Earticle

The purposes of this study were to identify the influence of visual perception disorder to brain demaged patients and to found out the interrelationship between the lesion of brains and MVPT items. The subjects were 50 brain demaged patients and 29 normal people. Motor-free Visual Perception Test(MVPT) and Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) were used to evaluate the visual perceptions of the both. The data were collected from January 1998 to March 1999. Compare the results of raw scores the among MVPT items of normal group & the brain demaged patients groups, significant differences were found in all level of age group. The difference of raw score in the third age group (70∼80) most significant. The results also indicated that there were some differences in the scores of Korean normal grops and the standard of MVPT suggested by AJOT. The result suggest , There is a need to develope MVPT that is suitable for Korean sujects.

이 연구는 청소년의 비행과 범죄에 관한 것이다. 그렇지만 실제 대한민국 사회에서 일어나고 있는 현상을 이야기하는 것은 아니다. 청소년의 비행과 범죄에 대한 연구와 분석은 이미 많이 행해지고 있으 며, 그 사례는 수천 건에 이를 것이다. 우리의 현실 세계는 모든 것을 실제적으로 체험할 수 없다. ‘가상현 실’(假想現實, Virtual Reality)이나 ‘증강현실’(增强現實, Augmented Reality)과 같은 컴퓨터를 기반으로 하는 간접체험이 일반화되어있지만 비행과 범죄를 간접 체험할 수는 없는 노릇이다. 인류가 시작된 후 인간은 간접체험을 할 수 있는 세계를 구축해놓았는데 그것이 바로 문학이다. 청소년의 비행이나 범죄가 문학과의 관련성을 이야기하자면 실제 비행이나 범죄, 그리고 작가가 창조해낸 비행과 범죄가 상호 모방 이라도 하듯 다양한 사례로 현실과 문학 속에 존재한다는 것이다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 청소년의 비행 과 범죄, 그리고 학교폭력에 관한 사례를 잘 구성된 플롯으로 쓰여 진 문학작품을 기반으로 하고자 한다. 그 문학작품은 성장소설(bildungsroman)로 『호밀밭의 파수꾼』(The Catcher in the Rye), 『우리들의 일 그러진 영웅』, 그리고 소설은 아니지만 청소년의 아픈 성장과 범죄를 다룬 희곡 『에쿠우스』(Equus) 이다. 세 작품에서 나타나는 청소년의 가출, 학교폭력, 그리고 범죄에 이르기까지 다양한 사례들이 작품 속에서 어떻게 드러나고 있는지 알아보고, 이를 통해 청소년의 비행 문제를 바라보는 시각을 새롭게 하고 심리상태를 이해하는데 도움이 될 것이라 생각한다.

The study is about juvenile delinquency and crime. However, I am not talking about what is actually happening in Korean society. Research and analysis of juvenile delinquency and crime is already being done a lot, and the cases will reach thousands. Our real world cannot experience everything in practice. Although computer-based indirect experiences such as "virtual reality" and "Augmented reality" are common, it is not possible to experience flight and crime indirectly. Since the beginning of mankind, humans have built a world where they can experience indirect experiences, which is literature. To talk about the relevance of juvenile delinquency or crime to literature, actual delinquency, crime, and misconduct and crime created by the author exist in reality and literature in various cases, as if they were imitating each other. Therefore, the study aims to base the cases of juvenile delinquency, crime, and school violence on a well-organized plot of literature. The literary works include "The Catcher in the Rye," "Our Twisted Hero," and "Equus," a play about the painful growth and crime of teenagers, not fiction. I think it will help us to find out how the various cases of teenagers' runaway, school violence, and crime in the three works are revealed in the work, and to refresh the way we look at juvenile delinquency issues and understand their psychological conditions.

Joubert syndrome (JS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a congenital malformation of the hindbrain, and accompanied by axonal decussation abnormalities affecting the corticospinal tract and the superior cerebellar peduncles. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports of normal pyramidal decussation in JS. Here, we describe the case of an 18-year-old boy presenting midline-crossing corticospinal projections, which were considered normal corticospinal tract trajectories. Diffusion tensor imaging and motor evoked potential study analysis demonstrated the exclusive presence of decussating corticospinal projections in the patient. Based on these results, we suggest that JS might be associated with several, diverse corticospinal motor tract organization patterns.

Abstract Purpose: Opinions for stability of carboplatin in chloride containing solutions is controversial. This study was conducted to evaluate the stability of carboplatin in normal saline that was representative chloride containing solutions used for dilution of chemotherapeutic agents. Whether initial dilution concentration and storage time were effect factors on carboplatin decreasing rate were also assessed. Methods Dilutions of carboplatin 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 mg /ml were prepared in normal saline. Aliquots of each solution were transferred to glass containers for storage at room temperature for 24hours. Samples of each solution were analyzed for carboplatin concentration decreasing rate initially and at 10, 12, 24 hours after preparation by high performance liquid chromatography. We compared the decreasing rate of each samples according to initial dilution concentration and storage time. For all these measures, multiple comparisons between samples were made with repeated measured ANOVA. Results Carboplatin was compatible with normal saline. During experimental period carboplatin decreasing rate was under 5% and this value was accepted as stable by Korean regulatory standard. When carboplatin decreasing rate of each samples were compared within same initial dilution concentration, the value increased proportion to storage time (p=0.0001). Compared decreasing rate at same sampling time, the more carboplatin was diluted, the more main ingredients decreased (P=0.0001). Conclusions Carboplatin was compatible with normal saline at room temperature for 24 hours. The more carboplatin was diluted and the longer left in room temperature, the more decreasing rate increased. Initial dilution concentration and storage time were effect factors on carboplatin stability after dilution.

Objective To identify the normal range, distribution, and age-dependent differences in the cephalic index (CI) of Korean children with normal brain development and develop a classification of the current CI for Korean children up to 7 years of age. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 1,389 children who visited our hospital in the emergency room between October 2015 and September 2020 because of suspected head injuries. Finally, 1,248 children (741 male and 507 female) were enrolled after excluding abnormal medical or familial history and divided into 10 groups by age. The CI was measured using brain computed tomography and calculated according to the following equation: cephalic width/cephalic length×100. Results The averages of CI by age groups were as follows: 89.29 (0?3 months group, n=44); 91.41 (4?6 months group, n=63); 89.68 (7?9 months group, n=62); 87.52 (10?12 months group, n=41); 87.64 (≥2 years group, n=243); 86.63 (≥3 years group, n=178); 85.62 (≥4 years group, n=232); 85.77 (≥5 years group, n=201); 85.15 (≥6 years group, n=75); and 85.34 (≥7 years group, n=109). The CI of Korean children in normal brain development was confirmed to be large, showing a notable difference compared to that of Caucasians. Conclusion The current CI of Korean children will provide a valuable reference for diagnosing and treating cranial deformities, especially dolichocephaly and brachycephaly as well as to monitor the morphology of the cranium in clinics.

Objective To evaluate intra-tester reliability of P300 more precisely, this study was designed. Event-related potential (ERP) is the result of endogenous brain response following cognitive stimulus. The P300 component of the human ERP is a positive wave with a latency of 300 ms or greater. Our purpose of this study was to estimate reliability of P300 latency and amplitude with 30 normal persons without head injury, as well as to set up them as the reference values in the event that they would be found to be highly reliable.Methods ERP was performed at three separate times on 30 normal adults in their 20s and 30s. We measured P300 latency and amplitude among ERP.Results P300 latency show excellent reliability with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.81. As to P300 amplitude, reliability was good to fair with ICC of 0.53. Average value of P300 latency was 311.3±37.0 ms, shorter than reference value of previous study in Korea.Conclusion P300 latency revealed higher reliability than P300 amplitude, although reliability of P300 was confirmed in both component. After further study including precise mechanism, influence factor on measurement and method standardization, it is expected to be an objective indicator to assess the cognitive state and predict prognosis

본 연구에서는 노인들의 주관적 기억문제 호소 양상과 객관적인 인지 기능의 연관성을 살펴보고자 하였다. 다양한 신경심리평가와 임상가 평정을 통해 73명의 지역사회 거주 노인을 정상 노인군(50명), 기억성 경도인지장애군(15명), 초기 치매군(8명)으로 분류한 뒤, 집단 간 주관적 기억문제 호소의 차이를 살펴보았다. 이때 노인을 대상으로 하는 Memory Functioning Questionnaire(MFQ), Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire(PRMQ)와 보호자를 대상으로 하는 Korean Dementia Screening Questionnaire(KDSQ)를 통해 주관적 기억문제 호소 정도를 측정하였다. 객관적 인지기능 수준에 따른 주관적 기억문제 호소 양상의 차이를 살펴보기 위한 공변량 분석 결과, 정상 노인군과 MCI군은 보호자 보고와 미래계획기억 및 회고적 기억 등 구체적 기억행동에 초점을 맞춘 노인의 주관적 기억 저하 호소에서, 정상 노인군과 초기 치매군, MCI군과 초기 치매군은 보호자 보고에서만 유의한 차이가 났다. 이는 인지기능 저하가 심할수록 자신의 기억력 저하에 대한 통찰이 부족하며, 전반적 기억 문제 호소에 비해 구체적 기억행동에 초점을 둔 기억력 문제 호소가 노인의 객관적 인지기능을 더 잘 반영함을 의미한다. 본 연구는 다양한 수준의 인지기능 노인을 대상으로 연구를 진행하였으며, 객관적 인지기능 수준에 따른 노인과 보호자의 주관적 기억문제 호소 양상에 차이가 있음을 확인하였다는 점에 의의가 있다.

This study aimed to investigate a association between subjective memory complaints and objective cognitive functions in the elderly. Initially, 114 elderly participants living in the local community completed various neuropsychological assessments and a clinical Dementia Rating. A total of 73 elder people were classified into three groups (normal, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, early dementia of Alzheimer's type). Subsequently, differences in subjective memory complaints between the three groups were examined using the Memory Functioning Questionnaire (MFQ), Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) through the elderly and Korean Dementia Screening Questionnaire (KDSQ) through their care-givers. Differences in subjective memory complaints were analyzed using ANCOVA analysis after correcting for demographic variables. The KDSQ and both the PRMQ-P and PRMQ-R were significantly able to discriminate between the MCI and early dementia groups and normal and early dementia groups. This result demonstrate the presence of significant differences in subjective memory complains according to objective cognitive functions.

Objective To examine the eff ects of age, gender and bolus consistency in normal populations using the temporal measurement of Pharyngeal Transit Duration (PTD), which refl ects the duration of bolus fl ow from the ramus of the mandible to the upper esophageal sphincter. Method 40 normal and healthy subjects had Videofl uoroscopic Swallowing Examinations (VFSEs) of 5 ml thin and nectar thick liquids, and puree consistencies. A slow motion and frame by frame analysis was performed. Th reeway analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to examine the main eff ect and interactions, and paired t-tests for the three consistency comparisons. Results Older subjects had a significantly longer PTD than younger subjects (p<0.01). In addition, men had significantly shorter PTDs than women (p<0.01). Puree showed a significantly longer PTD than the other two consistencies, regardless of age and gender (p<0.05). Conclusion PTD is an indicative of motor weakness in pharyngeal swallowing secondary to aging. In addition, the results supported the assumption that there is a functional diff erence in pharyngeal swallowing between men and women. It is expected that the results of this study will be used for further investigation of patients with dysphagia.

Background: Foot intrinsic muscles play an essential role in maintaining medial longitudinal arch (MLA) stability and overall foot function. Altered muscle recruitment patterns in individuals with pes planus may influence hallux joint kinematics during functional tasks. Purpose: To compare hallux metatarsophalangeal (MTP) and interphalangeal (IP) joint angles, as well as MLA angles, during toe curl between individuals with normal feet and those with pes planus. Study design: Cross-sectional comparative study. Methods: Thirty participants were included (15 with normal feet and 15 with pes planus), classified using the navicular drop test. Hallux MTP and IP joint angles and MLA angles were measured using video-based kinematic analysis during toe-curl performed in a standardized supine position. Independent t-tests were conducted to compare variables between groups, with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Results: No significant differences were observed between groups in MTP or IP joint angles during toe-curl (p=0.294 and p=0.083, respectively). The MLA angle was significantly greater in the pes planus group compared with the normal foot group at both rest (p<0.001) and the final position (p=0.001). However, no between-group difference was found in the change in MLA angle (p=0.979). Conclusions: Kinematic analysis during toe-curl in a non-weight-bearing position may have limited sensitivity for detecting differences in intrinsic foot muscle function. Further studies are warranted to evaluate these outcomes under more functionally demanding conditions.

Objective To identify the differences in the movement of the hyoid bone and the vocal cord with and without electrical stimulation in normal subjects.Methods Two-dimensional motion analysis using a videofluoroscopic swallowing study with and without electrical stimulation was performed. Surface electrical stimulation was applied during swallowing using electrodes placed at three different locations on each subject. All subjects were analyzed three times using the following electrode placements: with one pair of electrodes on the suprahyoid muscles and a second pair on the infrahyoid muscles (SI); with placement of the electrode pairs on only the infrahyoid muscles (IO); and with the electrode pairs placed vertically on the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles (SIV).Results The main outcomes of this study demonstrated an initial downward displacement as well as different movements of the hyoid bone with the three electrode placements used for electrical stimulation. The initial positions of the hyoid bone with the SI and IO placements resulted in an inferior and anterior displaced position. During swallowing, the hyoid bone moved in a more superior and less anterior direction, resulting in almost the same peak position compared with no electrical stimulation.Conclusion These results demonstrate that electrical stimulation caused an initial depression of the hyoid bone, which had nearly the same peak position during swallowing. Electrical stimulation during swallowing was not dependent on the position of the electrode on the neck, such as on the infrahyoid or on both the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles.

Background Workers in logistics services encounter considerable physical challenges, as ankle injuries constitute the second-highest prevalence among occupational musculoskeletal conditions. Purpose To compare rearfoot kinematics during unilateral heel rise among logistics service workers with pronated, normal, and supinated foot types. Study design Cross-sectional observational study Methods A total of 236 logistics service workers were classified into three groups based on navicular drop measurements: supinated foot (n=48), normal foot (n=111), and pronated foot (n=77). We utilized smartphone-based two-dimensional motion capture combined with Kinovea analysis software to evaluate rearfoot stance position angle at initial position (RSPA_IP), terminal position (RSPA_TP), and rearfoot movement during heel rise (RMHR). Analysis of covariance with age as a covariate was performed to compare kinematic variables among groups, followed by post-hoc pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni correction. Results Significant differences were observed among groups for RMHR (F=5.015, p=0.007). The pronated foot group was confirmed significantly greater rearfoot movement (6.37±5.76°) compared to both supinated (3.60±5.07°, p=0.007) and normal foot groups (4.29±5.26°, p=0.008). No significant differences were found for RSPA_IP, RSPA_TP, or plantar flexion angle among groups. Conclusions Pronated feet exhibit significantly greater rearfoot excursion during heel rise compared to normal and supinated feet, suggesting that foot type influences dynamic movement patterns rather than static positioning. These findings support implementing foot type-specific screening and interventions in occupational health programs for logistics workers.

Objective To evaluate normal healthy persons without spasticity to observe normal findings of the elbow stretch reflex using a newly developed, portable, hand-driven spasticity-measuring system. Method Thirty normal persons without any disease involving the central or peripheral nervous system were enrolled in this study. The portable hand-driven isokinetic system is able to measure the joint angle, angular velocity, electromyographic (EMG) signals, and torque during elbow passive extension-flexion. One set of 10 passive elbow extension and flexion movements was performed for data acquisition at each angular velocity, including 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 degrees per second (o/sec). Electromyographic data were collected from the biceps brachii and the triceps brachii. Torque data were collected from sensors around the wrist. Results We were able to detect EMG activity and torque in all subjects by using the new portable hand-driven isokinetic system. EMG activity and torque increased with incremental increase of angular velocities. The joint angle of maximal EMG activity according to different angular velocities did not show any signifi cant difference (116o-127o in elbow extension and 37o-66o in elbow flexion). The joint angles of maximal torque according to different angular velocities were not signifi cantly different either. Conclusion Using the portable hand-driven isokinetic system on the elbows of normal subjects, we were able to obtain expected results. By considering our normal findings of the elbow stretch reflex using this system, we propose that the various aspects of spasticity-related data can be measured successfully.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between the absent rates of superficial peroneal sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) and age increase in healthy adults without symptoms of peripheral neuropathy. Method: We recruited 120 healthy adults (240 low extremities) and divided into the age groups 20~29, 30~39, 40~49, 50~59, 60~69 and more than 70 years. All subjects underwent sensory nerve conduction study of superficial peroneal nerve. Diabetic history, exposed to neurotoxic agent, neurologic problem, trauma history on low extremity and pitting edema were excluded in this study. Results: All subjects of age groups 20~29, 30~39, 40~49 and 50~59 years were elicited, but 2 subjects (1.7%) in age group 60~69 years and 7 subjects (5.8%) in age group more than 70 years were not elicited. Increasing age and the no response rate of superficial peroneal nerve conduction study were correlated statically significant (p-value = 0.004). Using a receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve, absent superficial peroneal SNAP could be observed more than 70.5 years with sensitivity of 77.8% and specificity of 89.2%. Conclusion: The ratio of absent superficial peroneal SNAP can be increase in elderly healthy adults. This study shows reference that superficial peroneal SNAP might be absent as age increase.

Objective To examine the characteristics and changes in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing according to fluid viscosity in normal healthy persons, to help determine fluid intake methods in more detail than the use of standardized fluid.Methods This was a prospective observational study involving 10 normal healthy adults. While the participants sequentially took in fluids with 10 different viscosities changes in the pharyngeal phase of the swallowing process were monitored using videofluoroscopic swallowing studies (VFSS). Twenty parameters of the pharyngeal phase, including epiglottis contact, laryngeal elevation, pharyngeal constriction, and upper esophageal sphincter opening, were determined and compared.Results No significant viscosity-based changes in epiglottis contact, laryngeal elevation, or upper esophageal sphincter-opening duration of the pharyngeal phase were observed. However, pharyngeal transit time and time from the start of the pharyngeal phase to peak pharyngeal constriction were significantly delayed upon intake of fluid with viscosities of 150.0 centipoise (cP) and 200.0 cP.Conclusion VFSS analysis of fluid intake may require the use of fluids of various concen trations to determine a suitable viscosity of thickener mixture for each subject.

Purpose: Colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors face significant challenges after completing treatment, including returning to work, concerns about the future, and financial difficulties. Understanding how inner strength developed after treatment affects survivors’ lives is crucial for informing patient-centered care. This study explored the unique inner strength exhibited by CRC survivors during their transition to a “new normal.” Methods: We recruited 16 patients from Korea who had completed treatment, to explore their experiences of managing their health. We conducted a qualitative study from July 4, 2022 to July 25, 2022 using individual interviews and directed content analysis. Transcribed interview data were analyzed to interpret meaning from the data, consistent with the naturalistic paradigm. Results: Participants described their transition to a new normal by reframing the cancer experience, struggling to return to normal life, experiencing growth promoted by supportive relationships, and encountering both positive and negative life changes. Throughout these experiences as survivors, inner strength played a critical role in adapting to a new normal. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that inner strength serves as a dynamic psychological resource, enabling CRC survivors to reframe their illness, regain disrupted roles, and reconstruct a meaningful life despite ongoing physical and emotional challenges. In doing so, inner strength facilitates their adaptation to a new normal.

이 연구는 4차 산업혁명과 디지털 사회의 도래 속에서 설교가 공공 담론으로서의 기능을 회복하기 위한 방안을 모색한 것이다. 전통적 설 교가 교회 내부 중심의 언어 구조와 교리 중심 메시지에 머무르며 교회 밖 수신자와의 소통에 한계를 드러낸다는 문제의식 속에서, 본 연구는 빅데이터와 인공지능(AI)을 기반으로 한 설교 설계 전략이 공공성을 회복할 수 있는 대안이 될 수 있는지를 탐색하였다. 설문조사와 유튜브 설교 분석을 통해 수신자의 현실적 상황성(경제적 불안, 정서적 고립 등)이 설교 수용성에 밀접하게 연관되어 있음을 확인하였으며, 데이터 기반의 수요 맞춤형 설교 시리즈는 청중의 높은 공감과 반응을 유도하 는 데 효과적임을 실증적으로 제시하였다. 또한 AI 설교 도구와 인간 설교자의 협업 가능성을 평가하며, 기술 활용 능력과 신학적 통찰의 병 행이 설교자의 필수 역량임을 주장하였다. 결론적으로 본 연구는 기술 과 영성이 통합된 설교 생태계의 필요성, 그리고 설교자가 단지 본문 해석자에 머무르지 않고 복음의 문화 번역자, 공공신학적 중재자로서의 역할을 감당해야 함을 제안한다. 이를 위해 신학교 및 설교자 양성 기관의 커리큘럼 개편과, 설교자 대상 디지털 감수성 훈련의 필요성도 함께 제언하였다.

This study seeks ways to restore the function of sermons as public discourse in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and the advent of digital society. With the awareness that traditional sermons remain limited to internal church-centered language structures and doctrine-centered messages, and show limitations in communication with recipients outside the church, this study explores whether sermon design strategies based on big data and artificial intelligence (AI) can be an alternative to restore publicness. Through a survey and analysis of YouTube sermons, it was confirmed that the recipients’realistic situation (economic anxiety, emotional isolation, etc.) is closely related to sermon acceptance, and it was empirically suggested that a data-based demand-tailored sermon series is effective in inducing high empathy and response from the audience. In addition, it evaluated the possibility of collaboration between AI sermon tools and human preachers, and argued that the ability to utilize technology and theological insight are essential competencies for preachers. In conclusion, this study suggests the need for a sermon ecosystem that integrates technology and spirituality, and that preachers should not remain mere interpreters of the text, but should fulfill their roles as cultural translators of the gospel and mediators of public theology. To this end, the need for curriculum reform in seminaries and preacher training institutions, as well as digital sensitivity training for preachers, was also suggested.

오늘날 우리 사회는 코로나-19와 디지털 기술혁명으로 새로운 시대, 소위 뉴노멀 시대를 맞이하 게 되었다. 이 가운데 특히 코로나-19는 우리의 일상생활에 많은 변화를 가져왔다. 교육영역에 있 어서도 비대면 교육으로 대표되는 교육환경의 변화를 가져와 종래의 학교교육 중심의 공교육에 변 화를 예고하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 그동안 대안교육의 한 형태로서 사실상 개별적으로 운영해 온 홈스쿨링을 이러한 교육환경 변화에 필요한 교육형태로 보고 이에 대하여 고찰하였다. 다행인 것은 정보통신기술의 발 달로 홈스쿨링에 의해서도 효율적이고 또한 다양한 교육을 자녀에게 제공할 수 있는 교육환경이 조성되었다는 점이다. 본 연구에서는 홈스쿨링을 도입하는 데 있어서, 홈스쿨링의 의미와 문제점, 홈스쿨링에 대한 관리 및 규제에 관해서 살펴보았고, 교육관계법 상 홈스쿨링을 합법적인 제도로 인정할 수 있을 것인지에 관하여 고찰하였다.

Today our society has entered a new era, the so-called New Normal, with the COVID-19 and the digital technology revolution. COVID-19 in particular has brought many changes to our daily lives. It also has brought many changes to the educational environment represented by non-face-to-face education, heralding a change in the traditional public education centered on school education. This study was intended to examine the homeschooling, which has been operated individually as a form of alternative education, as an educational form necessary to changes in the educational environment. Fortunately, the development of information and communication technology has created an educational environment that can provide efficient and diverse education to children through homeschooling. In this study, we looked at the meaning and problems of homeschooling, the supervision and regulation of homeschooling, and discussed whether homeschooling can be recognized as a legal system under the Education Relations Act.

이 연구는 COVID-19로 인한 학교 교육의 혼란스러운 상태를 파악하고, 국가적 위기에 신속하게 대처하기 위한 학교장의 역할을 모색하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 해결하기 위하여 서울·부산·대구·대전·제주지역 초등학교 교장 34명을 대상으로 COVID-19에 대처하기 위해 학교장에게 어떤 리더십이 필요한지를 1차 SNS를 통해 개방형 문항으로 설문을 하고, 2차는 전화를 통해 심층 면접을 진행했다. 뉴노멀 시대에 교장의 리더십은 위기 상황에 신속하 게 대응할 수 있는 능력과 신속한 예산 확보 및 투입, 교원 간 소통 촉진으로 발생할 수 있는 교육활동 지원, 수업 지원, 문제 예방 등에 대한 통찰력 있고, 책임 있는 리더십이 필요하다는 조사 결과가 나왔다. COVID-19과 같은 위기 상황에서 학교가 안정적으로 대처할 수 있는 학교장 역할을 정립하고 안전한 환경에서 학생의 배움이 일어나는 교육 환경 구축이 필요하다. 이를 위해서는 국가적, 교육 정책적 지원이 필요하다.

The purpose of this study is to identify the chaotic state of school education caused by COVID-19 and to seek the role of the principal in responding quickly to the national crisis. To solve this problem, 34 elementary school principals in Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Daejeon, and Jeju were surveyed with open questions through the first SNS on what leadership is needed to cope with COVID-19, and the second in-depth interview was conducted through phone calls. In the New Normal era, principal's leadership requires insightful and responsible leadership in supporting educational activities, class support, and problem prevention that can occur due to rapid response to crisis situations, rapid budgeting and input, and promotion of teacher-to-teacher communication, according to a survey. In crisis situations such as COVID-19, it is necessary to establish a role of principal for schools to cope stably and to establish an educational environment in which students learn in a safe environment. For this, national and educational policy support is needed.

전 세계가 코로나 바이러스로 몸살을 앓고 있다. 사회적 거리두기와 비대면이 지속되면서, 개인 자아는 심리적으로 점점 더 불안해하고, 모일 수 없는 공동체는 그 존재적 정의에 수정을 가해야 할 형편이다. 이러한 위기는 새로운 표준과 기준을 요구하고 있다. 교회도 예외는 아니다. 이러한 상황 속에서 교회는 이전의 예배와 목회 등에 새로운 기준을 가지지 않으면 안 된다. 또한 신앙 공동체인 교회는 이전과는 달라진 개인과 공동체의 관계를 정립해야 하기도 한다. 이것은 말씀에 비추어, 항상 개혁해야 하는 개혁교회에게는 당연한 과제인 것이다. 어쩌면 말씀 속에 그 본질을 회복해야 하는 교회에게는 이 코로나의 위기가 순전함을 회복하는 좋은 기회가 될 수도 있을 것이다. 이에 본 연구는 기독교교육적 관점에서 뉴 노멀(new normal) 시대의 교육목회를 위한 제언을 시도하려 한다. 이를 위해 먼저 II장에서는 코로나 시대의 교육목회에 있어서 뉴 노멀의 필요성에 관하여 살펴 볼 것이다. III장에서는 뉴 노멀 시대의 교육목회의 과제를 개인 자아와 공동체의 기능 회복을 중심으로 알아 볼 것이다. 결론격인 IV장에서는 뉴 노멀시대의 교육목회적 대안을 디트리히 본회퍼(Dietrich Bonhoeffer)의 공동체에 대한 이해를 중심으로 제시해 보려고 한다. 아무쪼록 마리아 해리스(Maria Harris)와 하비콕스(Harvey Cox)가 강조한 사도행전에 나타난 초대교회의 다섯 가지 직능들이 존 웨스터호프 3세(John Westerhoff III)와 레슬리 뉴비긴(Lesslie Newbigin), 그리고 본회퍼의 교회, 신앙공동체 이해에 의해 회복되어져, 오늘날 교육목회의 뉴 노멀을 위한 작은 디딤돌이 되기를 바란다.

The world is suffering from the COVID-19. As social distancing and non-face-to-face communication continue, individuals become more anxious, and communities that cannot be gathered are required for redefinition of their existences. This crisis requires new normal. The church is no exception. As a community of faith, the church must establish a new relationship between individuals and communities in this situation. Maybe, it is not wondered that the reformed church must always be reformed. The COVID-19 crisis is a chance to restore the purity for the church. Thus, this study attempts to offer several suggestions for educational ministry in the new normal from a Christian educational perspective. The structure of the study is as follows. Chapter I is an introduction part. In chapter II, I find the necessity of a new normal of the educational ministry in the COVID-19 era. Chapter III examines the task of educational ministry in the new normal, focusing on the recovery of the function of the individual self and the community. In the conclusion part, chapter IV offers several suggestions for the educational ministry in the new normal, focusing on Dietrich Bonhoeffer's understanding of the community. I really hope that five functions of the early church in Acts emphasized by Maria Harris and Harvey Cox, should be restored for the educational ministry by the understandings of the faith community as a new normal by John Westerhoff III, Leslie Newbigin, and Dietrich Bonhoeffer. I also hope that this study will be a help for suffering people in the COVID-19.

2019년 말 코로나 바이러스가 처음 발생한 이후 전 세계는 매우 심각한 영향을 받고 있다. 코로나 바이러스 확산 이전의 정상적인 일상으로 돌아갈 수 없을 것이라는 부정적 의미를 내포하고 있는 뉴 노멀과 비대면 접촉을 의미하는 언택트 등이 변화되고 있는 일상을 수식하는 주요 키워드가 되었다. 스포츠 분야에서도 이러한 변화는 다르지 않다. 전 세계 프로스포츠는 취소되거나 무관중을 원칙으로 일부 재개 되었고, 올림픽과 전국체전 등도 유례없는 연기를 결정하였 다. 학교체육도 온라인 비대면 형태로 전환되어 진행되고 있다. 변화되고 있는 스포츠 분야의 내용을 토대로 뉴 노멀 시대 의 스포츠에 대한 미래적 전망을 제시하면 다음과 같다. 먼저 스포츠 활동의 중요성이 강화될 것이다. 이미 검증된 스포츠 의 생리적, 심리적, 사회적 효과를 근거로 스포츠가 감염병 예방과 치유의 주요 수단이 될 가능성이 있다. 또한 언택트 스포츠가 확산될 것으로 전망된다. 치료제나 백신이 개발되지 않은 상태에서 대면접촉은 많은 사람이 기피한다. 당분간이 라도 온라인을 통한 스포츠 활동이나 소규모 형태로 전환되어 시행될 가능성이 높다. 그리고 4차 산업혁명과 맞물려 다양 한 뉴테크놀로지가 활용될 것이다. 웨어러블 디바이스, VR 장비뿐만 아니라 다양한 디지털 기술들이 뉴 노멀 시대의 스포츠 활동에 활용될 것이다.

The Corona virus first broke out at the end of 2019 and is affecting the world. 'New Normal' and 'Untact' are words that represent the current situation. This is no different in sports. Professional sports around the world have been canceled. Also, the game was played without spectators. The Olympics were also postponed by one year. School sports have been converted into online classes. Sports are expected to change like this in the future. First, sports activities will be emphasized based on the perception that health is important. Sports will help prevent and cure diseases. Untact sports will also spread. You shouldn't meet people in person. And since it is the era of the fourth industrial revolution, various technologies will be used in sports. Various digital technologies will be used for sports activities in the New Normal era.