Earticle

생산시스템은 시대의 변화와 기술의 발전에 따라 많은 변화를 겪어 왔으며 생산시스템의 유연 성과 재구성력의 증가는 지속가능한 생산과 친화경적인 생산을 추구할 수 있는 효율적인 방법 중 하 나이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 멀티 에이전트 기반의 생산시스템에서 제조프로세스의 유연성 증가와 제 조프로세스의 재구성을 위한 생산설비간 정보 협상모델을 제안한다. 협상은 생산시스템 내부의 에이 전트가 생산시스템의 자원, 과업과 같은 생산시스템 내부의 정보를 활용하여 진행된다. 제안된 협상모 델은 a) 자원기반 협상(Resource-based negotiation), b) 과업기반 협상(Task-based negotiation), c) 하이브리드 협상(Hybrid-typed negotiation)으로 구성되어 있다. 자원기반 협상과 과업기반 협상 은 협상 방법의 결과에 따라서 자원의 재분배, 과업의 재배치 및 제조프로세스의 재구성을 지원하며 하이브리드 협상은 자원과 과업을 동시에 고려한 협상방식이며 유전알고리즘을 활용하여 제조프로세 스의 재구성을 지원한다. 제안된 협상모델은 생산시스템 내부에서 생산설비간 유연성과 제조프로세스 의 재구성력을 높일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Manufacturing system has been developed with requirements of society and technological advance. Increase of flexibility and reconfigurability are one of efficient method in order to satisfy sustainable development and eco-friendly for manufacturing system. Therefore, in this paper, we proposed negotiation model between manufacturing facilities for manufacturing process reconfiguration in order to increase flexibility based on multi-agent system. Proposed negotiation model use the information such as system’s goal, facilities’ resource, and task inside manufacturing system. And proposed negotiation model consist of three types; a) Resource-based Negotiation, b) Task-based Negotiation, and c) Hybrid-typed Negotiation of a) and b). According to the results of resource-based and task-based negotiation, manufacturing processes can be reconfigured by reassignment of resource and re-allocation of tasks, respectively. The hybrid-typed negotiation uses genetic algorithm to find the best way to process reconfiguration. The proposed model can be used to improve flexibility and reconfigurability of manufacturing processes.

본 연구는 1997년 교토의정서 채택 이후 2001의 중요한 단계별 협상결과의 경제 및 환경적 의미를 Global CGE 모형인 GTEM-KOR를 이용하여 분석하였다. 분석결과, 에 참여하지 않음에 따라 세계전체가 부담해야할 경제적 비용은 감소하지만 온실가스 감축량은 상당히 줄어들게 된다. 한편, 선진국들의 산림관리 크레딧 인정은 소시키는 역할을 한다. 또한 배출권의 예치(banking) 허용도 온실가스 감축효과를 더욱 축소시키는 역할을 할 것으로 전망된다 . 선진국의 온실가스 감축 의무이BaU 대비 증가할 것으로 예측되지만 , 각 개도국에 미치는 효과는 각국의 산업 및 무역구조에 따라 다르게 나타난다 . 한국의 으로 예측되었다.

This paper evaluates the economic and environmental implications of UNFCCC negotiation results from Kyoto Protocol in 1997 to Marrakesh Accords in 2001 by utilizing Global CGE model (GTEM-KOR). It shows that the US and Australia withdrawals from Kyoto Protocol reduce total economic costs for Annex I countries, but have a great impact in reducing environmental effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol. On the one hand, it also shows that the capped credits on forest management for Annex I countries are the bankability of emission credits for international emission trading(IET) further reduce the environmental effectiveness, although the impact is comparatively small compared with the US and Australia withdrawals. The GHG abatement efforts by Annex I countries are projected to increase GNP of Non-Annex I countries in total, but the impact on each country will vary depending on industrial and trade structures of its own. As regards South Korea, it is projected to gain a little economic benefit with the GHG abatement by Annex I countries.

사람이 존재하는 곳은 항상 갈등이 존재하기 마련이며, 갈등은 피할 수 없는 삶의 일부분이므로, 다양한 갈등을 사전에 예방하고 발생할 경우 즉시 해결하는 것이 중요한 과제가 아닐 수 없다. 특히, 치안영역에서 경찰의 위기협상은 갈수록 중요해지고 있다. 그러나 지금까지의 형사정책적 연구는 주로 경찰조직과 일반범죄가 주를 이루었고, 위 기협상 분야는 상대적으로 활발히 연구되지 않은 측면이 있으며, 통계 기반 연구보다는 특정 영역에 제한적으로 진행되었다. 우리나라는 2009년 용산 재개발구역 철거민 농성장에 경찰특공대를 투입해 강제진 압을 하여 많은 인명피해를 가져옴으로써 위기협상 도입의 필요성을 갖게 되었다. 그러 나 이후에도 위기협상의 중요성에 대한 인식은 낮은 수준으로 위기협상팀 구성 및 확 대, 협상 전문가 양성을 위한 체계적 교육, 데이터베이스화는 아직까지도 폭넓게 이루 어지고 있지 않는 것이 현실이므로 Fisher & Ury(1981) 등 이 연구에서 논의된 위기협 상 모델 이해와 위기사례 분석을 통해 인질 및 자살, 가정폭력 등 위기협상에 대한 인 식을 새롭게 하고, 위기상황의 현실을 직시하여 개선대책을 발굴함은 물론, 우리나라 현실에 맞는 위기협상모델 개발을 통해 효과적인 대응방안을 제시하였다

The conflict is always existing in human society, and conflict is unavoidable part of people life, therefore it can be said that the prevention of various conflict in advance and prompt response when it is occurred would be highly important task in our society. In particular, the crisis negotiation in policing area is more important role in recent complex society. However, criminal justice policy researches so far have mainly focused on police organizations and general crime, and the field of crisis negotiation is relatively unpopulated, and has been limited in a specific area rather than a statistical-based study. In 2009, Korea law enforcement authority sent a commando force to the sit-in site of the Yongsan Re-development district to disperse people forcibly, and eventually it caused a lot of causalities of people. Nevertheless, even after that, there are still low awareness of the importance of the crisis negotiation, and the new organization and expansion of a crisis negotiation team, systematic training for negotiation experts and historical database are not yet widely considered and implemented in Korea. In this study, through reviewing and discussing of the crisis negotiation models such as Fisher & Ury(1981) model and analysis of crisis cases, it is suggested that the increasing the awareness of the crisis negotiation for hostage, suicide and domestic violence etc is required, and improvement measures should be prepared to response for the real crisis situation, in addition, by developing of suitable crisis negotiation model which is fit with the reality in Korea, more effective response measures can be arranged.

본 논문은 위기 상황에서 협상을 효과적으로 이끌기 위한 전략적 접근으로서 TRIGGER 모델을 심층적으로 분석하였다. TRIGGER 모델은 가정폭력, 자살 위협, 인질 협상 등의 위기 상황에서 성공적으로 적용될 수 있음을 확인할 수 있고, TRIGGER 모델을 실무, 정책, 교육 측면에서 어떻게 활용할 수 있는지에 대한 구체적인 제언을 통해, 이 모델이 다양한 분야에서 폭넓게 활용될 수 있는 가능성을 제시하였다. 향후 연구에서는 TRIGGER 모델의 적용 범위를 확대하고, 실증적 연구를 통해 그 유효성을 검증하는 데 초점을 맞출 필요가 있다. 이를 통해 TRIGGER 모델은 위기 협상에서 보다 효과적인 도구로 자리매김할 수 있을 것이다.

This paper analyzed the TRIGGER model in-depth as a strategic approach to effectively lead negotiations in crisis situations. It can be confirmed that the TRIGGER model can be successfully applied in crisis situations such as domestic violence, suicide threats, and hostage negotiations, and through specific suggestions on how to use the TRIGGER model in practice, policy, and education, the possibility that this model can be widely used in various fields was presented. Future research needs to focus on expanding the scope of application of the TRIGER model and verifying its effectiveness through empirical research. Through this, the TRIGGER model will be able to establish itself as a more effective tool in crisis negotiations.

In the service composition life cycle, the target between service requester and service provider is quite different, which will cause the Web service SLA negotiation problem. The implementation of Web service relies on the interaction between the service provider and the service requester. In this article, the game model of Web Service negotiation process is proposed and solutions of the multi-participant and dynamic game model are gave. Then, we obtained the effective method of SLA generation. Experiments show that our method will ensure the common interests both service requesters and service providers.

Information Network Communications Group has introduced virtual services to seize the market, the communication channel resources appear uneven conflict. Based on characteristics of complex systems provide virtual network services when the information network of the Group , with the structural model and Multi-Agent ontology descriptions , give full play to the advantages of multi- Agent system in distributed computing and collaboration, combined with the company features a modern organizational structure, analysis its public resources collaborative model of conflict resolution , the establishment of a public resource conflict resolution strategies based on dynamic compensation.

Service providers and service consumers in the cloud environment are two important subjects to regulate the cloud computing market and the interests of the game between these two have a certain dynamic. Therefore, in this paper, a framework of SLA negotiation based on evolutionary game theory is proposed in the cloud environment, and the purposes are not only that the parties can negotiate successfully, but also that it clearly demonstrates dynamic evolutionary game process of the participant groups and the internal of the groups. The experimental results show that there are two long-term stable strategies of service providers and service consumers: Firstly, if the service providers take high-quality strategy, then service consumers adopt the high-price strategy; secondly, if service providers take low-quality strategy, then service consumers adopt the low-price strategy. And the analysis by the evolutionary game model and the evolutionary game path shows that the cooperation of the service providers and the service consumers in the consultation are mainly affected by the direct incomes, the distribution percentage, the preferential subsidies, the violation penalties, the violation revenues, the payment costs and other factors .

The negotiation process of the Service Level Agreement (SLA) in cloud environment is an interaction process of access control rules and credentials. Due to the mass of credentials in cloud environment, the negotiation efficiency is not high. To address the problem, this paper proposes an Automated Trust Negotiation (ATN) model based on Colored Petri Net (CPN), which exists a legitimate occurrence sequence and a reachable state space graph. A Minimal Credential Path Searching (MCPS) algorithm is proposed to find a minimum credential disclosure set in the reachable marking graph. The results show that the algorithm can effectively improve the negotiation efficiency.

The negotiation on Service Level Agreement (SLA) in current complex cloud environment often involves the multilateral negotiation. Therefore, this paper presents an SLA-oriented multiparty trust negotiation model based on Hierarchical Colored Petri Net (HCPN) in cloud environment. This model mainly provides trust negotiation of SLA parameters such as credibility, reliability, availability and service price so on for Cloud Service Providers (CSPs) and Cloud Service Consumers (CSCs), thus making complex process description of multiparty trust negotiation on SLA in cloud environment simple and efficient. On the basis of the HCPN model on SLA, this paper puts forward a multi-objective optimization algorithm for SLA trust negotiation. Simulation results show that the algorithm not only improves efficiency of multilateral negotiation, but also avoids QoS negotiation falling into local optimization.

Due to the uncertainty of the green product market, the manufacturers assume enormous R&D and manufacturing risks. Under such background, the problem regarding the cooperation between the manufacture and the retailer becomes an important factor influencing the decisions and the profits of the two parties. In allusion to such problem, the revenue sharing contract is proposed in this article to promote the deep cooperation between the manufacturer and the retailer. Firstly, in consideration of such factors as product greenness and risk avoidance, the centralized decision-marking model and the manufacturer predominated Stackelberg game model are established, wherein the supply chain efficiency of the latter model is discovered to be less than that of the former model. Therefore, the revenue sharing contract is proposed to coordinate the green supply chain so as to make the overall profit and efficiency of the supply chain reach the corresponding level of the centralized decision-making model. Finally, the numerical experiment is carried out to verify the effectiveness and the reliability of the proposed revenue sharing contract. The experiment result shows that the revenue contract can well coordinate the cooperative relationship between the manufacturer and the retailer and meanwhile maximally improve the utilities and the profits for the two parties.

In allusion to the production and marketing problems among the supply chain enterprises, the multi-agent technology is applied in the two-stage supply chain to establish a concurrent negotiation model under incomplete information constraint. The coordination strategy based on particle swarm optimization can update the belief value of the negotiating agents during the negotiation process, thus to further support the continuous negotiation. The simulation result not only verifies the feasibility and the effectiveness of this model, but also shows that this model is superior to other concurrent negotiation models in the aspects of negotiation result utility, negotiation time and negotiation success rate.

정밀한 요구사항 분석과 다양한 전략의 응용을 통해 최대이익과 최소손해를 보장할 수 있는 게임이론 협상 프로세스를 제안하고, 그러한 프로세스가 지속되는 상호작용 속에서 보이는 한계점을 Win-Win 모델을 도입함으로서 보완하고자 한다. 또한 이러한 게임이론 보완 방법론을 통해, 이해관계자간의 지속적인 상호작용 속에서 꾸준한 이익을 보장할 수 있다는 제안의 타당성을 사례연구를 통해서 확인한다.

본 논문에서는 IPSec(IP Security) 환경에서 이동 에이전트 시스템을 이용한 안전한 망 관리를 위한 보안정책 협상모델을 설계하고자 한다. 기존의 안전한 망 관리를 위한 IP 보안 시스템들은 약간의 문제점들이 있다. 각 보안영역과 구현 환경에 따라 각기 다른 보안정책을 내부적으로 정의하여 사용하고 있다. 이로 인하여 패킷 전송시 보안 영역간 정책 요구사항이 서로 달라 패킷이 목적지까지 전달되지 않을 수도 있고, 패킷이 양방향으로 같은 경로를 따라 전송되고 같은 정책으로 보호되는지 보장할 수 없는 문제점을 내포하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제들을 이동 에이전트를 이용하여 해결할 수 있는 모델을 설계하였다. 각각의 보안 영역별로 보안정책의 협상이 필요하다면, 이동 에이전트는 보안정책 협상결과를 패스포트 형태로 관리하고, 이 패스포트를 이용하여 서로간의 인증 및 신뢰성을 보증해 준다.

This paper presents the design of a certain highly efficient security policy negotiation of SPS(Security Policy System) for secure network management using mobile agent system. The conventional IP security systems for secure network management have some problems. A drawback to these systems is that the required policy between each security area is different. Another problem is not possible to guarantee whether a packet is transmitted through the same path by both directions and is protected by the same policy due to the topology of the network. Unlike conventional systems, the model developed herein can be resolved by using a mobile agent technology. If each domain needs a negotiation of security policy, a mobile agent manages the result of the negotiation in the form of a passport and guarantees the authentication and reliability each other by using the passport.

Over the last few decades, global trade activities showed a significant increase, resulting in a rise of the wider global economic growth. The achievement is partly due to the more integrated global trade system under global trade regime such as World Trade Organization (WTO) that standardized the practice of global trade. On the other hand, it could also be seen that regional trade negotiation became more important part of global trade activity. The trade negotiation itself was pushed and tailored by regional perspective, which indigenized trade agreement. This research aims to analyze the indigenization of ASEAN’s trade negotiation model. How has the current trade negotiation model within the region represented indigenous needs and aspirations? This study also offers to revisit the conceptual framework in identifying the trade negotiation model to measure the indigeneity of Southeast Asian automotive industry’s policy. This research concludes by explaining the case studies which measure the effect of indigenization to the practice of trade agreement in the region.

As regional trade agreements rapidly started to increase all over the world in the 1990s, Korea and China entered into FTAs with nations that share political and economic interests in order to become the FTA hub in East Asia. In particular, the conclusion of FTAs may act as a very important accelerator for economic growth in Korea, a nation which is trying to take a leap from a developed country to an advanced country. Therefore, this research focuses on the influence of the KORUS FTA on East Asian politics and economy, and examines the political and economic significance of the Korea-China FTA. This research was conducted by focusing on the political and economic role of Korea as an arbitrator in the East Asian region after the ratification of the KORUS FTA. Based on the judgment that the ratification of the KORUS FTA would influence the outcome of the Korea-China FTA talks, this research conducted an in-depth examination of China’s previous FTA treaties and presented a desirable negotiation model for the Korea-China FTA.

본 논문에서는 분산 멀티미디어 응용을 위한 객체 지향형 프레임워크 방식으로 설계된 네트워크 멀티미디어 관리 시스템 개발에 관한 설계 이슈 및 프로토타입 개발 경험을 기술하고, 특히 멀티미디어 관리 시스템의 일부로서 개발한 비디오 서버 상에 적용 가능한 통합형 QoS-자원 협상 프로토콜의 주요 특징에 관하여 설명한다. 구현된 멀티미디어 프레임 워크 상에서 효율적인 멀티미디어 스트리밍을 지원하기 위하여 새로 제안된 QoS 협상 정책을 실제 서버에 적용하는데 있어서 고려해야 할 중요 이슈에 대해서도 분석하였다.

This Paper describes our experiences with the design and implementation of a networked multimedia information management system in an object-oriented framework for distributed multimedia applications, and an integrated QoS-resource negotiation protocol which has been applied to a video server in our networked multimedia infrastructure. The salient features of our framework to support efficient multimedia streaming are explained. Next the paper explores the challenges faced in integrating the proposed QoS negotiation policy into the framework.

Objectives: Principled negotiation, proposed by Fisher and Ury, is a tool used in many disputes, but it has received some criticism, especially for its lack of empirical evidence. In this paper, we use an empirical method to study the principled negotiation model and develop a questionnaire of principled negotiation. Methods:Firstly, we build a conceptual model of principled negotiation and propose the hypothesis that the principled negotiation model is constituted of four dimensions?the adult-ego people, harmonious interest, creative options, and fair criteria. Secondly, we develop a questionnaire of principled negotiation with the procedures and principles of scientific scale development. Lastly, through a survey of Chinese college students in China and data analysis, we confirm our hypothesis by using item analysis, reliability analysis, and validity analysis. Results:The results of our exploratory research of the principled negotiation model are ideal, and the obtained four-factor model can reasonably fit the data. The validity of this questionnaire is found to be good, and the questionnaire of principled negotiation passes the tests of reliability and validity. Conclusions: The main variables of the questionnaire of principled negotiation were identified by applying a logical approach. The four dimensions (people, interests, options, and criteria) were obtained from the literature and an in-depth quantitative assessment. This questionnaire of principled negotiation can provide a practical guide for negotiators and researchers who wish to use a scientific measuring tool.

This paper draws on linguistic theories that have universal statusLochers (2004) approach to power, Brown and Levinsons (1987) theory for politeness, Watts (1991) notion of social network and Goffmans (1974, 1981) understanding of framein order to develop a model that enables power and politeness to be analysed through language use in negotiation interaction. The model forwards a theoretical framework as well as a method for analysis that enables the identification and delineation of power practices in negotiation discourse. Together, the theoretical framework and the method for analysis form a microscope that facilitates a discourse analysis of power and politeness in negotiation talk. Data from negotiation interaction between Malay and Japanese businessmen are presented to illustrate the model.

초등 사회과에서의 논쟁문제 수업은 협상수업으로의 진화가 필요하다. 초등학생들의 인지 발달 수준과 기초 지식의 부족을 감안하여 교사가 좀 더 적극적으로 논쟁문제 수업의 내용과 절차에 개입하여야 하고, 동시에 찬반 논쟁으로만 흐르지 않고 상대방의 동의를 끌어내는 협상에 이를 수 있도록 지도하여야 한다. 논쟁문제 수업모형이 단순한 찬반 논쟁으로 흐르지 않고, 상대방의 동의를 이끌어내는 협상모형으로 진화할 때, 타인에 대한 배려와 관용 정신을 함양하면서 동시에 고급 사고력에 기초한 의사결정능력을 기를 수 있다. 이를 위해 초등 사회과에서는 교사가 신념을 가진 공정형의 입장에서 협상 과정을 의사결정 지도(decision map)에 따라 적극적으로 지도해 나갈 수 있어야 한다.

The purpose of this study is to suggest the necessity of ‘Issues negotiation model’ in elementary social studies, and demonstrate the example of ‘Issues negotiation model’. There is a need to cultivate citizens who are capable of rationally resolving controversial issues or problems. Controversial issues teaching is a teaching method to teach the ways and skills to rationally resolve controversial issues and problems. It values a process of the students solving through diverse exploratory activities, and can contribute to the objectives of social studies, especially improvement of higher-order thinking. This study suggests ‘Issues negotiation model’ for cultivation of higher order thinking and promotion of negotiation skills through issues-centered education. In Issues negotiation model, teachers have to get involved in the process of debate, by taking into account the students’cognitive development levels, and lead to negotiation which satisfying both assentors and dissenters. Through this process, ‘Issues negotiation model’ pursues reasonableness as the critical attributes of higher order thinking, and emphasizes tolerance, and cooperative spirit as the talents of democratic citizenship.