Earticle

This study is to experiment the effects of the color for exterior of the child care centers, in the esthetic psychological, physiological and psychophysical realms. This experiment was given to young people, youths, middle aged people, advanced aged people. The total numbers of 850 respondents were divided equal into these four age groups and experts. Each person was asked to choose 3 colors out of an available 110 from a hue chart. These 110 colors had been classified into ten colors in ten shades and also into five colors in twenty shades by the Munsell color system. According to the statistics gleaned from the study, each building had three most preference colors by both the experts and the general populous. The results of this research indicated that some general statements could be made as to peoples color preference.

Purpose: This study examined the effect on uterine contraction frequency (UCF), blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns and psychophysical symptoms (physical discomfort, anxiety, and depression) of structured bed exercise (SBE) in hospitalized high-risk pregnant women prescribed bed rest. Methods: Forty-five hospitalized high risk pregnant women at >24 weeks of pregnancy prescribed bed rest were randomly assigned to the experimental or control group. From January to May 2014, data were collected using electronic fetal monitoring and patient monitoring of UCF, BP, HR and FHR patterns, and psychophysical symptoms were measured using the antenatal physical discomfort scale, state-trait anxiety scale, and Edinburgh postnatal depression scale. Results: UCF, BP, HR, and FHR patterns (rate, variability, acceleration, and deceleration) did not differ significantly between the experimental and control groups. The experimental group showed a significant increase in baseline FHR after SBE within the normal range, and after SBE, it reduced to the FHR before SBE. The variability, acceleration and deceleration of FHR before and after SBE did not differ significantly between two groups. Moreover, there was no statistically significant difference before and after SBE in the experimental group. Also, the experimental group showed statistically significant decreases in physical discomfort score. However, there were no significant differences in depression and anxiety score between two groups. Conclusions: SBE in hospitalized high-risk pregnant women under bed rest did not increase the risk to the fetus, and relieved physical discomfort and anxiety. Therefore, SBE should be considered as a nursing intervention in hospitalized high-risk pregnant women.

This study investigated the prevalence of depression and levels of physical fitness in high school students during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. One hundred fifty participants were divided into four groups according to the number of days that they felt de-pressed due to the COVID-19 during the last 7 days: no-depression group (NDG, n=17), some-depression group (SDG, n=32), occasion-al-depression group (ODG, n=81), and most-depression group (MDG, n=20). Shuttle run for endurance capacity and standing long jump for muscle power were selected to estimate the states of type I and type II muscle fibers, respectively. This study found that the Center for Epide-miologic Studies Depression Scale score of MDG was significantly higher than those of other three groups. In addition, ODG and MDG showed the lowest interest in their school studies compared with other groups. Endurance capacity showed a significant difference among groups, whereas muscle power showed no significant difference among groups. In conclusion, this study suggests that higher levels of depres-sion reflect a greater lack of interest in life and academics. Furthermore, lower endurance capacity appears to be associated with more severe levels of depression. This highlights the importance of maintaining type I muscle fibers through regular aerobic exercise.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among psychological factors (personality, sociality and stress), and physical fitness variables in multicultural children, and to investigate the effects of participating in a physical education (PE) program on psychological factors and physical fitness levels in them. A three-item questionnaire, a body composition test, and physical fitness tests were carried out on 37 children in late September and late November of 2016 in S-City. The children were classified into 4 groups: multicultural children who participated in PE program (mPE, n=9), multicultural children who did not participate in PE program (mNPE, n=10), Korean children who participated in PE program (kPE, n=9), and Korean children who did not participate in PE program (kNPE, n=9), respectively. Here, mPE was the experimental group whereas, mNPE, kPE, and kNPE were control groups. Non-parametric statistical methods were conducted on the collected data with a significance level set a priori at P<.05. Data were analyzed by Spearman rho test for finding relationships among variables. The Kruskal-Wallis was used for the differences among the 4 groups and then Bonferroni post hoc test was used for significant differences in the Kruskal-Wallis test. At last, the Wilcoxon tests were performed for the time differences between the pre- and post-test groups. The results are as followed. First, there were significant relationships among psychological factors and physical fitness variables of multicultural children. Specifically, 1) there were significant negative correlations between stress and sociality, and between stress and extroverted personality type. Meanwhile, there was a significant positive correlation between sociality and extroverted personality type. 2) There was a significant positive correlation between sociality and cardiopulmonary endurance. Meanwhile, there were significant negative correlations between stress and cardiopulmonary endurance and between stress and flexibility. There were significant positive correlations between extroverted personality type and flexibility and between extroverted personality type and muscular strength. Second, the effects of participating in the PE program on psychological factors of multicultural children were as follows: 1) The personality scores of mPE showed improving tendencies after 8 weeks. 2) The sociality scores of mPE also significantly increased, whereas, 3) the stress scores of mPE significantly decreased. Third, regarding the effects of PE program on physical factors, 1) the body weight, muscle mass, and resting metabolic rate of mPE were significantly increased after 8 weeks. 2) The cardiopulmonary endurance, muscular endurance, strength, and power of physical fitness variables in mPE significantly improved after 8 weeks. In conclusion, this study confirmed that the psychological factors and physical fitness variables in multicultural children were significantly correlated and that participating in an 8-week PE program can provide positive psychophysical effects to children living in multicultural families.

정신물리적 무감각(psychophysical numbing)은 위험에 처한 전체 생명의 수(준거집단의 크기)가 증가하면서 사람들이 지각하는 생명의 가치가 감소하는 현상을 말한다. 실험 1은 선행연구와는 다른 절차로 정신물리적 무감각 현상에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 재검증하였다. 의사결정자가 대안들을 경제적 관점에서 평가하도록 하였을 때 정신물리적 무감각 반응이 증가하는 결과가 나타났다. 실험 2는 대안을 두 가지 제시 양식, 즉 개별적으로 제시하는 조건 대 합동하여 제시하는 조건에서 정신물리적 무감각 반응을 비교하였다. 감정 추단법(affect heuristic)과 평가 가설(evaluability hypothesis)의 주장과는 반대로 대안들을 비교할 수 있는 합동조건에서 정신물리적 무감각 반응이 증가하였다. 정신물리적 무감각 반응을 설명하는 이론들의 문제점과 대안 이론을 논의하였다.

Psychophysical numbing refers a phenomenon in which the perceived value of saving a fixed number of lives decreases as the total number of lives at risk (“reference group size”) increases. The first experiment replicated factors affecting psychophysical numbing in a different experimental procedure than previous researches. The results showed that psychophysical numbing responding increased, when decision makers evaluated the options in the economic-focus. The second experiment examined the psychophysical numbing in two different presentation mode, namely separate versus joint presentation. In contrast to affect heuristic and evaluability hypothesis, psychophysical numbing increased in joint presentation, in which two options could be compared and analysed. The problems of present theories explaining psychophysical numbing and alternative theories were discussed.

This thesis explores the embodiment of a performer and a character/role specifically by examining what the term character is associated with and implies in a sense of the performer’s bodily training through which what happens to their body. First of all, this research begins to investigate the relationship between a performer and a character centred on the performer’s bodily experience through training and/or studio work. From a perspective of a performer, the concept and practical approach of a character itself essentially includes and signifies all the given circumstance of a specific play which has to be acknowledged then inhabited through the performer’s body. That is, the internal structure of the text parallels with articulating and developing the spine of a specific character which take place as the substance leads the performer’s body to an organic action and/or that of way corresponding to what the character needs and wants to obtain through a series of moment on stage. Here, we argue that the purposeful action as a process and result of applying/inhabiting the substance enhances the performer’s body as the whole being participates in the given environment within which his/her body can also work or function by means of the integrated oneness. Second, in a manner of the most fundamental level, both the ethic of acting and the central task of a performer remind us the significance of allowing therefore experiencing subtle bodily movement, namely, responses to stimulus from in/outside of his/her body either visible or invisible on the one hand. At the same time, such a journey of self-discovery empowers the performer to explore new potential possibilities on the other. Finally, as the research finding suggests that these practical insights are necessarily need to be acknowledged as a point of the departure through which the quality of a performer’s body is also cultivated by means of the changeable wholeness in order to being on stage.

본 연구는 가치-사실의 관계를 심리철학과 퍼트남의 내재적 실재론을 통해 재조명 해보는 것이 주요한 목적이다. 먼저, 심리철학에서는 물리주의와 김재권의 심신수반론을 중심으로 인간의 마음이 어떻게 이해되고 있는가를 살펴본다. 그리고 내재적 실재론에서는 실재론과 상대론을 극복하고자 하는 퍼트남의 시도와 가치-사실의 상관관계를 살펴보았다. 이러한 논의들이 무어 이후 공고화된 가치와 사실에 관한 이분법적 사고를 조금씩 붕괴시키고 있다. 이러한 상황에서 가치-사실의 관계에 대한 윤리학적 논의는 이미 오래된 것이지만, 자연과학적 연구 성과들을 수용하는 개방적 자세를 가지고 다시 한 번 논의가 필요한 주제라고 생각한다.

This research mainly aims at recounting the relation between value and fact through Philosophy of Mind and Internal Realism. First of all, in Philosophy of Mind, I take a look at how the human mind works laying stress on Physicalism and Psychophysical Supervenience by Kim Jae-kwon. Secondly, in Internal Realism, I look over not only Putnam's trial on overcoming Realism and Relativism but also the correlation between value and fact. These kind of arguments have been gradually collapsing dichotomous thinking of value and fact consolidated by G. E. Moore. Under these circumstances, it has already been long since ethical discussion on the relation between value and fact began. Nevertheless, I think it needs to be rediscussed in an open-minded attitude accepting scientific research achievements.

In this study, we collected data used to formulate the relationship between quantitative metrological parameters in CRT display and the perceived focus quality. Human perception of the focusing quality was evaluated in terms of user feedback scores regarding the character legibility from four highly trained inspectors. Thirteen CRT monitors from five different manufacturers were compared relatively with respect to the norm monitor. The profile of electron beam such as spot size and the shape of distribution made by electron beam, contrast, convergence of RGB beams, and luminance characteristics were measured using a precision measurement system. Linear regression analysis and artificial neural network models were used to formulate the relationship between human perception and the quantitative measurements. The accuracy of the formulated linear regression model ($R^2$=0.515) was not satisfactory but the nonlinear neural network model ($R^2$=0.716) was fairly convincing and robust even the utilized data included subjective differences.

The weight of shoes may serve as a determining factor of perceived comfort and feel to the consumer in their purchase and repurchase decisions of footwear. People, however, seem to have trouble in accurately judging the feeling of weight of shoes on their feet. This paper made a psychophysical study of subjects′ sensitivity to weight on their feet and in their hands. The experiment consisted of 3 tests according to the motions people make when they evaluate the feel of shoes: 1) vertical lifting of a shoe on the foot ("hefting" in on the foot) 2) swing the shod foot back and forth; 3) holding and lifting a shoe by hand ("hefting" it in the hand). The method of constant stimuli and magnitude estimation were used for the experiment with 20 subjects. Weber′s ratios and the power law exponents obtained for each of the three tests were 0.156 and 0.713, 0.108 and 0.970, and 0.065 and 1.249, respectively in the same order of the previously listed tests.

We present a display-based visual stimulator for psychophysical and electrophysiological visual sensitivity measurements. The stimulator offers various psychophysical visual stimuli and transfers the signals from external devices along with the stimulation signals to an electrophysiological recorder. As an experimental demonstration, we perform a visual sensitivity experiment in the mesopic vision range by using the display-based stimulator. The intensity of the steady-state visual evoked potential is observed to correlate with the luminance of the flickering visual stimulation. For the psychophysically determined detection thresholds, we determine the mesopic luminance, showing agreement with the perceived brightness within the uncertainty of the luminance measurement.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential risk of shoulder muscle at particular working postures in sitting. Background: The cause of shoulder pain needs to be specifically studied in relation with particular shoulder postures to prevent shoulder MSDs in workplace. Method: In this study MVC, fatigue and subjective workload were investigated depending on the change of shoulder posture. An experiment was designed to evaluate the six shoulder muscles at nine shoulder postures including the combination of 30(adduction), 0, 30(abduction) degrees and 60, 90, and 120 degrees of shoulder flexion. Surface electrodes were attached to the middle trapezius, inferior middle trapezius, anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid, serratus anterior and teres major. Thirteen subjects participated in the experiment. Dependent variables were RPE (rating of perceived exertion), MVC(maximum voluntary contraction) and MPF(mean power frequency) shift by EMG (electromyography). Results: The middle trapezius and inferior middle trapezius were not significantly fatigued at all postures. The decline of MPF slope was less than 10% at all postures. The anterior deltoid was significantly fatigued all postures. The decline of MPF slope was more than 10% at all postures. The posterior deltoid was significantly fatigued 30 degrees of adduction and 90 degrees of flexion. And, neutral and 30 degrees of abduction postures were fatigued more than 90 degrees of flexion. The serratus anterior was significantly fatigued except for 30 degrees of adduction and 60 degrees of flexion posture. The teres major was significantly fatigued except for neutral and 60 degrees of flexion, 30 degrees of abduction and 60 degrees of flexion posture. Conclusion: It was found that a certain muscle was fatigued fast at particular posture compared to other muscles, which would mean that a certain shoulder muscle at particular posture could be easily exposed to the risk of musculoskeletal disorders than other muscles. Application: It is expected that the result can be applied to design workplace using shoulder muscles.

The muscular-skeletal disorders that have become a major issue recently in Korean industrial safety area are mainly caused by manual material handling task. The objective of this study is to provide scientific data for the establishment of work safety standard for Korean workers through the experiments of lifting task under various conditions, in order to prevent the muscular-skeletal disorders in the industrial work site. This study used the psychophysical approach to determine the maximum acceptable weight(MAWL) for seven young male subjects, and used isometric and isoinertial strength variables as predictors to develop prediction models. Also, the oxygen consumption, heart rate, and RPE were measured or recorded while subjects were lifting their MAWL. Three different lifting frequencies(1, 3, 5lifts/min) with two lifting range from floor to knuckle height and knuckle to shoulder height for one hour's work shift using free style lifting technique were studied. These results may not only provide scientific data in establishing the safety standards for Korean workers' lifting tasks, but also contribute preventing the rapidly increasing muscular-skeletal disorders lately on the industrial site.