Earticle

본 연구는 치과위생사의 직무만족에 대한 선행연구 결과를 체계적으로 수집, 분석하여 직무만족 측정도 구와 관련요인에 대한 분석을 실시하였다. PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis)의 체계적 문헌고찰 가이드라인에 의거하여 수행되었으며 최종 분석에 사용된 문헌은 44편이었 다. 직무만족을 측정하기 위하여 사용된 측정도구는 모두 10개이다. 모두 국외에서 개발된 것이며 수정하여 사 용되었다. 문헌 분석 결과 직무만족이 높을수록 이직의도, 직무스트레스에 음의 상관관계이며, 조직몰입, 전문 직업성에서는 양의 상관관계가 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 직무만족과 다양한 변인 간의 상관관계 및 영향 요인에 국한되어 분석하였으며 향후 본 연구 결과를 기초로 하여 치과위생사의 직무만족 향상에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되길 기대한다.

This study systematically collected and analyzed the results of previous studies on job satisfaction of dental hygienists and analyzed the job satisfaction measurement tools and related factors. It was conducted according to the systematic review guidelines of PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis), and 44 articles were used in the final analysis. In order to measure job satisfaction, ten measuring tools were used. All the measuring tool were developed overseas and they were modified. As a result of the literature analysis, the higher the job satisfaction, the more negative correlation was found between turnover intention and job stress, and positive correlation was found between organizational commitment and professional occupation. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between job satisfaction and various variables and to investigate the improvement of job satisfaction of dental hygienist based on the results of this study.

In Exemplar Theory, speech perception is informed by any sorts of frequently experienced co-variance between functionally relevant nodes, including those formed through socially-conditioned lexical use. Accordingly, previous research demonstrated that words associated with a particular age group are recognized faster when they are produced by talkers from that age group. While such effects arose from multiple socially-indexed sub-phonemic cues (e.g, voice quality, pronunciation styles), a phonetic priming experiment reported here tested whether exposure to a single phonetic variant is sufficient to guide probabilistic inference for socially-conditioned words. In each trial, participants (N=40) heard two female talkers (age: 40, 41) producing a priming word, the initial stop of which was acoustically manipulated in VOT and F0 dimensions into either of two age-related realizations (i.e., young vs. old guises) based on an ongoing sound change of phrase-initial stops in Seoul Korean. The priming word was followed by a lexical decision task in which listeners pressed a button indicating whether the auditory stimulus produced in the same voice was a real word. As a result, reaction times for young-associated words (e.g., notap, ‘no solution’) were shorter when the target appeared after the prime word with the young guise than old guise, and vice versa for old-associated words (emem, ‘mother’). The results suggest that phonetic, lexical, and social cues are so closely tied as storage information within the lexicon that a subtle auditory input that may not explicitly activate listeners’ awareness of talker age difference can directly index words associated with similar social information.

청소년폭력생동은 그들이 처한 배경, 그리고 육체적,정신적 요인에 의해서 일어나며, 특히 그들이 처한 배경인 가정은 매우 중요한 요인으로 보고되고 있다. 특히 가정의 기능에 결함 내지 장애가 존재하는 경우, 가정이 갖는 본래의 기능을 기대할 수 없는 뿐만 아니라 청소년의 인격형성에 심각한 영향을 미치고 나아가서는 학교폭력으로 나타날 수도 있다. 따라서 이에 대한 실증적이고 체계적인 연구의 필요성이 제기되며, 무엇보다 심각한 수준의 부모간의 불화와 갈등,폭력과 같은 위기환경에서 생활하는 청소년들의 심리, 사회적인 적응 유연성에 영향을 미치는 요인을 밝혀내는 일은 이들에 대한 학교폭력에 대한 치료개입과 예방대핵을 세운다는 점에서 매우 중요하다고 본다.

-Key concept : Sexual harassment, Korean adolescents, Variable

Purpose: This study was conducted to synthesis the results of research on relationships of parenting stress in mothers of multicultural families through a meta-analysis. Methods: A meta-analysis of the final 15 papers among academic papers published in Korea between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2020 was performed. The correlational effect size for each related variable was calculated. Results: The result of the meta-analysis showed that among general characteristics, age, monthly household income, Korean language abilities, and period of residence in Korea were the variables that had a significant relationship with parenting stress in mother of multicultural families. Among psychological characteristics, parenting efficacy, the number of children among family factors, and acculturation stress and social support among social factors showed significant correlations. Conclusion: As a result of this study, parenting stress of mothers of multicultural families was found to be correlated with acculturation stress, parenting efficacy, Korean language ability, number of children, and social support. The results of this study need to be used as basic data for the development of a parenting stress management program for mothers of multicultural families.

이 연구는 초등학생의 개인, 가정, 학교 변인에 따른 농업문해 수준 및 그 농업문해 수준에 영향을 주는 관련 변인을 분 석하여 향후 초등학생들이 농업에 관해 올바른 이해를 갖춘 바람직한 민주 시민으로 자라나도록 하는데 기초 자료를 제 공하고자 하는 목적을 가지고 있다. 이를 위해서 초등학교 5, 6학년을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 이 연구의 주요 결과에 따라 도출한 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 초등학생의 농업문해 수준에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 변인은 교과 및 체험학습 등을 통한 농업교육이었다. 이러한 결과로 볼 때, 향후 체계적인 농업문해 프로그램이 개발되고 학교 교육과정에 농업문해와 관련된 교육내용이 많이 포함 된다면 초등학생들의 농업문해 수준을 높일 수 있을 것이다. 둘째, 초등학생의 농업문해 수준에 영향을 주는 변인과 관 련하여 초등학교에서 효과적인 농업교육 프로그램을 개발할 필요가 있으며, 초등학생들이 농업과 관련한 소식에 흥미 를 가질 수 있도록 초등학생의 눈높이에서 농업 관련 정책, 농업과 관련한 진로 영역 등 정보를 제공할 필요가 있다. 셋 째, 초등학생의 농업문해 수준에 영향을 주는 변인은, 모두 개인 변인(농업 소식에 대한 관심도, 농업 및 농업관련직을 희망한 적이 있는지 여부, 재배 및 사육의 경험, 농사의 경험) 및 학교 변인(농업 교육의 경험, 학교 소재지, 실습지의 유 무)이었다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the agricultural literacy level of elementary students following the individual, family, and school variables as well as the influence caused by these variables on the agricultural literacy level of elementary students in order to provide basic data that can support them in growing up as desirable citizens equipped with appropriate comprehension about agriculture in the future. The following conclusion was derived according to the major outcomes of the study. First, the variables which caused the greatest influence on the agricultural literacy level of elementary students were identified as the agricultural education which took place through class subjects and experiential learning. Second, there is a need for elementary schools to develop effective agricultural education programs related to the variables which cause influence on the agricultural literacy level of elementary students as well as provide information about agricultural policies and career domain at the eye-level of elementary students so that they can take interest in news related to agriculture. Third, the variables which caused influence on the agricultural literacy level of elementary students were all individual variables and school variables.

본 연구에서는 가족 관련 변인에 대한 음악치료의 효과크기를 알아보기 위하여 국내 석ㆍ박사 학위 논문 및 학술지 논문을 대상으로 메타분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 최종 선정된 31편의 연구로부터 143개의 효과크기가 산출되었으며, 전체 평균 효과크기는 0.333으로 중간 수준을 나타내었다. 변인 별 로 살펴보면 가족 특성에 대해서는 장애 및 질병군 가족과 기타 가족 모두에서 중간 수준의 효과크기 를 보이고, 참여 가족 구성원 유형에 대해서는 다양한 가족 구성원이 혼합하여 참여하였을 때 높은 효 과크기를 보였다. 중재 목적에 대해서는 가족 구성원 간의 관계에서 가장 큰 효과크기를 나타내었으며, 프로그램 구성에 대해서는 노래 만들기, 악기 연주, 기타(음악극 등)가 높은 효과크기를 나타내었다. 회기 수에 대해서는 9회기 이상 15회기 이하, 회기 당 소요시간에 대해서는 40~50분이 가장 큰 효과 크기를 보였다. 연구자 전공에 대해서는 타전공자보다 음악치료 전공자에 의해 시행된 음악치료가 더 높은 효과크기를 나타내었다.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect size of music therapy regarding family-related variable by meta-analysis where master/doctoral theses and journal articles were included. As a result, 143 effect sizes were derived from 31 studies. Overall mean effect size was 0.333, indicating a medium effect size. When it was analyzed by variable, regarding family characteristics, it showed a medium effect size in family with disease and disability. For other families, a medium effect size was observed. Regarding participated family member type, it showed a large effect size when mixed members participated in music therapy. Regarding intervention purpose, relationship between family members had the largest effect size. In case of program configuration type, music therapy which consists of songwriting, playing musical instrument, or others (music drama, etc.) showed a large effect size. In regards to total number of sessions and time per session, 9 to 15 sessions and 40-50 minutes showed the largest effect size, respectively. Finally, regarding researcher’s major, music therapy by music therapy major researchers was more effective than one by the other major researchers.

본 연구는 비만 여대생의 지속적인 복합운동 참여가 건강체력과 심리적 변인들에 미치는 영향을 12주간 실험을 통하여 규명하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 연구참여자는 총 23명으로 복합운동 참여자 11명, 통제집단 12명으로 구성되었으며, 복합운동 집단은 총12주간 주4회 1회 지속시간 70분씩 실험에 참여하였다. 이에 건강관련 체력(체중, 체지방, 근력, 유연성, 평형성, 근지구력, 순발력)과 심리적 변인(정서, 자아존중감) 을 각각 사전측정, 사후측정 총2회 측정하여 자료를 수집하였다. 실험설계는 복합운동 집단과 통제집단으로 구성되는 실험 집단 요인과 사전･사후의 2개의 측정시점으로 구성되는 2×2 반복측정에 의한 요인설계(2×2 factorial design with repeatedmeasures on the second factor)로 구성하였다. 통계적 분석 방법으로는 각각의 집단에 대한 건강체력 요인과 심리적 변인들에 평균과 표준편차를 산출하였으며, 각 각 집단과 측정시점별 평균의 구체적 차이를 규명하고자 반복측정에 의한 이원변량분석(repeated measure 2-way ANOVA)를 실시하였다. 이에 일련의 구체적 연구절차를 통하여 도출된 결과는 다음과 같다. 비만 여대생의 지속적인 복합운동 참여는 복 합운동이 통제집단에 비하여 체중, 체지방, 근력, 유연성, 근지구력의 건강체력 요인 에 효과가 관찰되었으며, 심리적 변인으로서 정서의 하위요인 중 심리적 안녕감의 긍정적 정서에 효과가 있었으며 자아존중감 요인에서도 복합운동집단은 통제집단에 비하여 매우 긍정적으로 변화하였다. 이러한 본 연구의 결과들은 비만 치료 있어 복합운동의 효과를 입증하였으며, 비만자들에게 비만 해소와 예방을 위하여 보다 적극적으로 운동의 장으로 유인하는 동기제로 작용할 수 있을 것이다.

This study was to examine the effects of combined exercise on health related fitness and psychological factor in obese women. The experimental group were 11 students who participated in combined exercise consisting of 4 day a week 70 minutes a day exercise program for 12 weeks. The control group consisted of 12 students. Health related fitness factor were weight and body fat, strength, flexibility, balance, muscular endurance, power, psychological factors were emotion and self-esteem. They did treadmill running and weight training for 70 minutes four time per week for 12 week. We measure each time, that is pre test, the point of time. We used of experimental design, which consist of exercise group and control group and 2×2 factorial design with repeated-measure which is composed of pre test after point of time in measurement. Through the measured materials we produced average and standard deviation according to point of time in measurement. And we also found out difference among the group and averages per each point of time in measurement with using repeated measured two-way ANOVA. The results obtained from these procedure indicated that the consecutive combined exercise program weight, body fat, strength, flexibility, muscular endurance and power, health related fitness and on psychological factors such as positive emotion(psychological well-being) and self-esteem.

Purpose: To quantify the health related quality of life in primary immunodeficiency patients. Materials and Methods: We used generic health status and general psychological health questionnaires to determine the range of issues that needed to be considered in examining the burden of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). Results: The health status of patients with CVID was lower than that observed in normal subjects. Overall, Role-Physical and General Health scales correlated with a poorer clinical status. Surprisingly, the duration of disease did not influence health status. Being female, older, General Health Questionnaire-positive and alexithymic proved to be major risk factors associated with a poor health status. Patients with chronic lung disease and chronic diarrhea had the lowest values on the Medical Outcome Study, Short Form SF-36 (SF-36) scales. Disease severity perception was associated with the General Health Questionnaire and alexithymia status. Limitations in daily activities as a result of lower physical health were the major problems facing common variable immunodeficiency patients. Conclusion: Our data underlined the importance of conducting a periodical health related quality of life assessment on patients with primary antibody deficiencies and, moreover, stressed the necessity of providing psychological support to at risk patients.

본 연구는 자발적 독서 태도와 관계된 변인으로서 가정 및 학교 환경과 스마트폰 사용 변인의 설명력을 밝히고, 각 변인의 상대적 영향력을 탐색하는 데에 목적이 있다. 그간 독서 태도는 가정환경 및 학교 환경 변인에 의해 설명된다는 사실이 보고되어 왔다. 최근 스마트폰 사용과 같은 매체 사용과 독서 태도의 관계에 대한 관심이 고조되고 있는 가운데, 본고는 가정환경, 학교 환경, 가정 내 스마트폰 사용량, 독자 본인의 스마트폰 사용량, 스마트폰 취득 시기와 자발적 독서 태도와의 관계를 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 중학교 3학년 학생 902명을 표집하여 설문조사를 실시하고, 단계적 다중회귀분석 방법을 활용하여 분석하였다. 연구 결과 학교 환경 변인, 가정환경 변인, 스마트폰 사용량, 스마트폰 취득 시기 변인이 독서 태도를 설명하는 유의한 변인으로 나타났고, 가정 내에서의 스마트폰 사용 정도는 유의하지 않았다.

With aged 9th grade 900 participants, this study analyzes the relation between autonomous reading attitude with reading environment related variables and tries to select statistically significant variable using stepwise backward elimination method of multiple regression analysis. Previous studies revealed that reading attitude is influenced by home reading environment and school reading environment. Recently issues on the impact of digital media usage like time spent on smartphone, period possessing smartphone, and family members’ smartphone using time at home are getting attention. The result showed that home reading environment, school reading environment, smartphone using time, smartphone possessing period was significant variable but family members’ smartphone using time at home.

배전 계통 산업 현장에서는 스위칭 소자 및 제어장치, 전 자기기들이 한 대 맞물려 증가하고 있다. 또한, 스마트 그리드(Smart Grid) 및 마이크로 그리드(Micro Grid)의 개념이 도입되면서 분산 전원 이 널리 보급되고 있다. 이로 인해 현장에서는 많은 전기전자기기들이 설치되어 운영 중에 있고, 이것은 noise 및 고조파와 같은 왜란이 발생 되는 원인을 초래하고 있다. 왜란은 여러 전기 전자 장비들의 데이터 취득 왜곡 현상을 발생시키고, 이러한 데이터 손실로 인해 기기들의 오동작 및 사고를 발생시킨다. 대표적인 왜란으로는 common mode noise 같은 대지(大地) 등의 기준점과 각 신호선 사이에 나타나는 노이즈가 있으며, 선로 및 장비 특성에 따라 기수 및 우수 고조파가 있다. 이러한 왜란들은 전자기기들의 오동작 및 신호의 부 정확성으로 제품 신뢰성에 문제를 초래한다. 특히 데이터 계측 실패 및 Serial 통신을 함에 있어서 신호 손실을 발생시켜 데이터 변형을 초래한다. 이로 인해 배전선로에 위치한 전자기기들이 왜곡된 데이터로 동작을 하게 되고 이는 곧 선로의 사고를 발생시키게 된다. 따라서 왜란들을 사전에 방지하여 기기 오동작 및 부동작을 예방하기 위해서 산업계에서는 왜란에 대한 인식을 지속적으로 증가시키고 있다. 실제 현장에서도 이와 같은 왜란으로 인해 기기 오동작을 하는 경우가 많으며 이를 해결하기 위한 여러 신호처리 기법을 적용하고 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 여러 종류의 샘플링 데이터 량을 생성할 수 있도록 샘플링 속도를 다변환(Multi-interchange)하고 각 샘플링 속도에 맞게 계측된 샘플링 데이터를 DFT 신호 처리하여 왜란으로부터 강건한 계통 주파수를 계측한다. 또한, 주파수 별 DFT 값을 Table화 하여 계통 주파수를 찾아낸다.

Lee Yu-Rim. 2015. A Study on related Variable that influences on Vocabulary acquisition and the Vocabulary expression ability of a Korean language learner. Korean Semantics, 49. A study has examined the difference in extent of Korean language learner's receptive vocabulary and productive vocabulary acquisition by testing its receptive vocabulary and productive vocabulary. A study also examined the influence on the receptive vocabulary and the productive vocabulary acquisition and the variable of vocabulary expression ability. The receptive vocabulary testing tool and the productive vocabulary testing tool have developed for the experiment on Korean language learner, and then tested receptive vocabulary and productive vocabulary acquisition on 70 learners. As a result, a study produced a clear fact that the receptive vocabulary could be changed into the productive vocabulary through the particular process. It was also not possible to digitize the ratio of the difference of the receptive vocabulary and the productive vocabulary, but it was clarified that the receptive vocabulary has occupied a large amount than the productive vocabulary. Also, a study has confirmed that the variable of receptive vocabulary is the proficiency and the L1. The variable of the productive vocabulary is an age, a variable, the residence period in South Korea, and the learning period of Korean. In vocabulary expression ability, an age, the proficiency, the residence period in South Korea, learning period of Korean, receptive vocabulary and productive vocabulary have appeared as a variable.

This study examined education and training as variables related to ethical behaviors of child counselors. The four sub-variables of this study included main educational/training background (academic career, major in last degree, and treatment modality), source of education in ethics, experience of educational psychoanalysis, and experience of supervision. The 136 child counselors participating in this study were administered the Inventory for Ethical Behaviors of Child Counselors (Yoo & Kim, 2(06). Data were analyzed by frequency, percentage, average, standard deviation, Cronbach's a, t-test, one way ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis. Results showed that main educational/training background (academic career, major in last degree, and treatment modality), experience of educational psychoanalysis, and experience of supervision were significant variables related to ethical behaviors of child counselors.

본 연구는 청소년의 온·오프라인 학교폭력의 원인변인을 규명하고자 오프라인 학교폭력의 가해경험 및 피해경험과 온라인 학교폭력의 가해경험 및 피해경험을 결과변인으로 설정하고, 원인변인으로는 부모의 교육열, 청소년의 또래관계, 자기통제력을 선정하여 변인들 간 인과적 관련성을 가지는지 알아보기 위해 AMOS를 활용한 구조방정식 모델을 통해 연구분석을 실시하였다. 또한 온·오프라인 학교폭력 가해경험과 온·오프라인 피해경험 간의 시간의 흐름에 따른 상호인과관계를 살펴보기 위해 자기회귀교차지연모델을 활용하여 연구분석을 실시하였다. 이를 위해 서울교육종단연구(SELS) 패널 자료를 활용하였다. 본 연구의 주요결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 부모의 교육열과 청소년의 또래관계, 자기통제력은 온·오프라인 학교폭력 가해경험 및 피해경험에 직접적인 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 청소년의 또래관계는 자기통제력에 직접적인 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 부모의 교육열은 청소년의 또래관계에 직접적인 영향을 미쳤다. 넷째, 온·오프라인 학교폭력 가해경험과 피해경험 간에 시간의 흐름에 따른 유의미한 상호인과관계가 존재하였다. 이러한 연구결과를 토대로 본 연구의 시사점과 후속연구에 대한 제언을 논의하였다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the structural relationship relationship between educational enthusiam of parents and peer relations, self-control, online and offline school violence. In addition the study aimed to longitudinally verify the bidirectional causal relationships between the perpetration experience of online and offline school violence and the victimization experience of online and offline school violence. For this purpose, structure equation modeling and autoregressive cross-lagged modeling was used and adapted to the data taken from the SELS. The major results of this study were as follows. First, the educational enthusiam of parents, peer relations and self-control directly affects the perpetration and victimization experience of online and offline school violence. Second, the peer relations directly affects self-control. Third, the educational enthusiam of parents directly affects peer relations. Fourth, there is the bidirectional causal relationship between the perpetration experience of online and offline school violence and the victimization experience of online and offline school violence. The implications of the findings of the current study and suggestions for future research were also discussed.

AThe Purpose of this study was to investigate the difference of self-efficacy in science teaching according to science-related background, science content knowledge, attitudes toward science teaching of pre-service early childhood teacher. Subjects of this study were 105 pre-service early childhood teacher in Ulsan College. The Tool was Test of Science-Related Background, Science Content Knowledge, Attitudes toward Science Teaching, Self-Efficacy in Teaching Science. The SPSS/PC+ package was used to analyze statistical data. The major findings were as follows; First, in pre-service teachers' personal interest about science course, there was a significant difference in self-efficacy in science teaching and (F=4.88, p<.01, F=3.50, p<.05). Second, there was a significant difference between science content knowledge and self-efficacy in science teaching(t=4.51, t=4.74, p<.01). Third, there was a significant difference between attitudes toward science teaching and self-efficacy in science teaching(t=22.90, 19.57, p<.001; t=3.27, p<.05). Fourth, senior' personal interest in science, attitudes toward science teaching were related to self-efficacy in science teaching. Further educational implications and suggestions were discussed.

본 연구는 지적장애인의 고용을 지원하기 위한 정책을 수립하는데 근거가 될 수 있는 기초자료를 제공하는 연구로서 제2차 장애인고용패널조사에 참여한 지적장애인패널의 인구사회학적 특성 및 장애관련 특성, 지적장애인의 배경 변인과 취업 및 미취업과의 관계, 그리고 지적장애인의 취업 및 미취업을 예측하는 요인을 탐색하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 한국장애인고용공단 고용개발원에서 조사한 「제2차 장애인고용패널조사(2009년)」원자료(raw data)를 이용하여 분석하였다. 본 연구에서 지적장애인의 경제활동에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하기 위하여 SPSS 18 버전을 이용하여 빈도분석, 교차분석, 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 취업에 미치는 영향력을 살펴본 연구결과는 경제활동 상태에 영향을 미치는 변수로 성별, 장애등급, 일상생활만족도가 유의미한 영향을 미쳤으며, 학력, 고용서비스 경험, 직업훈련/교육 경험, 자격증 보유, 건강상태, 주관적 사회경제적 지위는 유의미한 영향을 미치지 못한다고 나타났다.

This study is to provide basic data which can be a base for establishing policy to support employment of Intellectual disabilities and to explore features of sociology of population and disability-related features of panels with intellectual disabilities who participated in the 2nd Research on Employment Panel for the Disabilities, the relationship between background variables of Intellectual disabilities and employment&unemployment, and the predictive factors for employment& unemployment of Intellectual disabilities. The present study is analyzed using raw data of 'the Second Panel Research on the Employment of the Disabled (2009)' by EDI(Employment Development Institute) of KEAD(Korea Employment Agency for the Disabled). The frequency analysis, cross tabulation analysis and multiple regression analysis using SPSS 18.0 are initiated to analyze factors that affects to economic activities of Intellectual disabilities. As a result of analysis for effect on employment, gender, degree of disability, and satisfaction for daily living have significant effect as a variables that affect to the status of economic activities. And education, employment service experience, vocational training/education experience, with/without licenses, health condition and subjective socio-economic status have no significant effect.

In this study, we examined some matters related to the learning of variable concept in school mathematics on the basis of the theoretical foundation from the previous studies(e.g. Davis, 1975; Rosnick, 1981; IK chemann, 1981; Wagner, 1983.) and practices on variable concept teaching by evaluating the current state of that. Matters be discussed are as follows; the use of symbol for place holders in elementary mathematics, the dealing with sets those elements are literals and operations of such sets, the teaching of dummy variable, the construction of literal expressions that contains variables, the labeling indeterminates as a constant, the change in the exact meaning of variable according to the function concept, the teaching of a generalization by means of variables. After considering on these matters that are connected with the teaching-learning of variable concept, we suggested the alternative proposal to the current state of variable concept teaching.

Lee Bolami. 2015. 6. 30. The Research on the Comparison of Grammar Teaching Items Related to Age Variable: Focused on Textbooks for Korean Children Learners and Korean Adult Learners. Bilingual Research 59, 173-196. This study is interested in age variable of Korean language learners and then it is argue that we need to different teaching approaches to Korean children learners and adult learners. For supporting this issue, the aim of the study was to explore the difference of grammar teaching items between Korean children learner’s textbooks and adult learner’s textbooks. To attain the purpose of the study, it is examined the difference about cognitive aspects and language teaching aspects from children learners. Then, this study is to inquire into main characteristics of grammar items between children’s text book - ‘Standard Korean textbook’ for Multi-culture Elementary school students and ‘Customized Korean textbook’ which is used in Korean schools for heritage learners ? and adult learners’s text book. The results were as follows; first, it is small in number of grammar items compare to adults textbooks. Second, it is concentrated in the items as beginner level. third, some part of the items from children’s textbook contain the chunk. Lastly, education for children is much more focused on pronunciation and orthography. In addition to this, the findings revealed that in textbooks for adult use Meta language and mother tongue to give explicit description of grammar items.(National Institute of the Korean Language)

본 연구는 유아의 형제자매 유무와 형제자매 지위, 형제자매 구성 등에 따른 유아의 다양한 마음상태에 대한 이해와 마음관련 표현 정도를 비교 분석하였다. 만 3, 4, 5세 유아를 대상으로 틀린 믿음 이해를 포함한 다양한 마음상태 이해 과제를 실시하였으며, 글자 없는 그림책을 통한 이야기 만들기 과제를 통해 마음관련 표현을 살펴보았다. 연구 결과 동성형제만 있는 유아는 이성형제 유아에 비해 틀린 믿음을 포함한 다양한 마음상태에 대해 더 잘 이해하였으나, 형제자매 유무나 형제자매 지위에 따라서는 유아의 마음이해와 마음관련 표현에 차이가 없었다, 유아의 다양한 마음상태에 대한 이해는 연령과 함께 형제자매 구성이 중요한 설명력을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 마음관련 표현 중 정신상태 용어는 연령 이외에 영향을 주는 형제자매 변인이 없었으나, 심리적 설명은 형제자매가 있는가가 유일한 설명변인으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate children's understanding on different minds and mind-related expressions according to the sibling variable. Three- to Five- year old children performed ten theory-of-mind battery tasks including four false belief tasks. To induce children's mind-related expressions and psychological explanations, children were asked to make stories from a wordless picture book. The birth order was not related to children's mind understanding or mind-related expressions. Children with same-sex sibling outperformed in the ten theory-of-mind battery tasks including four false-belief tasks. In addition, children without siblings tended to use psychological inferences more than children with siblings.