Earticle

에너지저장시스템(Energy Storage System)은 생산된 전력을 필요한 시기에 선택적으로 저장하고 사용함으로써 에너지 효율을 극대화 시키는 시스템이다. 따라서 언제든지 에너지를 충전하거나 공급할 수 있는 상태를 유지하여야 하며, 고장이나 유지보수 시에도 비운영 시간을 최소화하여야 한다. 하지만 현재 대용량 에너지저장시스템은 구조적 문제로 유지 보수 시 반드시 운영을 정지하여야 한다. 본 논문에서는 대용량 에너지저장시스템용 모듈라(Modular)를 병렬 구성하여 1MW급 에너지저장시스템용 PCS를 제작하고, 시스템에서 동작 상태를 유지하면서 시스템을 구성하는 요소들의 교체, 변경, 수리가 가능한 핫스왑(Hot Swap) 기술을 실험을 통해 검증하였다.

Energy Storage System(ESS) is a system that maximizes energy efficiency by selectively storing and using the generated power when needed. Therefore, energy must be able to be charged or supplied at any time, and non-operating time should be minimized even in the case of failure or maintenance. However, current large-capacity energy storage systems must be shut down during maintenance due to structural problems. In this paper, we propose a PCS for 1MW ESS by configuring modular for large capacity ESS in parallel and verified of the hot swap technology that can replace, change, and repair the components that make up the system while keeping the system operating.

연구목적: 본 연구는 감염병 발생 시 신속한 긴급시설 공급이 가능하도록, 관리자의 입장에서 활용할 수 있는 감염병 재난 발생 단계별 긴급시설 공급 매뉴얼을 제안하는 데 목적이 있다. 연구방법: 감염병 발 생 시기를 ‘발생 전’, ‘발생 직후’, ‘종식 이후’의 총 3단계로 구분하였고 감염병 대응과 관련된 기존 매뉴 얼 문헌을 조사하고, COVID-19 기간 동안 선별진료소 관계자 대상 인터뷰 조사를 실시하여, 긴급시설 공급 매뉴얼 작성에 필요한 사항을 도출하였다. 연구결과: 감염병 발생 전에는 비축량 산정, 입지 선정, 업체와의 사전 협의가 필수적이다. 발생 직후에는 긴급시설의 공급량 산정, 사용 신청 절차, 발주 방식 및 설치 계획 마련이 필요하며 안정기에는 시설의 지속적인 유지관리 방안과 추가 시설 공급 전략을 마 련해야 한다. 종식 이후에는 시설 점검과 보수·보강, 재비축 방안, 시설의 재사용 및 재활용 방안, 설치 구역의 재정비 방안 등을 제안하였다. 결론: 관리자의 관점에서 감염병 대응 긴급시설을 신속하게 공급 할 수 있는 체계적인 방안을 마련하였다. 또한 재사용 및 재활용 방안을 마련하여 긴급시설의 지속가능 성을 확보할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to propose a manual for rapidly supplying emergency facilities during infectious disease outbreaks, specifically tailored to administrative use according to each distinct stage of the outbreak. Method: A literature review and interviews with COVID-19 screening center personnel were conducted to identify essential components for developing a Screening Center provision manual. Result: Before an infectious disease outbreak, it is essential to plan stockpiles, select suitable locations, and consult with suppliers. Immediately after the outbreak, determining the required number of Screening Centers, procurement, and installation plans are necessary. During stabilization, ongoing maintenance and additional supply strategies are needed. After the outbreak ends, inspections, repairs, restocking, reuse/recycling, and site reorganization for Screening Centers are recommended. Conclusion: From an administrative perspective, this study proposes a systematic approach for rapidly supplying Screening Centers during infectious disease outbreaks, emphasizing sustainability through reuse and recycling strategies.

Interest in modular buildings has surged recently, leading to their construction at increasing heights. However, seismic performance evaluations for modular connections remain insufficient. Based on Jang's (2019) experimental research, this study validates an analytical model and conducts parametric analyses on the shear strength ratio between the panel zone and beam, and the width-to-thickness ratio of the bracket. When the panel zone-to-beam shear strength ratio was 1.5 or higher, plastic hinge formation shifted from the panel zone to the beam. Consequently, a shear strength ratio between 1.5 and 2.0 is recommended. Analysis of the bracket’s width-to-thickness ratio revealed local buckling in models with non-compact sections, suggesting that brackets in modular connections be designed with compact sections or greater to enhance structural performance.

모듈러 공법은 공장 생산에 의한 공기단축, 품질관리, 친환경성, 경량화 등 기존 공법과 다른 다양한 특징을 가지고 있다. 그러나 이러한 이점에도 불구하고 국내에서는 수직증축 공사의 모듈러 공법 활용도가 미미한 실정이다. 본 연구의 목적은 공동주택 수직증축 공사에서 모듈러 공법 적용을 위한 중요요인을 제시함으로써 활성화를 도모하고자 하는 것이다. 영향요인의 선정은 기존 문헌 및 사례분석, 전문가와 인터뷰 조사를 통해 선정하였다. 설문조사를 통해 선호함수 유형과 평가 자료를 선정하여 PROMETHEE 기법을 통해 중요요인 도출하였다. 전체적 우선순위는 신생기업 국내시장 진출 장려(D5), 모듈러 주택에 대한 체계적인 세제 완화 및 지원(D1), 모듈러 주택 보급 및 홍보를 위한 사업 실시(E2) 등의 순으로 도출되었으며, 이는 향후 공동주택 수직증축 공사에서 모듈러 공법 적용을 위한 기초자료가 될 것으로 사료된다.

The modular system is a construction method which installs factory-manufactured unites on site. It enables to reduce the duration and improve the quality of the construction. Nevertheless, the unit modular system has not been applicated for apartment house vertical-extension constructions in the domestic. This study is to promote active application of the modular system in vertical-extension constructions of apartment houses by suggesting its important factors. Influence factors were selected by existing reference and case analyses, also interviews with experts. Through the survey, preference function types and evaluation materials were deducted in order to suggest major factor selection using the PROMETHEE method. Overall priorities were deducted in order of; promoting new businesses into domestic market(D5), consumer layers formed due to drop in house purchase and rent(D1), and conducting businesses for the dissemination and promotion Modular house(E2). These are considered to be base data for application of the modular system in vertical-extension constructions of apartment houses.

본 연구의 목적은 모듈형 데이터 분석 도구를 활용하여 구성주의 기반의 교수학습방법을 구체화하는데 있다. 인공지능교육을 위한 내용기준에서 제시하는 인공지능이 적용된 도구로서 모듈형 데이터 분석도구가 갖는 가치 와 의미를 살펴보고 컴퓨팅사고력을 기반으로 문제해결력을 기르는 단계와 과정을 살펴보고자 하였다. 모듈형 데이터분석 도구는 구성주의적 관점에서 동화와 조절을 통해 평형화를 이루는 과정에서 스키마를 형성하는 인지 적 사고절차를 시각적으로 표현함으로서 인공지능에서 데이터의 구조를 형상화하는 특징을 갖고 있는 도구라는 장점을 갖는다. AI교육은 문제해결의 절차를 알고리즘으로 구현된 블랙박스로서의 표상화된 스키마를 적용한다 는 점에서 데이터 분석의 모듈을 구조화하고 추상적 지식의 구조를 구체화하는 특징을 갖는다고 할 수 있다. 따 라서 개념적 스키마와 내재적 스키마를 연결하는 도구로서의 장점을 갖는다는 점에서 모듈형 데이터 분석 도구 의 활용가치를 살펴볼 수 있다.

This study aims to specify a constructivism-based instructional method using a modular data analysis tool. The value and meaning of a modular data analysis tool have been examined to be applied in the national curriculum for artificial intelligence education and the process of cultivating problem-solving ability based on computational thinking. The modular data analysis tool visually expresses the cognitive thinking process that forms the schema in equilibrating through assimilation and adjustment. Artificial intelligence education has features that embody abstract knowledge and structure the data analysis module through the represented schema as a BlackBox implemented as an algorithm. Therefore, the value of the modular data analysis tool could be examined because it has the advantage of connecting the conceptual and implicit schema.

본 연구는 2029세대의 페스티벌 사용자를 위한 패브릭 일렉트로닉스 기반의 스마트 가방 개발 연구로 한국 전통 문양과 도깨비 문양을 전자회로로 응용한 테크 플랩(음악 미디어 제어 기능/ LED 반응 기능)을 커스터마이즈 가능 하도록 개발하였다. 사용자의 기호와 상황에 따라 맞춤형 서비스가 가능하도록 기능적·디자인적 전략으로 고찰하고 이 를 바탕으로 컴퓨터 자수기를 활용한 탈부착 모듈형의 커스터마이즈 스마트 가방 플랫폼을 제시하였다. 이는 기존에 출시한 하드한 형태의 PCB 스마트 제품과의 차별성과 새로운 비즈니스 모델을 제안했다는 점에서 연구의 의의가 있다.

This paper presents an investigation into the development of a fabric electronics based smart bag for festival users of the 2029 generation with customizable tech flaps (music media control/ LED animated graphic functions) based on the application of traditional Korean patterns and goblin patterns in an electric circuit. The investigator took into consideration functional and design strategies to enable custom service according to users' tastes and situations. Based on these considerations, a customizable smart bag platform was proposed in a detachable module based on a computer embroidery machine. The study is significant in that it developed a product that is different from the old PCB smart products in hard form and proposed a new business model.

Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) introduces a new class of ethical and technical challenges because it is expected to operate with autonomous goal formation, extended temporal reasoning, and reflective metacognition that go far beyond the constraints of current narrow AI systems. These capabilities imply that ethical safeguards cannot remain external layers or post-hoc filters; instead, they must function as internal cognitive components embedded within the AGI’s core architecture. To address this need, this paper proposes a Modular Ethical AGI Framework composed of three foundational subsystems: a Hybrid Alignment Stack that unifies top-down normative principles with bottom-up, data-driven moral priors; a Moral Reflection Module capable of contextual ethical assessment, symbolic interpretation, and counterfactual reasoning; and a Metacognitive Consistency Layer that performs coherence evaluation, reflective self-correction, and justification generation. To operationalize these subsystems, we introduce an Ethical Deliberation Cycle, which provides a structured sequence for moral feature extraction, normative activation, action evaluation, conflict resolution, reflective consistency checking, and explanation generation. This framework directly addresses limitations widely observed in current alignment research, including rule brittleness [1], lack of contextual nuance [2], dataset bias [3], and absence of principled coherence mechanisms [4]. It further identifies potential failure modes such as value–rule conflicts, cultural narrowness in moral datasets, symbolic grounding gaps, and metacognitive overconfidence. We argue that ethical reasoning is not an optional enhancement but a structural necessity for AGI safety, and that the proposed modular architecture offers a viable starting point for designing trustworthy and value-aligned autonomous intelligence.

We present Text2VR, a modular pipeline that generates an interactive virtual reality (VR) scene and a runnable Unity project from a single text prompt for early-stage VR game prototyping. Given a textual description, Text2VR synthesizes a 360° panorama, decomposes it into background and foreground objects, reconstructs a 3D Gaussian Splatting background and textured 3D assets, and automatically aligns and packages them in Unity with colliders and basic interaction scripts. We evaluated the pipeline in a preliminary user study (N=14) using 7-point Likert scales on perceived ease of use, immersion, visual quality, and time acceptability. Results indicate high ease of use and immersion, adequate visual quality for rapid prototyping with limitations in complex indoor layouts, and moderate acceptance of approximately one hour of generation time when intermediate outputs are visualized. These findings suggest that Text2VR can reduce iteration costs by bridging generative AI pipelines and game-engine-ready VR content.

This paper proposes a modular Learning Management System (LMS) to establish an integrated digital training hub for highly-skilled equipment maintenance personnel. While advanced technologies like Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) are being adopted, distributed educational resources and a lack of integrated platforms hinder systematic competency management. To address this, we designed and implemented a web-based LMS centered on technical personnel competency management, training performance analysis, and collaborative learning support. The system features a scalable architecture designed to serve as a future hub for an 'intelligent digital tutor ecosystem,' which will incorporate xAPI-based learning analytics and AR training linked with S1000D technical manuals, thereby contributing to the advancement of industrial technology education.

본 연구에서는 육상 설치·운송 제약을 고려한 8 tCO2/day급 모듈형 CO2 포집 시스템(MCC)을 대상으로 KoSol-6 흡수제를 적용한 습식 아민 공정을 Aspen Plus v14 rate-based 모델로 모사·분석하였다. 저단수(각 5단) 직렬 흡수–탈거 구조에서도 약 91% CO2 포집 효율 확보가 가능했으며, L/G ratio 2.6(kg LA/Nm3 FG)에서 약 2.36 GJ/tCO2의 최소 재생 에너지가 도출되었다. 흡수탑 중간 냉각영향은 제한적이었고, RA 분할 주입은 탈거 열부하 분포에 영향을 주는 주요 운전 변수로 확인되었다. 본 MCC 공정은 기존 플랜트형과 유사한 에너지 성능 확보 가능성을 보이며 중·소규모 분산배출원 적용을 위한 모듈형 CO2 포집 설계 및 실증 기초 자료로 활용 가능하다.

This study investigated an 8 tCO2/day modular CO2 capture system (MCC) designed to address onshore installation and transportation challenges. A wet amine-based CO2 capture process using the KoSol-6 absorbent was analyzed using a rate-based Aspen Plus v14 simulation model. The results showed that a serial absorber?stripper configuration with a low number of stages (five stages each) can achieve approximately 91% CO2 capture efficiency. The minimum regeneration energy was estimated to be approximately 2.36 GJ/tCO2 at an L/G ratio of 2.6 (kg LA/Nm3 FG). The effect of absorber intercooling temperature was limited within the studied range, whereas rich amine split injection significantly affected heat load distribution in the stripping section. Overall, the MCC process demonstrated regeneration energy performance comparable to that of conventional large-scale plants and provided baseline design data for modular CO2 capture systems targeting small- and medium-scale distributed emission sources.

국내 폐광산에서 발생하는 산성광산배수(AMD)는 대부분 산악지형에서 발생하여, 원형침전조설치를 위한 부지 확보에 어려움이 있다. 본 연구에서는 침전공정을 레이크 여과기 및 벨트형 여과기로 대체하는 모듈형 여과분리 시스템을 개발하고, 강릉시 소재 폐광산의 갱내수를 대상으로 30 m3/d 규모의 파일럿 실증을 수행하였다. 레이크 및 벨트형 여과공정과 기존 산화중화-침전 공정의처리 성능을 비교한 결과, 3가지 공정 모두 주요 오염원인 Fe와 Al에 대해 99%, 94% 이상의 높은제거율을 달성하여 침전공정 대체 가능성을 확인하였다. 슬러지 함수율은 레이크 95.0%, 벨트형99.0%, 원형침전조 98.8%로 나타났으며, 경제성 분석 결과 모듈형 여과분리 시스템이 기존 대비부지 조성면적 18.6%, 시설 설치비 30.4%, 연간 운영비 10.3%의 절감 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 파일럿 규모 평가를 통해 AMD 처리공정에서 기존 원형침전조를 여과·분리 공정으로 대체할 수 있는 적용성을 검증하였으며, 처리효율을 유지하면서 시설면적과 설치비·운영비를절감할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

In Korea, acid mine drainage (AMD) from abandoned mines is often generated in mountainous areas where conventional sedimentation facilities are limited. In this study, we developed a modular AMD treatment system using rake- and belt-type filtration processes as alternatives to sedimentation and evaluated its performance at the WR mine in Gangneung. A pilot-scale system with a treatment capacity of 30 m3/d was operated under field conditions and compared with a conventional aeration neutralization?settling process. All systems achieved removal efficiencies above 99% for Fe2+ and total Fe and above 94% for Al, while Mn removal ranged from 47% to 67%. The sludge water content of the rake filter, belt filter, and settling tank was 95.0%, 99.0%, and 98.8%, respectively. Economic analysis showed that the filtration-based system reduced the required area, construction costs, and annual operating costs by 18.6%, 30.4%, and 10.3%, respectively, demonstrating its feasibility for AMD treatment in land-constrained mining areas.

This study focuses on prefabricated modules as a way to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. This study aims to analyze the superiority of modular housing performance by analyzing environmental performance and carbon emissions. First, modular dry concrete construction shows better environmental performance than conventional wet construction methods. On average, modular construction contributes to the carbon neutrality goal by reducing wall thickness and carbon emissions by more than 50% compared to conventional concrete buildings. Second, the importance of material selection and proper material combination is emphasized. Third, 'unit box type' and 'panelizing type' improve efficiency, which reduces construction time by 50% and 30%, respectively. On the other hand, 'infill type' is suitable for medium-rise buildings but it faces transportation problems. Finally, modular walls have more than 50% lower carbon emissions than concrete walls. In order to increase the sustainability of modular architecture, it is essential to establish standards for energy efficiency, carbon reduction, resource recycling, and air quality. Integration with Building Information Modeling (BIM) improves the design process and optimizes the performance.

In this article, to solve the problems about obsolescence of parts and unable to driving turret when internal components are failure, the DC-DC boost converter in the gun/turret drive system of mobile weapon was improved. The power converting circuit in converter is changed by applying the latest components, and the control circuit is changed from analog to digital. Also, the power converting circuits were modularized in three parallel so that it could be driven even when some components failed. The improved DC-DC boost converter secured stability such as converting to voltage in a linear manner in the entire section from the start of boosting to the end. Also, through the modular configuration, turret driving system can operates when some components failed.