Earticle

This study aims to obtain clues for domestic application by examining the private participation for operation of city park targeting Central Park Conservancy and examining the public-private cooperation of park management, organizational structure, and financial operation. Central Park in New York is a representative example of CPC's participation in park operation as a private institution and restoration as a global park. The characteristics of private participation operation can be summarized as follows. First, CPC has a systematic organization for park management. The operating organization of CPC consists of a committee, regular workers, and volunteers. The committee is composed of 53 members, and a systematic decision-making structure was organized by forming a standing committee and a special committee. To manage the park, it employs full-time workers such as planners, landscape architects, executors, finance officers, and public relations officers, and recruits numerous volunteers to support daily activities such as tours, planting flowers and seedlings, and garbage collection. Second, civic participation programs are being promoted. Participatory programs by theme have Environmental/ecological programs, health programs, and culture/art programs and programs for children, youth, and the general public are operated as participatory programs for each generation. Third, it is financial management through fundraising activities. CPC, which has been carrying out restoration projects with New York City funds since 1980, started a fundraising project in 1985 and continued its fundraising activities. About 85% of the annual operating budget is generated through various fundraising activities and investment returns.

이 연구는 초⋅중등학교 농업교육을 위한 운영 조직을 구조화하기 위한 것으로써, 각 조직의 2017년 업무 계획과 홈페이지에 제시된 조직도 및 업무를 이용하여 운영 조직의 현황과 농업교육 관련 부서 및 업무를 분석하였다. 이를 위하여 운영 조직은 교육 관련 조직과 농업 관련 조직으로 구분하고, 지역 수준을 국가 수준, 시 수준, 도 수준으로 세분하였다, 초·중등학교 농업교육을 위한 교육 관련 조직은 교육부, 시도 교육청, 시군구 교육지원청이 해당되며, 각 조직이 교육과정 중심의 교양농업교육 및 직업농업교육 관련 업무를 추진하고 있다. 교육부가 농업교육을 위하여 국가 수준의 실과(기술·가정), 농업 생명 과학 교과 교육과정, NCS 기반 직업교육과정을 개발하고, 시도 교육청은 이를 토대로 교육과정 편성·운영 지침을 마련하여 단위학교를 지원하도록 구조화되어 있다. 농림축산식품부, 농촌진흥청, 도 농업기술원, 시군 농업기술센터, 농림수산식품교육문화정보원이 포함되는 농업 관련 조직도 상호 연계하면서 농업교육을 지원하도록 구조화되어 있다. 즉 교양농업교육 관련 업무는 각 조직이 체계적으로 연계하여 단위학교에 지원되고, 직업농업교육 관련 업무는 농림축산식품부가 농림수산식품교육문화정보원을 통하여 지원되고 있다. 초·중등학교 농업교육을 위한 교육 관련 조직과 농업 관련 조직은 일반적으로 상호 협력하면서 단위학교를 지원할 수 있도록 구조화되어 있다. 교육부는 국가 수준의 농업교육과정 개발과 운영 지원을 개선하고, 농림축산식품부는 교양농업교육을 위한 교육과정 외 프로그램과 교수·학습 콘텐츠 개발 지원 등이 요구된다. 특히 초·중등학교 농업교육을 활성화하기 위하여 ‘교양농업교육센터(가칭)’를 마련하고, 농업 관련 조직에서 현재 지원하고 있는 교양농업교육 관련 업무를 일원화하여 운영할 필요가 있다. 그리고 교육 관련 조직과 연계하면서 초·중등학교 교사와 학생을 위한 다양한 프로그램과 교수·학습 콘텐츠 등을 개발하여 지원할 필요가 있다. 이러한 구조는 초·중등학교의 교양농업교육을 활성화시키고, 농업에 대한 적성과 흥미를 가진 학생들이 농업계 특성화고(마이스터고)에 진학할 수 있도록 하여 직업농업교육이 발전하는 계기가 될 것이다.

This research was focused on the structuring of operating organization for agricultural education in elementary·secondary schools through the analysis of current situation and agricultural affair using organizational chart and affair presented on the homepage for each organizations. For this, the operating organizations were divided into educational and agricultural organizations. Educational organizations were Ministry of Education(MOE), Office of Education in city, province etc., pursued general and vocational agricultural affairs centered on curriculum. MOE developed national curriculum(practical arts(technology·home economics) and agricultural life science subject curriculums, vocational curriculum based on NCS), office of education developed guidelines for the organization and operating of curriculum based on the national curriculum, supported elementary·secondary schools. Agricultural organizations included Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs(MAFRA), Rural Development Administration(RDA), Agricultural Research and Extension Services(ARES), Agricultural Technology Center(ATC) etc. supported agricultural education on elementary·secondary schools in connection with each organizations. The educational and agricultural organizations were generally structured to support agricultural education in elementary·secondary schools. And so, MOE need to improve the development and management of agricultural curriculum, MAFRA need to support program development of non-curriculum and teaching·learning contents for general agricultural education, especially to establish a ‘Center for General Agricultural Education(tentative name)’, unify general agricultural affairs that have supported by the agricultural organizations, and develop and support various programs and teaching·learning contents for elementary·secondary school teachers and students in association with the educational organizations. This structure will activate general agricultural education in elementary·secondary schools, develop vocational agricultural education in specialized agricultural(meister) high schools by students who have an aptitude and interests for agriculture.

최근에 민간기업뿐 아니라 공공기관으로도 ESG 경영이 확산돼 한국의 공공기관 경영평가에도 반영되고 있다. 공공기관들은 공익을 추구한다는 설립 목적에 비추어 ESG 경영에 모범을 보여야 한다. 공공부문과 유사한 성격을 띤 국방분야도 지속적으로 발생하고 있는 유류유출, 오폐수 방류 등 환경문제와 코로나19 상황에서의 자가 격리 장병에 대한 부실 급식, 성인지 감수성 부족에 따른 성희롱, 성폭력 문제와 각종 안전사고 등으로 인해 군 조직에 대한 신뢰성을 치명적으로 저하시키는 등 평상시 군내 비군사적인 문제가 새로운 아젠다로 급부상하고 있다. 이제는 국방분야도 ESG 도입을 검토해야 할 시점이다. 특히, 준공공기관의 성격을 띄고 있는 국방(군) 책임운영기관은 사업의 성격과 업무의 특성상 공공부문과 거의 유사한 형태의 ESG경영 추진전략 수립과 시행이 필요하다. 따라서, 본고에서는 정부와 공공기관, 방위산업 기업체, 그리고 미국 국방부의 기후변화 대응전략 등의 ESG경영 도입사례 관련 논문 및 연구보고서 등 선행연구를 바탕으로 왜 국방분야에도 ESG경영을 도입해야 하는 지 당위성을 제시하였다. 특히, 국방(군) 책임운영기관 중 처음으로 ESG경영기법 도입을 추진하고 있는 육군 종합정비창의 사례분석을 토대로 향후 국방부가 ESG경영 추진전략 등을 수립하기 위한 가이드라인을 준비하는데 정책적 발전방향을 제시하고자 한다.

Recently, ESG management has spread not only to private companies but also to public institutions, and is reflected in the management evaluation of public institutions in Korea. Public institutions should set an example in ESG management in light of their founding purpose of pursuing public interest. The defense sector, which has a similar nature to the public sector, is also facing environmental issues such as oil spills and wastewater discharges that are continuously occurring, poor food supplies for self-quarantined soldiers in the COVID-19 situation, sexual harassment and sexual violence due to lack of gender awareness, and various safety accidents that are fatally lowering the reliability of military organizations, and non-military issues within the military are rapidly emerging as new agendas. Now is the time for the defense sector to consider introducing ESG. In particular, the defense (military) responsible operation agency, which has the nature of a quasi-public institution, needs to establish and implement an ESG management promotion strategy that is almost similar to that of the public sector due to the nature of its business and the characteristics of its work. Therefore, this paper presents the justification for introducing ESG management in the defense sector based on previous studies such as theses and research reports on cases of ESG management introduction by the government, public institutions, defense industry companies, and the US Department of Defense's climate change response strategy. In particular, based on the case analysis of the Army Consolidated Maintenance Depot, which is the first among the defense(military) responsible operating agencies to introduce ESG management techniques, we aim to present policy development directions for the Ministry of National Defense to prepare guidelines for establishing ESG management strategies in the future.

Aircraft are affected by various weather elements and phenomena as they operate vertically from the ground up to the tropopause and horizontally across temperate, tropical, and cold regions within a few hours. Meteorological information, which involves observing and forecasting these weather elements and phenomena, is crucial because it influences not only the safety of the aircraft and occurrences of cancellations, diversions, or delays but also the changes in flight time and fuel consumption. Since the routes of national carriers in Korea mainly cover regions with severe weather and significant weather changes, the role of systems and organizations for the collection, analysis, and application of meteorological information is important. This study investigated the operational case and effects of a meteorological organization at airline 'A'. It was confirmed that, following the establishment of this dedicated organization, more systematic application of meteorological information has shown operational effects such as enhancing flight safety, minimizing passenger inconvenience, and contributing to corporate management.

This study is purposed the matter of corona system and practical suggestions. Although autopsy is very important judgemental procedure of the death, we have not equipped the system legally and socially by reason of social cognition in korea As Police adopted the autopsy system to take all the circumstances into consideration, it is ineffective that lack of the legal basis and absolute low rate examining a corpse. However, Corona is a unique specialist who can judge the dead body at the crime scene, the “autopsy system” is worth developing as a professionalist. Hereby, I suggest the improvement as follows First, legislate legal basis on the corona system To be embroiled in controversy on the corona system and to establish the order from the police on the basis of the corona activities, it will remove the anxiety of the corona and secure the trustfulness from both inside and outside. Second, the change of police investigation system Now the corona is a specailist as a prosecutor by proxy, we should change the rank as a police and make them inspector with resposibility. Then it will be solved all these weakness from the lack of specialty and make preparations for the rapid and efficient crime investigation system. Third, increase the number of the corona We should adapt a specailist as a cop who majored in biology, pathology, legal medicine, by “special corona system”, as if police adapt cop as a specialist by “special investigation system” in police organization from 2005. It will be expected the development that lack of corona, lack of confidence in police, lagging behind the legal medicine. I suggested the improvements above from a realistic aspect. The primary cause is lack of legal system and experts(=coronas). Also it needs social controversy and lots of expenses to solve the matter. However, it is neglectful of the duty for nation to leave the situation as it is. If we can`t solve these long term basic issues, we should improve and supplement the current corona system little by little.

본 논문에서는 성과관리제도 운영 요인들이 조직신뢰에 미치는 영향분석에서 관계문화와 과업문화를 조절변수로 설정하여 실증분석을 하였고, 성과관리제도 운영요인들이 조직신뢰에 미치는 영향력을 확인하였다. 실증적 분석을 위해서 정부부처에서 근무하는 공무원들을 대상으로 실증분석을 하였으며, 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 성과관리제도 운영에 있어서 과업문화 보다는 관계문화가 더 중요한 요인으로 분석되었다. 둘째, 최고관리자 지원과 교육훈련이 제도의 안정적 정착 및 수용성 향상을 위해 중요한 변수로 분석되었으며, 정(+)의 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 나타나고 있다. 셋째, 성과관리 교육과 관련해서 논문의 분석결과 부(-)의 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 분석되었으나, 선행연구들에서 제도의 이해 및 수용을 위해서는 교육이 필요한 것으로 나타나고 있다. 넷째, 현재 지나친 과업문화에 대한 변화보다는 현재 공공부문에 내재되어 있는 관계문화와의 융화가 더욱 잘될 수 있게 하는 방안과 실천전략들을 마련하여 실행하는 것이 더욱 실익이 있을 것으로 판단된다.

The study is an empirical study on operating performance management system and organization trust focused on moderating effects of relationship culture and task culture. For the empirical analysis was aimed at officials working in government departments. And the findings are as follows. First, relationship culture is more important than task culture at operating the performance management system. Second, top leader support and training is an important variable for stable settlement and improvement of receptivity of a system. Third, the result about performance management training has a negative correlation with organization trust. For the last, there has to be execution plan and a practical strategy for harmonious of relationship culture which is inherent in the current of the public sector rather than changing to a task culture.

본 연구의 목적은 일제 강점기 신극운동사상 ‘극단 극연좌(劇團劇硏座)’의 운영 체제와 창작 기반을 중심으로 고찰하면서 활동상의 전반을 조명하는 것이다. 극예술연구회의 후신인 극연좌는 별도의 「극단 극연좌 좌칙」을 가진 독자적인 극단으로서 1940년 중반까지 명맥을 유지하였다. 극연좌는 ‘전문극단’, ‘연극 전문화의 길’, ‘신극의 직업화’ 등의 새 기치를 표방했는데 (신)극계에서는 개념이 명료하지 않은 표어들이었다. 그 가운데 극연좌는 조직체를 ‘대표 1인 이하 2부(계획부, 무대부) 7반(서무반, 회계반, 선전반, 문예반, 연출반, 연기반, 미술반) 및 영화부’의 구조로 편성하면서 제작 실무와 실기 부문에 중점을 두었다. 아울러 각 부문의 인재 양성을 위해 신진들에게 기회를 열어주었다. 그중 연출 부문은 ‘연출자(가), 조연출, 무대감독 및 감독조수, (프롬프터)’의 체계 속에서 소장파의 활약이 두드러졌다. 그들은 희곡에서 자유로운 창의적인 해석과 연출플랜을 전제로 앙상블 창조에 주력함으로써 근현대 신극운동사상 연극 창조적 지평의 새로운 영역을 여는 요인(要人)이었다. 무대미술 부문도 극연 시기에 비하면 전문화와 전담화의 분야가 확장된 가운데 신진들의 참여가 돋보였다. 극연좌는 재정난 속에서 지방순회공연 행렬에도 합류했으나 좌원들에 대한 생활비 지급 조항은 거의 이행하지 못하였다. 하지만 단기간의 활동을 통해 무대지평의 새로운 영역을 개척하는 데 이바지하였다. 또한 극연좌가 내건 기치들, 특히 연극 활동의 직업화는 해방 이후 극협을 거쳐서 신협 시기에 이르러 결실을 보게 된다.

The purpose of this study is to examine the overall activities of ‘Troupe Geukyeonza’ in the history of the Shingeuk Movement during the Japanese colonial period, focusing on its operating system and creative organization. Troupe Geukyeonza(hereinafter referred to as ‘Geukyeonza’) was the successor to ‘Geukyesulyeonguhoe’, but it continued to exist until the mid-1940s as an independent troupe with its own 「Troupe Geukyeonza Rules」. Geukyeonza advocated ‘professional troupe’, ‘specialization and professionalization of Shingeuk’ but these were actually slogans without established concepts or boundaries. In this current state of Shingeuk, Geukyeonza was made up of two departments (planning, stage) & seven groups(general affairs, accounting, advertising, literary, directing, acting, stage art) and a film department with one representative or less, placing more emphasis on practice than on theories of plays. In addition, it opened opportunities for new talents in each department. In particular, the directing group was composed of ‘director, assistant director, stage-manager, stage-manager’s assistant, (prompter)’, and the activities of new directors were prominent. They were the key figures who opened a new horizon for creative stage in modern and contemporary Shingeuk history by focusing on the creation of ensemble with a freer and bolder interpretation of directing intentions and plans for a play. The stage art sector also showed that specialization and professionalization expanded to the effects sector compared to Geukyeon, as the participation of new directors was remarkable. Geukyeonza joined local tour performances, but it hardly paid cost of living to its members. However, Geukyeonza’s specialization, its pursuit of professionalization of plays, and its performance activities played a leading role in modern and contemporary troupe history and contributed to opening a new frontier in stage.

Objectives: Promotion of food safety/eradicating adulterated food has been listed as one of the four major issues recently identified for action by the Korean government. Due to the related seriousness, the food industry has been encouraged to take steps to restore consumer confidence. In order to set guidelines for the creation of manuals for the response to a food safety crisis by the food industry, this study provided a suggested organization for a crisis response team and operating procedures for crisis response activities. Methods: The prototypes of an organizational structure and a set of standard procedures for a crisis response system were provided. Results: The results of the study suggested that a crisis response team should be comprised of four divisions of responsibility: information analysis, site response, communication and operational support. The organization chart and the role and functions for each division of the crisis response team should be indicated. Response activities will be more effective when the team features multi-disciplined staffing, such as public relations, food safety/technology/quality, sales/marketing, purchasing, production, distribution/logistics, regulatory affairs/legal, and consumer service specialists. This study created a flow chart for the total crisis response system, which included crisis and normal situations. A crisis response team should be continuously operated for both crisis and normal conditions. This study also suggested a scenario to explain the procedures for crisis response activities. Conclusion: In order to cope more effectively with a food safety crisis, the organizational structure and its functions should be defined clearly, and a detailed set of standard procedures for response activities should be offered.

본 연구는 항공보안요원(특수경비원)의 조직과 신분에 대하여 국내 항공보안 전문가를 대상으로심층인터뷰 후 Strauss & Corbin이 발표한 근거이론(Basics of Qualititative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques, 1998)을 바탕으로 공항의 항공보안 운영체계를 탐색하는 질적연구이다. 인천공항 개항 이후 2001년 7월 경비업법 전부개정을 통해 도입된 항공보안요원이 최근 정규직으로 전환되면서 용역근로자에서 공기업 자회사 소속직원으로 바뀌었다. 연구자는 수집된 자료를 바탕으로121개 개념을 도출하였고 개념에 대한 반복적․귀납적 비교를 통해 62개의 하위범주와 상위범주 20개로 범주화하였다. 상위범주 간 인과관계를 확인하는 축코딩 결과 “공항 항공보안요원의 조직과 신분에 대한 변화 필요성”을 중심현상으로 도출하였고 “공항의 항공보안 운영체계 정립을 위한 항공보안요원 조직과 신분의 변화 필요성 인식”을 핵심범주로 도출하였다. 핵심범주를 중심으로 통합된 이야기는 첫째로 정규직 전환이 낳은 새로운 문제, 둘째는 항공보안요원들의 임무와 권한, 셋째 항공보안운영체계 재정립의 필요성 인식 등으로 정리되었다. 연구결과 항공보안 운영체계 재정립에 필요한 논의과제로는 첫째, 항공보안요원의 조직을 기존조직과 어떻게 연계하여 구성하느냐. 둘째, 항공보안 운영조직은 독립조직의 형태인 공사, 공단, 재단법인 등으로 하되 단기, 중장기로 검토해야 한다. 셋째는 독립조직의 구성원 대상범위를 어디까지 포함할 것인가. 넷째, 독립조직의 재원마련방안이다. 본 연구는 근거이론을 통해 공항의 항공보안 운영체계 재정립을 위한 방향성과 논의과제를 학문적으로 전개하였다는 의미가 있다.

This study is a qualitative study to explore the airport’s aviation security operation system based on the Basics of Qualitative Research (Grounded Theory procedures and techniques, 1998) published by Strauss & Corbin after in-depth interviews with aviation security experts on the organization and status of aviation security personnel. After the opening of Incheon International Airport, aviation security personnel, which were introduced through the revision of the Security Business Act in July 2001, were recently converted from service workers to employees of subsidiaries of public corporations. The researcher derived 121 concepts based on the collected data and classified them into 62 Sub-categories and 20 Super-categories through iterative and inductive comparisons of the concepts. As a result of the Axial Coding to check the causal relationship between the categories, “The need for changes in the organization and identity of airport aviation security personnel” was derived as a Focal Phenomena, and “Recognition of the need to change the organization and status of aviation security personnel to establish the airport’s aviation security operating system” was derived as a Core Category. The Story Line integrated around the Core Category was first summarized as a new problem caused by the conversion to regular workers, secondly, the mission and authority of aviation security personnel, and thirdly, recognition of the need to reestablish the aviation security operating system. As a result of the study, as a discussion task necessary for re-establishing the aviation security operating system, first, how to organize the organization of aviation security personnel in connection with the existing organization. Second, aviation security operating organizations are construction, industrial complex, foundation, etc., which are in the form of independent organizations, but should be reviewed in the short term and medium term. Third, to what extent will the scope of members of an independent organization be included? Fourth, it is a plan to raise funds for independent organizations. This study is meaningful in that it develops the direction and discussion issues of the airport aviation security operation system re-establishment academically through Grounded Theory.

본 연구는 주요 국가들의 장기요양서비스 품질관리기구의 운영형태와 규제수준을 비교 분석한 것이다. 7개국을 분석한 결과, 강제적 규제와 중앙통합형의 국가는 영국과 네덜란드가 해당되며, 이들 국가들은 높은 공적 책임성과 운영의 일관성을 보이며, 제공기관에 대한 강한 통제방식을 보였다. 강제적 규제와 지방분권형의 국가는 미국과 독일이 해당되며, 품질평가에 대한 주정부차원의 높은 유연성을 보이는 반면, 제공기관에 대한 규제는 상당히 높은 수준을 보이고 있었다. 싱가포르는 높은 국가주의와 관료주의의 영향으로 높은 규제수준을 보이며, 스웨덴은 국가직영의 관리방식으로 낮은 규제수준을 보인다. 지원적 규제와 제3자위탁형에 속하는 일본은 품질평가에 대한 제공기관의 자발적 참여에 의존하고 있어 제공기관에 대한 규제조치 수준은 낮은 특징을 보인다. 해당 국가의 특수한 상황에 따라 동일 유형에 속하는 국가들 간에도 운영과 규제수준에 약간의 차이가 있음을 확인 할 수 있었다. 사례분석을 통해 우리나라에 적합한 품질관리기구 설치 시 고려해야 할 방향을 제시하였다.

This study is a comparative analysis of the operating system and regulatory level for long-term care in seven countries. As a result of analysis, ‘Centralization control type’, which is applicable to the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, having high status of the organization and the regulatory authority levels, these countries show high public accountability and operational consistency and strong control manner for the providers. ‘Decentralization control type', which is applicable to the United States and Germany, having low organizational status but high regulatory authority level, ?shows a high degree of flexibility of the state level for quality evaluation and a high level of regulatory authority for the providers. Singapore shows a high restriction standard due to the effect of the nationalism and bureaucratism while Sweden shows a low restriction standard due to its administration of nation direct management.‘Third party supportive type’, which is applicable to Japan, shows low regulatory control level because it is dependent on the voluntary participation of organizations to provide quality evaluation. Depending on the particular circumstances of the countries, it is confirmed that there is some difference in the operating and regulatory level even countries belong to the same type. Through case studies above, the proper way that should be considered when installing quality regulatory body for our country is proposed.

본 연구는 Senge의 학습조직이론을 분석 틀로 활용하여 특수학교 전문적 학습공동체 조직 및 운영 과정에 참여하는교사들의 경험을 이해하고 분석하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 G시의 A특수학교 교사 6명을 대상으로 심층면담을실시하여 다음과 같은 결과를 도출하였다. A특수학교 전문적 학습공동체 조직 및 운영과정은 학교 워크숍을 통한비전 공유(shared vision), 교육과정과 연계한 개인적 숙련(personal mastery), 동료 교사와 생각을 공유하고 수용하는정신 모델(mental model), 팀 학습(team learning)을 통해 학교 문제를 해결하는 과정이 학교장의 시스템 사고(system thinking)를 중심으로 유기적으로 연결되어 있었다. 이러한 연구 결과를 토대로 성공적인 전문적 학습공동체 조직및 운영을 위해 전문적 학습공동체 이해를 위한 연수 실시, 개방적·협력적 학교문화 조성을 위한 민주적 의사결정체계 확립, 전문적 학습공동체 활동을 위한 안정적 시간 확보 등이 필요함을 제안하였다.

The purpose of the study was to deeply understand teacher’s experiecnes in organizing and operating professional learning community in a special school in G city. In doing so, the study applied Senge’s views of five principles in learning organizations as a theoretical framework and used in-depth interviews for 6 special teachers in a special school. The findings were as follows; five principles were closely inter-related and principal’s system thinking played a leading role; teachers have shared school vision through school workshops (shared vision), made individual mastery of school curricula (personal mastery), shared ideas with peer teachers and accepted them (mental model), and solved shool problems through team learning (team learning) were inter-connected under principal’s system thinking. Based on the findings, we made three suggestions in order to successfully organize and operate professional learning community within school; on-the-job training for better understanding of professional learning community, democratic decision-making system for encouraging open and collaborative school culture, and securing extra time for participating well in professional learning community.