liberal wing tend to see church planting in the ffilSslon fìeld as the act of imperialistic rnission. However, it is mψossible to think of mission without church, since having Christian faith without community is impossible. One of the most serious problems in m따ly mission fìelds today is the churches that rely only on fi11SS10naries. There are so many churches that cannot stand well without the help of fi11ss10naries though they started 10 - 20 years ago. The worse thing is that there is a high possibility that these churches would dose their doors or be changed to other purposed-building 얹sily as s∞n as fi11SS10narles 않.ve the place. Furthermore, since the church is fragile, so are the seminaries also. The churches cannot provide canclidates for future pastors to the seminaries due to the lack of people, and 바ewise the seminaries cannot send g∞d pastors to the church either. As a res버t of trus, as we can easily e한Ject， the vicious cycle is continued, and the people in the mission field getting relying on missionaries more and more. so the missionaries cannot leave the rrusslon field though there are thousands of places where the more urgent needs are existing. In our missionary enterprises, 외1 our resources and times are ωnited Considering the wide mission fields and the 야!Ople’s needs there, we cannot but evaluate the effectiveness of our missionary works. π1fee- self principles provides abundant ideas and gt피delines to the rrusslOnaries desiring to do effective mi띠stries in the rrusslon fields. If we refer to the three-self principles and try to apply the id않s drawn from the formula, our rrusslOnary works ’'would be much more effective in b띠lcling up churches that grow up strongly and transform their society faithfully.

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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify clusters of perfectionism with cluster analysis and to investigate differences of academic burnout and achievement goal orientation among clusters of medical students. Methods: The participants were a total of 221 students comprising 55 premedical course students, 166 medical course students. Data were collected from August 28 to September 9, 2015 by self-administered survey questionnaire. All scales used in this study as followed: Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (HFMPS), Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey (MBI-SS), 2×2 achievement goal orientation scale. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, cluster analysis and MANOVA using SPSS version 22.0. Results: Four groups were identified: non-perfectionism, socially-prescribed perfectionism, other-oriented perfectionism, typical perfectionism. The group of socially-prescribed perfectionism is higher than the group of non-perfectionism and typical perfectionism in academic burnout. Also, the group of typical perfectionism which are high in self-oriented perfectionism showed high mastery-approach goal and performance-approach goal. The group of socially-prescribed perfectionism showed high scores in mastery-avoidance goal and performance-avoidance goal. Conclusions: This study found that the group of having high self-oriented perfectionism showed high mastery-approach goal and performance-approach goal orientation whereas socially-prescribed perfectionism showed high mastery-avoidance goal and performance-avoidance goal orientation. This suggests the importance of educational intervention for students to set their own personal standards and strive for achievement in the way of what they want not of what others would probably want them.

하 폐수 처리장의 방류수 수질은 최종 침전지의 성능에 의해 직접적으로 영향을 받으므로 최종 침전지의 효율적 설계 및 운전은 하 폐수 처리에 소요되는 비용 절감과 더불어 수질보전을 위한 하수 정화의 목표를 달성할 수 있다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 장방형 최종 침전지의 성능 개선을 위하여 유입구 위치와 정류벽 설치에 따른 내부 유동특성 및 고형물질의 제거효율을 수치해석방법을 통해 평가하였다. 개발된 2차원 컴퓨터 프로그램은 방사성 추적자를 이용한 체재시간분포 곡선과의 비교를 통해 성공적으로 검증된 수치해석 모델로 수력학적 구조변경에 대한 침전지의 성능 예측을 가능하게 하였다. 최종 침전지의 유입구 위치는 낮을수록 침전지에 형성된 강력한 바닥흐름과 수표면 역흐름으로 나타나는 밀도류를 저감시켰으며 침강된 슬러지의 하류 이동을 감소시켰다. 최종 침전지 유입부에 설치된 정류벽은 유입수가 출구로 직접 흐르는 단락류를 방지하고 밀도 저류로 유입되도록 하여 방류수 수질을 향상시키나 유입구 위치가 낮은 경우에 설치된 정류벽은 오히려 방류수 수질을 떨어뜨리는 결과를 초래하였다. 결국 최종 침전지의 성능 개선을 위한 수력학적 구조변경 및 설계는 다양한 변수에 대한 조직적인 수치해석 연구가 필요하며 선행되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

The effluent quality is directly affected by the separation of biological solids in a final clarifier because the majority of discharged $BOD_5$ and SS are virtually dependent on the results of biological solids in the sedimentation tank effluent. If a final clarifier is effectively designed and operated, the desired goal of clarification for wastewater can be achieved together with the cost reduction in the treatment of wastewater. To this end flow characteristics and the removal efficiency of SS are numerically investigated especially by the change of the inlet position and the installation of baffle to improve the performance of a rectangular final clarifier. The 2-D computer program developed in a rectangular coordinates has been successfully validated against experimental residence time distribution(RTD) curves obtained by tracing radio-isotope. The lowering of the inlet position weakens the density current and induces the settling of SS in the front zone of a clarifier. Thus the decreased traveling distance of the sludge increases the removal efficiency of SS in the effluent. The inlet baffle installed in the front region of clarifier prevents the short circuiting flow and induces to flow into the dense underflow, which eventually improves the effluent quality. In the case of lower inlet position, however, installation of baffle results in degradation of effluent quality. Consequently it is strongly recommended that in-depth numerical study be performed in advance for optimizing a clarifier design and retrofitting to improve effluent quality in a final clarifier.

The goal of this study was to investigate age-related differences in processing relative clause sentences, using a self-paced reading paradigm. In this study, we used four types of Korean relative clauses (RCs): two types of subject RCs (SS and OS) and two types of object RCs (SO and OO). The results showed that compared with younger adults, older adults in general had much longer reading times, longer response times, and low accuracy in processing all types of relative clause sentences. Second, the results further showed that older adults had more difficulty in processing the OS-type and the OO-type RCs, which involved a garden-path effect, than the SS-type and SO-type RCs. These findings are consistent with the claim that older adults have greater difficulty processing syntactically complicated or ambiguous sentences. Therefore, we concluded that older adults’ greater difficulty in processing RCs was related with reduced cognitive resources

The goal of this paper is to investigate the trend of stream quality and the quality of water in Nakdong river by the method of factor analysis. It used the fourteen different monthly time series data such as pH, BOD, COD, SS, TN and etc. of the thirty four of Nakdong River measurement points from Jan. 1998 to Dec. 2006. The result of factor analysis is that the factor 1 results from organic water pollution is occupied 29.288% such as BOD, COD, TN and EC, and the factor 2 explained from sewage and a seasonal variation is occupied 16.467% such as SS.

The purpose of this study is to estimate the characteristics and pollutant loadings of non-point pollutants that flowed in the streams on precipitation for pollutant loading reduction of Hwa-sung lake inflow streams. Although it has been made an effort to improve the water quality of Hwa-sung basin through the strategies for the preservation of water quality, it is shown that the water quality is not greatly improved. Because it has been industrialized and urbanized near Hwa-sung basin so that it is difficult to reduce the water pollution due to the increase in pollutant loadings of point and non-point sources. In this study, it is investigated the outflow characteristics of non-point pollutants that discharged with storm runoff and estimated the effect of runoff on Hwa-sung basin. The final goal of this study is to utilize the basic information for proper management and strategies of non-point sources on Hwa-sung basin. At the result of inflow streams, Ja-an stream that has the greatest pollutant loadings on precipitation is strongly influenced on the water quantity of Hwa-sung basin. On the other hand, it is shown that Nam-yang stream is strongly influenced on the SS concentration of Hwasung basin among them. Also, all streams; Nam-yang, Ja-ahn, Ah-eun stream; has the degree of slope more than or near 1 in the correlation results so that they have strong pollutant loading impact and the concentration of SS is the highest among other pollutants. So, specific studies on initial rain phenomena are more necessary to manage the pollutants economically. Also, the proper control of SS concentration is required to manage the effluent pollutants effectively on precipitation. So, it is necessary to consider the strategies for non-point pollutants as well as point pollutants when the new management is imposed to reduce the pollutant load for improvement of Hwa-sung basin.

This study investigates mock-up test of the concrete containing crushed sands with improved quality and following could be draws as conclusions. The slump satisfies the target value. The air content reaches the goal, however, it decreases by the occurrence of loss with elagse of age. In normal strength region, the setting time of CS24 member is shorter than that of SS24 member. In high strength region, the setting time of SS50 member is make only slower than that of CS5O because of the use of retarding AE agent. The compressive strength of the concrete using crushed sands is little higher than the concrete using washed sea sands, and the compressive strength of core sample increases at lower part. Drying shrinkage of the concrete using crushed sands is larger than that using washed sea sands. At water caring condition, both the concrete using crushed sands and using washed sands expand at first, exhibit to be swelled and with elagse of age, they remain relatirely constant. Also, the drying shrinkage occurred greatly when the width and thickness of a member are small because it is easy to evaporate the inner part vapor in the small width and thickness of a member. there can be little different according to the location of a contact gauge, however it is similar to the change of specimen's length change. The concrete using crushed sands, of which grading, grain shape and fine particle is improved, are comparable to the quality of the concrete using washed sea sand.

본 연구의 목적은 미국 비밀경호국의 이중적 임무를 비판적으로 고찰하는 것에 있다. 비밀경호국에 이질적 임무가 부여된 것은 건국 초기 미국의 위조지폐 문제를 타개하기 위해 비밀경호과를 창설하였던 것에서부터 비롯되었다. 수사임무가 선행되었고 경호임무는 그 이후에 부여된 것이다. 그런데 완전무결성을 추구하는 경호의 속성을 충족하기 위해 이중임무의 병행은 조직에 부정적 요인으로 작용할 우려가 있다. 더욱이 근래 국제외교관계의 변화, 대통령위해보호법률에 의한 경호대상 증가 등의 영향으로 경호요원의 부족현상이 발생되고 있다. 부족한 경호인력은 다른 부처의 인력으로보충하기도 하는데 이는 경호실패를초래할 수 있는 위험성이 있다. 미 의회연구보고서에서도 비밀보호국의 이중임무 적합성에 대해 국토안보부 편제 등의 문제와 연계하여 회의적인 분석을 하고 있다. 비밀보호국의 인적, 물적 요소와 재무부로의 기능전환의 검토를 요구하기도 한다. 현재 비밀보호국의 이중 임무와 관련하여 바람직한 개선방향은 조사임무를 조직에서 분리하여 재무부로 이관하는 것이라 할 수 있다. 정부조직은 조직이익 보다는 국가적 이익이 우선 고려되어야 한다. 비밀경호국이 추구하는 궁극적인 목적을 상기하고 그에 적합한 조직형태로 전향하는 노력이 필요한 시점이다.

The purpose of this study is to critically review on the dual mission of the U.S. Secret Service. The special mission of the Secret Service was created to investigate the counterfeit money. The protection mission were added during the investigation mission was carried out. Double parallel mission can have a negative impact protection operations. Furthermore Secret Service agents were lacking because of recent changes in diplomatic relations, legislation of Presidential Threat Protection Act of 2000, national special security event. This supplement from other agencies, which may result in failure escort operations. US Congressional research report has been analyzed critically about double duty of SS. It may require the human and material elements and review of functional transition to the Treasury Agency. The preferred direction of SS mission is to remove the criminal investigation duties in the organization. Government organizations should be considered a priority national interests rather than profit organization. This is the time trying to drastically switch to an appropriate form of organization for the purposes of the Secret Service ultimate goal.

Statement of problem: Shade selection has traditionally been accomplished by visual examination, which is particularly relevant to the shade selection of anterior teeth, but the subjective nature of visual analysis can lead to errors in shade matching. Recently shade selection systems have been developed to provide a more objective and scientific approach to understanding and clarifying shade selection. Purpose : The purpose of this study was analysis of various shade analyzing equipment with the goal of providing a more objective shade selection. Materials and method: Visual shade matching system selection(Vita Lumin Vacuum shade guide, Vitapan 3D Master shade guide) and mechanical shade matching method($ShadeEye^{(R)}$-EX Chroma Meter, $Shadescan^{TM}$ System) used for this study. The shade guide tap specimens for 10 extracted maxillary anterior teeth were produced by selecting shades using each shade matching system. The accuracy of the selection of shades for the teeth and fabricated specimens were evaluated by analyzing the calculated shade difference(${\Delta}E^*$), using a spectrophotometer and calculating the output of value $L^*,\;a^*,\;b^*$. Results and conclusion: The results show that the average ${\{Delta}E^*$ value (difference of shade) of the shade tap specimens to the actual specimen decreased in the following order: Vita Lumin Vacuum Shade Guide(VL), $ShadeEye^{(R)}$-EX Chroma Meter(SE) Vitapan 3D Master Shade guide(V3), and $Shadescan^{TM}$ System(55) : and that there are significant statistical differences between the VL and SS (p<0.05). In the analysis of the ${\Delta}E^*$ (difference of shade) value,40% of the VL group was found to be less than 3.3 (limit value of shade tap specimens clinically acceptable), 60% in the V3 group, 50% in the SE group, and 80% in the SS group.

Objective: The objective of this study was to suggest a method through which load duration curve was used to assess the achievement of water quality targets in accordance with the criteria for pollutant load depending on flow rate variation. Methods: The stage-discharge curve and flow duration curve of Jungnang Stream were deduced. Using water quality targets and measurement of the stream, the flow duration curve was also drawn. Based on these, the feasibility of achievement of water quality targets in respect to flow rate was assessed. Results: In terms of the load duration curve of the stream, it was observed that excess of criteria for concentrations of $BOD_5$, $COD_{Mn}$ and SS frequently occurred. On the other hand, when the flow rate was low, the concentrations of T-N and T-P exceeded the criteria. Conclusions: Through the load duration curve, the overall water quality of Jungnang Stream was understood. When the flow rate is high, management of point source of $BOD_5$, $COD_{Mn}$ and SS is needed to achieve water quality targets for Jungnang Stream. On the other hand, when the flow rate is low, the management of non-point source T-N and T-P is necessary to attain the water quality goal.

This paper aims to discover the factors affecting the choice of relative pronoun that and which in terms of a cognitive and discourse functional aspect. To achieve the goal,we collected 264 relative clauses in which that and which appear in BNC1 corpus under the same conditions as follows: 1) non-human antecedents, 2) no preceding prepositions, and 3) restrictive usage. Our finding shows that SS type that appears much more frequently contrary to what Fox and Thompson (1990) asserted. Another finding is that if the structures of antecedents are complex such as [NP, NP] and [NP + PP], then which more often emerges. The results reveal that the choice of relative pronoun is closely associated with cognitive strategies which enable us to easily access to difficult and complex sentences.

인터넷은 기존 매체에 비해(TV, 라디오 등) 수용자의 능동적 선택이 중요한 역할을 하고 있어, 이용동기에 주목하는 이용과 충족 이론을 기반으로 하는 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 인터넷 이용도중 자신의 이용동기에 반하는 광고에 노출되었을 경우, 인터넷 이용자가 지각하는 침입성과 광고효과는 이용동기에 따라 달라질 수 있다. 최근, 주요 사업자인 네이버 등이 초기화면에 운영하는 마우스 오버 광고는 이용자가 마우스를 움직이는 과정에 커서가 배너광고 영역을 지나가면 광고 영역이 확장되어 노출 가능성을 높이고 있다. 본 연구는 마우스 오버 광고를 중심으로 인터넷 이용자가 원하지 않은 광고에 노출되었을 경우, 인터넷 이용동기가 광고효과에 미치는 영향을 분석하는데 있다. 인터넷 이용동기는 네 가지-‘사회교류 동기’, ‘정보이용 동기’, ‘여가이용 동기’, ‘현실도피 동기’-로 나타났 다. 인터넷 이용동기 중 ‘사회교류 동기’가 높아질수록 제품명을 기억할 가능성이 낮아지는 반면 ‘정보이용 동기’는 제품명 기억에 있어서 긍정적 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 한편 ‘정보이둉동기’는 광고가 다루고 있는 제품의 유형을 기억하는데 정(+)의 영향을 주었다. 그리고 ‘사회교류 동기’는 브랜드 태도에 긍정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다.

From the perspective of media usag e, the Internet media requires users’ own initiative compared to traditional media(such as TV, radio etc). For thi s reason, Uses and Gratification The ory provides a theoretical foundation for study on Internet media use. Whe n users are exposed to internet adver tisement involuntarily, the degree of perceived goal impediment that inter net users feel may depend on the Int ernet use motive. And the effectivene ss of banner advertisement, too. Recently, main internet portal sites, su ch as Naver, Daum, are running a mo use-over-ads, which expand and popup if the cursor passes area of adverti sement. This study which focuses on mouse-over-advertisement, aims to e xamine the motives of internet use an d then, to research the influences of internet use motives on the advertisin g effectiveness ?brand attitude, brand recall and product category recall-, wh en users are exposed involuntarily. The result shows all four factors - info rmation seeking, social transaction, e scape from reality and killing time an d habitual use- in the motivation of internet usage. The factor of informat ion seeking was found to have a posit ive effect on brand name recall and product category recall. And the soci al transaction motive has a positive effect on brand attitude, and a negati ve effect on brand name recall.

Purpose: To design novel balance tests to assess FAI and evaluate whether these tests are affected by BMI or gender, with the goal of developing reliable FAI assessment tests that are not influenced by these factors. Materials and Methods: Participants included 20 young, healthy volunteers, 12 males and 8 females, with a mean age of $24{\pm}4$ years and a mean BMI of $23{\pm}2.28$. None of the subjects had known ankle instability. The following tests were assessed in each participant: single leg balance (SLB), percentage of leg press (PLP), single leg cycling (SLC), one leg squat (OLS), multiple direction reach-front/back/side (MDR-F/B/S), single leg hop (SLH), two leg jump (TLJ) and side step (SS). Data were analyzed using the SPSS 12.0 software program with ANOVA and t-test used. Results: When grouped by BMI, we found that despite differences in BMI, the performances of all subjects were equivalent except for the one-leg-squat test, for which the mean ratios for underweight ($1.69{\pm}0$), normal weight ($1.05{\pm}0.19$), and overweight ($0.93{\pm}0.30$) individuals were significantly different (p=0.02); ratios for SLB (p=0.273), SLC (p=0.903), PLP (p=0.664), MDR-F/B/S (p=0.498, 0.908, and 0.503, respectively), SLH (p=0.332) were not significantly different. When calculated according to gender, we found that the OLS (p=0.013) and MDRS (p=0.034) were significantly different, while parameters for all the remaining tests were not affected. Conclusion: We found that the SLB, PLP, SLC, MDR-F/B, and SLH ratios were unaffected by BMI or sex and, therefore, are reliable parameters for assessing ankle instability.