Earticle

This study aims to empirically analyze the damage patterns of wooden architectural heritage affected by climate and environmental changes, providing fundamental data for preservation and management. Recent cases of cultural heritage damage caused by heavy rain and wind disasters indicate a strong correlation with climate change. In this study, approximately 80 types of damage terminology were classified through the analysis of regular and intensive inspection reports from the National Heritage Administration, identifying major damage types such as cracking, decay, and deformation. In addition, temperature and humidity sensors were installed on an outdoor wooden architectural model to measure environmental variations under real conditions. The results revealed significant differences in relative humidity and temperature depending on the building orientation and measurement position, even within the same site. Although the relative humidity under the eaves rose up to 85% at night, it remained lower overall than that of the north and south façades. Furthermore, the north and south sides exhibited a longer moisture absorption period—about six hours more than under the eaves—maintaining wood moisture content and thus providing more favorable conditions for fungal growth. These findings suggest that site conditions and physical factors critically influence the deterioration of wooden heritage buildings. This study is significant in presenting an integrated approach that combines damage-type classification with climate data–based environmental measurements.

Agricultural corrugated fiberboard packaging boxes frequently experience damage due to loading and unloading, vibration during transport, and shock by dynamic distribution condition change. This study was carried out to estimate effect of vibration during distribution process on compression strength of corrugated fiberboard boxes for agricultural products. In order to identify the degradation caused by vibration, after box packaging the agricultural products( tangerine or cucumber), the natural frequencies of the packaging boxes were measured by varying the relative humidity(50, 70 and 90%) at 25oC temperature. Various types of corrugated fiberboard boxes were packed with tangerines and cucumbers, and the PSD plot vibration tests were conducted by utilizing the actual vibration recording results of the Gyeongbu Expressway section between Seoul and Gimcheon. As a result of the experiment, the decrease in compression strength of the box was relatively low in DW-AB, and the decrease in compression strength of the SW-A 0201(RSC) type box was the highest at 20.49%. In particular, both SW-A and DW-AB showed low compression strength degradation rates for open folder type boxes. The moisture content varies depending on the type of the box or agricultural products, and the enclosed 0201(RSC) type box was generally higher than the open folder or bliss type box, which is believed to be the reason for the decrease in compression strength of RSC type box due to humidity. By the agricultural product, the percentage of decrease in compression strength of box packed with cucumbers was especially high.

Wood is one of the main materials of wooden building. Hanok also uses wood as its main component. Recently, Hanok continues to be built. Wood is affected by the climatic environment. The growth of decay bacteria is activated at more than 80% relative humidity. The microclimate environment and moisture content were measured for architectural cultural properties that have been maintained for a long time as a wooden building. The method analyzed the measured data by distinguishing between cloudy and sunny days. In the case of the old house, Anchae moisture content was higher than that of Sarangchae. This seems to be due to the narrow front yard or the planting of trees. The microclimate environment inside the house began to decrease in humidity from 8 am. According to the survey data, the relative humidity was less than 80% from 9 am when there was wind around 4-6 am. It appeared an hour earlier than in the absence of wind. As a result, the time interval for dehumidifying of wood was widened. Therefore, the wooden building is open to the front so there is airflow under the eaves during the daytime and wind in the morning appear to be alternatives in order to lower the moisture content.

본 연구는 국립공원 건강지수 개발을 위해 월악산국립공원 내 만수계곡을 연구대상지로 선정하였다. 측정 시기는 봄철로 실시하였으며, 강우 등에 의하여 측정기기의 훼손의 우려가 있거나 연구목적에 부합하기 않은 날은 제외하였다. 측정항목은 기상특성(기온, 상대습도, 풍속, 일사량)과 이온지수(양이온, 음이온)로, 고정측정방법을 이용 하여 실시하였다. 측정된 데이터는 일원배치분산분석을 통해 사후검정으로 Duncan's을 이용하였으며, 계곡의 시간에 따른 기상특성, 이온지수의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 기상특성의 경우 기온은 Case II 19.56oC, Case I 21.16oC, 상 대습도 Case II 19.04%, Case I 14.51%, 일사량 Case II 409.36 W/m2, Case I 477.47 W/m2, 풍속 Case II .77 m/s, Case I 1.01 m/s이였다. 양이온 발생량은 Case I 1128.09 ea/cm3, Case II 965.06 ea/cm3, 음이온 발생량의 경 우 Case I 1194.07 ea/cm3, Case II 1204.55 ea/cm3, 이온지수는 Case I 1.09, Case II 1.31로 Case II이 Case I보 다 0.22 높은 것으로 분석되었다. Case II와 Case I에서 음이온 발생량의 차이는 10.49로 분석되었지만, 이온지수로 산출한 결과 Case II에서 0.22 높은 것으로 분석되었다.

In this study, Mansu Valley in Wolaksan National Park was selected as a research site for the development of the national park health index. The timing of measurement was conducted in spring, except for days when rain could damage the measuring device or not meet the purpose of the research. The measurement are meteorological characteristics(temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, solar radiation) and ion index(positive ion, negative ion) and were performed using a fixed measurement method. The measured data used Duncan's as a follow-up test through oneway layout distribution analysis, and the correlation between meteorological characteristics and ion index was analyzed according to the time of the valley. For meteorological characteristics, temperatures were Case II 19.56°C, Case I 21.16°C, relative humidity Case II 19.04%, Case I 14.51%, solar radiation Case II 409.36 W/m2, Case I 477.47 W/m2, and wind speed Case II .77 m/s, Case I 1.01 m/s. positive ion is Case I 1128.09 ea/cm3, Case II 965.06 ea/cm3, negative ion is Case I 1194.07 ea/cm3, Case II 1204.55 ea/cm3, Ion index is Case I 1.09, Case II 1.31, Case II was analyzed to be 0.22 higher than Case I. The difference in the negative ion in Case II and Case I was analyzed to be 10.49, but the results of the ion index were 0.22 higher in Case II.

본 연구에서는 기상요소와 대기오염물질이 시정에 미치는 영향과 HSI색차법을 이용하여 시정을 산정하는 방법을 검 토하고자 하였다. 안양 지역에서 직접 목측을 실시하고, 서울, 인천, 수원의 자료와 비교 하였다. 이를 통해 안양지역의 시 정상태를 파악하여 시정과 기상인자 및 대기오염물질과의 상관관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 관측자료와 상호연계성 분석 을 통해 PM10과 상대습도가 시정에 중요한 결정인자라는 것을 알게 되었다. HSI 색성분에 대한 각각의 색차를 계산하기 위하여 색상, 채도, 명도를 이용한 색차법을 사용하였으며 HSI 색차법에 의해 산정된 시정값과 목측시정을 비교하였다. HSI를 이용한 색차 분석으로 시정값을 산정하여 비교해본 결과, 목측값과 동일한 양상으로 움직이는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 영상관측을 기반으로 한 HSI 색차법에 의한 시정 산정이 매우 유의함을 알 수 있었다.

In this research, I studied how the meteorological elements and air contaminants affect the visibility and how to calculate it using the HSI color difference method. I measured the visibility wih my own eyes in Anyang, and compared the results with the data collected in Seoul, Incheon and Suwon. By doing so, I tried to understand where the visibility of Anyang stands and how the visibility (of Anyang) is related to the meteorological elements and air contaminants. Through the observed information and the interrelation analysis, I found that PM10 and humidity has a great effect on visibility impairment. (Through Light Extinction Constant and computed formula) The method I took to calculate the color difference for each of HSI color components is a system color difference using hue, saturation and intensity. After the comparison analysis between the estimated visibility value and the visually measured value, I discovered both values agreed with each other. Therefore, I come to a conclusion that HSI color difference is very useful and accurate to compute visibility.

The objective of this study was evaluation of pig behavior changes related to temperature, relative humidity, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and illuminance. A total of 24 growing pigs ([Yorkshire × Landrace] × Duroc) were used in the experiment. A sensor was installed at a height of 0.5 m in the center of the pig house. In experiment 1, temperature was changed every four days to 18℃ (T1), 22℃ (T2), 26℃ (T3), and then 30℃ (T4). In experiment 2, relative humidity was adjusted to 45% (low humidity [LH]), 60% (middle humidity [MH]), and then 75% (high humidity [HH]) for four days. In experiment 3, after cleaning the pig house just before experiment, only minimal ventilation was provided. VOCs and pig behaviors were observed for 7 days without cleaning the pig house. In experiment 4, three light bulbs of 40 W (470 lumens / 45 lx; low illuminance [LI]), 75 W (1,055 lumens / 103 lx; middle illuminance [MI]), and 100 W (1,521 lumens / 146 lx; high illuminance [HI]) were used for four days each. Pig behavior analysis was performed for following criteria : Feed intake, Standing, Lying, Sitting, Drink water, Rooting, Posture transition (lying-standing), Posture transition (standing-lying), Wallowing, and Biting. In experiment 1, feed intake time was lower (p < 0.05) for the T3 than other treatment groups. Standing time was highest (p < 0.05) for the T1 and lowest (p < 0.05) for the T3. Lying time was shorter (p < 0.05) in T1 and T2 compared to T3 and T4. Drinking frequency was higher (p < 0.05) for the T4 than other treatment groups. In experiment 2, the frequency of rooting and wallowing increased (p < 0.05) with increasing humidity. LH showed the lowest (p < 0.05) rooting frequency and HH showed the highest (p < 0.05) rooting frequency. In experiment 3, VOCs concentration did not (p > 0.05) change pig behavior. In experiment 4, lying time was the longest (p < 0.05) at LI and shortest (p < 0.05) at HI. Therefore, pig behavior is heavily influenced by the environment, especially temperature and humidity. However, correlation between pig behavior to VOCs and illuminance seems to be needed more research.

Oak mushroom cultivated under different relative humidity was wrapped at 4°C and the results of storage characteristics were as follows. Changes in water content of fruiting body during storage period showed the highest water content in fruit bodies harvested at the treatment with the highest relative humidity. The luminosity value of the fresh part of fruiting bodies showed no significant change with the storage period, and the redness was higher in the Relative Humidity (RH) 95% treatment than in the other treatments, and the yellowness was higher in the storage period And the tendency to increase with the passage of time. The hardness of fruit bodies after harvest was lowered in all treatments with storage period, and the hardness of T1 and T2 was higher than the hardness of T3 during the whole storage period. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the treatments of fruit bodies after harvest tended to decrease with the storage period of all treatments. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the treatments of fruit bodies after harvest tended to decrease with the storage period of all treatments. In the RH 95% treatment, the concentration of carbon dioxide decreased drastically from the 10th day of storage compared to the other treatments, while the other treatments showed a gradual decrease in the relative humidity during cultivation. There was no significant difference in weight loss rate until 10th day of storage. However, from the 15th day of the storage period, T1 and T2, which had relatively low relative humidity during cultivation, were somewhat lower than T3. The weight loss rate increased with increasing storage period in all treatments. The fresh growth rate of T1 and T2 tended to increase with storage period. Result of freshness, freshness was lowered in the cultivation process than in the culture where the relative humidity was low. RH 65% and RH 80% were available for 30 days of storage, but RH 95% was not available for sale on the 30th day of storage and could be edible. As a result, it was concluded that high quality fruiting bodies could be harvested and the freshness maintenance period could be extended when the relative humidity was controlled to 80% or less during the cultivation.

This study was carried out to set up proper moisture content of substrate and relative humidity during fruit-body induction and growing period in oyster mushroom. The proper moisture content for mycelium incubation of Suhanneutari1ho was 65∼ 70% and that of Chunchu neutari2ho was 70%. at that condition, it took 13 days to finish spawn running and the yield of Suhanneutari1ho and Chunchuneutari2 ho were 2.36kg/0.2㎡, 2.44kg/0.2㎡ respectively. The higher relative humidity in growing room, the less moisture content in substrate and the higher relative humidity in growing room, the more moisture content in fruit body during the growing period. In Chunchuneutari2 ho, when the volume of 5 per days was put on the bed and relative humidity was keep about 90%, the yield was 2.35kg/0.2㎡. In Suhanneutari1 ho, the water supply on the bed, when relative humidity was keep about 90%, the yield was 2.29kg/0.2㎡

Paulownia coreana has various advantages as a convenient workability, aesthetic outlook, beautiful patterns, low weight and high strength, and its permeability. P. coreana has been widely used for storage but there are no empirical researches proving its functionality in a field of conservation science until now. In this study, the seasonal and daily temperature and relative humidity control, and microbe and insect repellent activity were evaluated under the controlled and uncontrolled circumstances from 2015 to 2016. The results showed to be mainly excellent in relative humidity control and the buffering effect was good to adjust the average daily relative humidity range from the outside. With respect to the antimicrobial properties of P. coreana, we observed that its water-soluble extract produced visible zones of inhibition against five bacteria. However, it was difficult to predict the antimicrobial and/or insecticidal properties.

본 연구의 목적은 대기오염물질(NO, NO2, SO2, CO, VOC) 측정에 사용되는 전기화학식 센서와 광이온화 센서에 대 한 온도 및 상대습도의 영향을 평가하고, 보다 신뢰할 수 있는 모니터링 데이터를 생산하기 위한 보정 방법을 제안하는 것이다. 각 물질에 대한 측정 센서는 네 가지 온도와 세 가지 상대습도 조건에서 테스트되었다. 온도와 상대습도 각 조건 에서 측정된 선형성은 우수하게 나타났으며 모든 센서에서 0.92~0.99의 결정계수를 나타냈다. 농도가 0인 조건에서 NO 와 일부 VOC 센서는 상대습도가 증가함에 따라 0의 기준선(절편)이 증가했다. 온도가 증가함에 따라 SO2 및 VOCM 센 서의 값(mv) 변화에 따른 가스 농도 증가율(기울기)은 증가하였고 CO 센서의 절편도 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 본 연 구에서는 각 대기오염물질별 센서 교정에 기울기와 절편이 활용되었으며, 이를 토대로 한 관계식을 도출함으로써 NO, NO2, SO2, CO, VOC 센서 데이터의 신뢰도를 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

The objectives of this study is to evaluate the effects of temperature and relative humidity on electrochemical and pothoionization sensors used to measure air pollutants (NO, NO2, SO2, CO, VOC), and to propose calibration methods to produce more reliable monitoring data. Measurement sensors for each substance were tested under four temperatures and three relative humidity conditions. The linearity measured for each condition of temperature and relative humidity was excellent, and the coefficient of determination of 0.92 to 0.99 was shown in all sensors. Under the condition that the concentration was zero, the baseline (intercept) of zero increased as the relative humidity of NO and some VOC sensors increased. As the temperature increased, the gas concentration increase rate (slope) in accordance with the variation of the SO2 and VOCM sensors increased, and the intercept of the CO sensor also tended to increase. In this study, slope and intercept were used to calibrate sensors for each air pollutant, and it is expected that the reliability of NO, NO2, SO2, CO, and VOC sensor data can be improved by deriving a relational expression based on this paper.

A paulownia wood has been widely used with various advantages as its low weight, permeability, convenient workability and aesthetic patterns for a long time. However, the related empirical researches and simultaneous evaluations of functionality are insufficient compared with acid-free archival boxes for now. In this study, the indoor and outdoor temperature and relative humidity control and heat release rate were evaluated under the controlled and uncontrolled circumstance in 2018. The paulownia wood storage box showed superior control effect of relative humidity than the acid-free archival box in constantly uncontrolled environment. Also, the possibility of the flame diffusion from the surface of the materials was higher for the paulownia materials, and the acid-free archival box showed more dangerous patterns in the early stages of the fire.

Background: Abrupt cold, especially frost after seedling emergence, in spring causes servere losses in ginseng yield as it is a perennial crop and has a determinate growth. Although abnormal temperature occurs more frequently, the physiological aspects of ginseng to cold stress are poorly understood. Here we report the freezing response of ginseng under artificial conditions. Methods and Results: Cold treatment at -4℃ for 16 h resulted in a 21.4% damage rate in a cold chamber, however, no damage was observed at -2℃ and -4℃ for 2, 4, 6, or 8 h. High humidity increased the damage rate to 59.9% even at the higher temperature (RH 95%, -3℃) than the ambient temperature (RH 66%, -4℃) of the cold chamber. Seedlings early in the leaf expansion were damaged more than older ones. The quantum yield (Fv/Fm) of cold-damaged seedlings was lower than the control or seedlings without visual symptoms. The root weight of a damaged seedling one month after cold treatment was 58% of control. Conclusions: Our results suggested that visual symptoms are correlated with photosynthetic ability and yield after freezing stress in ginseng. We expect our results to contribute to the further understanding of ginseng freezing stress.

The effects of fixed and variable relative humidity on fruiting body formation and characters of Pleurotus eryngii were investigated with normal and thinning treatment plots. In fixed relative humidity, as humidity was lower, period of harvest was longer as well as days for pinheading in the both of normal and thinning plots. In the normal plot, qualities of mushroom were 5.5, 5.8, and 6.3 and yield was 98.6 g per bottle for 90% relative humidity, it was best. In the thinning plot, qualities of mushroom were 7.7, 8.4, and 8.5 and yields were 102.1, 105.8, and 116.9 g at 70, 80, and 90% respectively. In variable relative humidity with a thinning plot, the yield of P. eryngii on condition I(>90% for 1 day → 85% until thinning(for about 11 days) → 80%) and III(>90% until pin-heading(about for a week) → 85% until thinning(about for 5 days) → 80%) were 85.5 and 87.8 g per bottle, and qualities were 7.8 and 8.0 respectively. For long shelf life and a cultural control of bacterial soft rot disease, the condition I will be more largely adopted by mushroom farmers.

Determination of explosion reference pressure is important in designing and testing flameproof enclosures (Ex d). Although relative humidity affects to explosion pressure, its effect is not well investigated for the gas group IIB, IIA, and I. This study tested explosion pressure for Ethylene (8 vol.%), Propane (4.6 vol.%), and Methane (9.8 vol.%), which are the representative gas of the gas group IIB, IIA, and I, at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure (1 atm) under different relative humidity (0% ~ 80%). Ethylene- and Propane-air mixed gases generally tended to decrease as the relative humidity increased; however, explosion pressure was largely dropped at 20% of relative humidity compared to 0% and 10% of relative humidity. On the other hand, Methane-air mixture gas showed similar pressures at 0% and 10% of relative humidity; but no explosion occurred at more than 20%. The results of this study can be used in setting a testing protocol of explosion reference pressure for designing and testing a flameproof enclosure.

In order to determine safety factor of corrugated fiberboard boxes for agricultural products, relationship with effect of relative humidity and structure of box types must be defined. The results obtained from the study were summarized as follows; 1. Results show a detrimental effect on bursting strength of corrugated boards with increasing relative humidity of environment. 2. Compression strength of corrugated boards were decreased rapidly after the relative humidity was over 70 percent. 3. Compression strength of corrugated board boxes were greatly depending on the box types. Folder type showed the best performance at higher humidity environment while bliss type was the worst. 4. Further studies are needed in order to expect box compression strength in real distribution environment.

To test a flameproof enclosure for the safety certificate, a reference pressure of explosion needs to be determined. However, the explosion pressure may be changed according to relative humidity of explosive gases. Therefore, the guideline on relative humidity should be recommended for measuring the explosion pressure for accurate and reproducible testings. This study examined the relationship of explosion pressure with relative humidity of hydrogen (31 vol %)-air and acetylene (14 vol %)-air mixture gases. The explosion pressures were measured by increasing the relative humidity of the gases by 10 % from dry state to 80 % in a cylindrical explosion enclosure of 2.3 L. on ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure (1 atm). The maximum explosive pressures were remained almost constant until the relative humidity reached 10 % for the hydrogen-air mixture and 20 % for the acetylene-air mixture. However, the maximum explosive pressures linearly decreased as the relative humidity increased. Based on the results of the study, it would be recommended to use 10 % relative humidity for the hydrogen-air mixture and 20 % for the acetylene-air mixture as the critical value in testing a flameproof enclosure.

조사 대상인 유물 진열장은 온도 변화에 대응한 조온기능이 미약한 반면 조습 능력이 비교적 높았다. 유물 진열장 내부의 연평균 온·습도는 18.8℃, 60.3% 로 전시실에 비해 온도는 낮고 습도는 높은 분포를 나타냈다. 또한 온도는 계절변화에 따라 변동률이 높은 반면 습도는 계절별 평균값이 59～61%로 일정하게 유지되었다. 여름철에는 전시실과 마찬가지로 고온고습 분포를 나타냈고 공조기 가동에 따른 온도의 하강은 습도를 상승시켰으며. 겨울철에는 공조기 가동에 따라 전시실과 유물 진열장 간 온·습도의 차이가 커져 수분 문제가 제기되었다. 유물 진열장 내부 온·습도에 대한 PI는 18.0%로 전시물 보존을 위한 적정 온·습도 조성률이 매우 저조하였다. 특히 여름철과 겨울철은 PI가 1% 미만으로 진열장 내 철저한 온습도 관리가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

The showcase has insufficient temperature control, but it has excellent humidity control. The annual average temperature and relative humidity inside the showcase was 18.8℃ and 60.3%, respectively, and the showcase showed lower temperature and higher humidity than the exhibition room. The temperature inside the showcase appeared with high variation according to the seasons, while relative humidity was ranging from 59% to 61% regardless of the seasons. The showcase showed high temperature and humidity likewise the exhibition room in summer. In addition, lowering of temperature was elevated relative humidity according to the operation of air conditioner in summer. A moisture problem occurred because the temperature and humidity differences between the exhibition room and showcase were large according to the operation of air conditioner in winter. PI for temperature and relative humidity inside the showcase is 18.0%, and it means conservation environment for exhibition is unsuitable. In particular, continuous management of temperature and humidity inside the showcase is required because PI in the summer and winter is less than 1.0%.