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It has been argued in this paper that Korean reflexives and pronouns reveal murky cases where dependent terms c-command QPs at PF and that syntactic coindexations cannot not distinguish between a BVA reading and a group reading. Here a BVA reading and a group reading induced by Korean plural dependent terms are attributed to a property of the Korean plural morpheme tul and the dual readings induced by the plural dependent terms are accounted for by adopting linking at LF. That is to say, the dual readings can be disambiguated by adopting linking after QR, depending on whether the dependent terms are linked to the trace of QR or the operator itself at LF. To account for the semantic difference between singular terms and plural terms, all we need to assume here is that the interpretative difference between singular terms and plural terms results from the Korean bound morpheme tul. Put in a different way, the Korean plural morpheme tul functions as a dependent term which induces a group reading and a BVA reading, whereas singular reflexives function as a distributor which induces a BVA reading. This semantic difference between singularity and plurality in Korean leads us to conclude that in Korean, a structurally singular NP functions as semantically singular, whereas a structurally plural NP functions either as semantically singular or plural. As a result, the Korean plural dependent terms reveal dualistic number properties: structurally they function only as plural, and semantically either as singular or plural.

The "use" of a trademark is expressly defined in the Trademark Act (hereinafter, "Act") under Articles 2(1)( vi) and 2(2). Furthermore, in regard to the legal effects that may result from the "use" of a trademark, the Act further stipulates the following: secondary meaning through continuous use [Article 6(2)]; prohibition of registration for a trademark identical or similar to another party's well-known trademark [Articles 7(1)(ix) and (x)]; prohibition of registration of a trademark identical or similar to another party's trademark for a period of one year from the date of expiration of such trademark [Articles 7(1)(viii) and (4)(1)]; definition of direct and indirect infringing activities of a trademark right [Article 66]; cancellation trials against trademark registrations [Articles 73(l)(ii) and (iii)], and so forth. However, in spite of these provisions, the term "use of a trademark" under the Act does not always coincide with the concept of "use" that is commonly understood in society. In addition, if we adopt to the literal definition under the Act, the aim of the Act may not be achieved in certain cases. Therefore, this thesis will examine the various ways of using a trademark in the actual commercial society, by deliberating on several provision of the Act as well as a number of local and foreign precedents pertaining to the use of a trademark As stared, the term "use of a trademark" under the Act and use in actual society do not exactly correspond to each other. Moreover, it seems that no consideration was made in the definition provisions of the Act as to who should be the party to deserve the benefits of the legal effects resulting from the "use of a trademark". For this reason, this dissertation tries to set basic structure on answering the current issues regarding the trademark system by discussing the concept of "use of a trademark". Moreover, we will look into the issue of co-using the legal term "use" and the literal meaning word "use" in a real world context.

Cited-by Linking 서비스는 CrossRef에서 제공하는 주요 서비스 중 하나로 해당 논문이 DOI를 통하여 얼마나 인용되었는지 누적하여 집계된 데이터이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 KISTI의 학술정보통합관리시스템에서 월단위로 구축 관리하는 Cited-by Linking 데이터를 분석하여 자연과학과 공학 분야의 인용 패턴을 규명하고자 하였다. 이를 위해서 전체 기탁된 21만 건 중 자연과학과 공학 분야 총 170,999건(315종)을 분석 대상으로 하고, 2016년 3월까지 누적된 Cited-by Linking 데이터를 수집하였다. 연구의 분석 결과, 첫째, 글로벌하게 인용될 가능성에서 사용 언어는 영향을 미치고 있으며, 둘째, SCIE 및 SCOPUS 등재 여부 역시 인용가능성에 상당 부분 기여하고 있음을 확인하였다. 셋째, 자연과학 분야는 거의 동일한 주제 분야에서 인용을 받고 있으며, 상대적으로 공학 분야는 타주제 분야에서 더 인용 받고 있음을 파악하였다. 이러한 연구의 결과는 자연과학과 공학 분야의 세부주제 분야별 인용 행태를 규명하고, 향후, 인용 행태에 관한 연구에서 유용하게 활용될 것으로 기대한다.

Cited-by Linking Service is one of the CrossRef's information services that allows you to discover how your publications are being cited and to incorporate that information into your online publication platform. This study tries to investigate citation patterns in the field of both Natural Science and Engineering using all of DOI assigned articles and Cited-by Linking data which are accumulated and managed by KISTI. The investigating approach is designed to verify the theory of 1) cognitive accessibility, 2) 'perceived quality and significance' and 3) 'subject relativity'. For cognitive accessibility verification the fulltext language portion of Korean and English between "Cited DOI Source Data" and "NOT Cited DOI Source Data" was compared. For perceived quality and significance verification the availability of the "Cited DOI Source Data" and "NOT Cited DOI Source Data" from SCIE and SCOPUS was employed. For subject relativity DOI data were classified and analysed on the basis of OECD subject classification scheme. Findings are that global citability is closely related to the fulltext language of the articles and their quality and significance. And in the natural science field most of citations are from the same subject categories, while relatively more citations are from other subject categories in the engineering field.

Purpose: This study was to identify international classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF) categories that could be linked conceptually to disability of arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) items and short form of health survey 36 (SF-36) items for persons with shoulder pain. Methods: Linkage between each item in DASH and SF-36 and the categories in the ICF were assessed. The linking process was performed by ten health professionals following the linking rule. One hundred four patients with shoulder pain were enrolled from 12 private clinic outpatient departments and participated in this study. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to assess the relationships between each scale item and the linked ICF code. Results: Thirty DASH items were able to be linked to 30 ICF codes, whereas the 36 items in SF-36 were only linked to 17 ICF codes. General health items included in SF-36 could not be linked to a relevant ICF concept. There was a high correlation between the two measurement tools and the linked ICF codes, DASH and its ICF code list (r =0.91), SF-36-Physical Health and its code list (r =-0.62), and SF-36-Mental Health and its code list (r =-0.72). Conclusion: The results suggest that concepts within each item in DASH can be linked to ICF codes for patients with shoulder pain, however, the concepts in the SF-36 items had limited linkage to ICF codes. The shoulder-specific functional tool, DASH can be expressed with ICF codes and, therefore, its use can promote data standardization and improve communication between professionals.

This study investigates if people can vary in their seeking of health information depending on their health-related orientations, which are affected by perceived health-related risks. The results suggest perceived health risk has a positive impact on disease-prevention information seeking and disease prevention behaviors whereas it negatively affects health-promotion information seeking and has no impact on intentions to perform health promotion behaviors. People seeking disease prevention information showed greater likelihood to perform disease prevention behaviors without intentions to perform health promotion behaviors. However, people seeking health promotion information only had positive intentions to perform health promotion behaviors irrespective of disease prevention behaviors.

Healthy aging has become a major goal of public health. Many studies have provided evidence and theories to explain molecular mechanisms of the aging process. Recent studies suggest that epigenetic mechanisms are responsible for life span and the progression of aging. Epigenetics is a fascinating field of molecular biology, which studies heritable modifications of DNA and histones that regulate gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. DNA methylation is a major epigenetic mark that shows progressive changes during aging. Recent studies have investigated aging-related DNA methylation as a biomarker that predicts cellular age. Interestingly, growing evidence proposes that nutrients play a crucial role in the regulation of epigenetic modifiers. Because various nutrients and their metabolites function as substrates or cofactors for epigenetic modifiers, nutrition can modulate or reverse epigenetic marks in the genome as well as expression patterns. Here, we will review the results on aging-associated epigenetic modifications and the possible mechanisms by which nutrition, including nutrient availability and bioactive compounds, regulate epigenetic changes and affect aging physiology.

This study seeks to present an option for including a variety of information resources in a reference linking service system. Discussion on reference linking service in journals began in 1999 and applied to real systems, but linking to research papers and patent registers has more recently emerged. This study further suggests that system construction include various information resources such as books and dissertations. This paper also presents principles and prerequisites that should be considered essential when building such systems, including expansion of resources and media formats, development of identifiers on every sort of information resource, linking methods to existing DB, publication revolution and managing copyright-holders, use and improvement of OPACs, and building perfect authority DB.

To develop an effective and efficient measurement system for tracking changes of functional status across two measures, it is essential to integrate information and communicate scores across two measures. The lack of communication between two measures leads to score incompatibility. A potential solution would be the development of a crosswalk table between those measures. Prior to creating a crosswalk table, selecting common items between two measures is critical. By using the Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire (Oswestry) and a short form measuring disability resulting from low back pain, item level statistics as well as differential item functioning (DIF) using the Rasch measurement were investigated. Eighty-two participants with known group validity were recruited. Based on the application of the Rasch measurement model, item difficulties across the two measures were logically and hierarchically ordered. Ceiling effects for both measures were detected, which were not be able to be effectively measured with the two measures. The DIF analysis across the two measures confirmed that five paired items were found to have DIF and five common items were selected for common items. Although five paired items function differently across the Oswestry and the short form, all items of both measures were well targeted study participants. The common items selected by the Rasch measurement model may be effective when creating a crosswalk table between the Oswestry and the short form.

Purpose: Health literacy has been attracting increasing attention because low health literacy is considered an important predictor of adverse health outcomes in many chronic conditions, including diabetes. However, it is unclear how health literacy is associated with health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to formulate a hypothetical structural equation model linking health literacy to self-efficacy, selfcare activities, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was employed, and 459 patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited from outpatient clinics in two university hospitals. The patients completed a pack of questionnaires. The hypothetical model was tested using structural equation modeling analysis. Results: The values of multiple fit indices indicated that the proposed model provided a good fit to the data. Health literacy exerted not only a direct effect on self-care activities, but also an indirect effect on self-care activities via self-efficacy. However, health literacy exerted only an indirect effect on HRQOL. This structural model was invariant across hemoglobin-A1c-controlled and hemoglobin-A1c uncontrolled groups. Based on R2 values, the final model accounted for 20.0% of the variance in selfefficacy, 61.0% of the variance in self-care activities, and 16.0% of the variance in HRQOL. Conclusions: This study suggests that self-care activities are crucial to the link between health literacy and HRQOL. Both health literacy and self-efficacy need to be considered in clinical practice for enhancing self-care activities in patients with type 2 diabetes. This approach may ultimately improve HRQOL in these patients.

To improve the physical properties of protein films, various plasticizers and cross-linking agents were used in the preparation of the films. For zein film, 3% polypropylene glycol with 3% glycerol was the best plasticizer, while 2.5% glycerol was the most suitable for soy protein isolate (SPI) film in terms of tensile strength (TS), % elongation, and water vapor permeability (WVP). Formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, glyoxal, and cinnamaldehyde as cross-linking agents of protein films were used to further improve the physical properties of the films. All aldehydes used as cross-linking agent in this study improved TS of zein and SPI films. In particular, cinnamaldehyde was the best cross-linking agent due to its safety in foods. These results suggest that appropriate use of plasticizer and cross-linking agent like cinnamaldehyde should improve the physical properties of protein films for use in food packaging.

Purpose: This study was to conduct a Korean cultural adaptation of the WHO disability assessment schedule (WHODAS) 2.0: 36-item version. Methods: An internationally standardized process of translation and cultural adaptation of an instrument was used to develop a Korean version of WHODAS 2.0: 36-item version. Linking each item into the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) was also conducted in order to ensure the concepts in the translated instrument were compatible with ICF. All translated versions of the instrument, linking results and feedback from participants were used for the final adaptation of the Korean version of the instrument. The Korean version of the instrument was assessed twice on different occasions to examine Inter- and intra-rater reliability, and the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated. Results: Twelve participants were involved in the translation and linking process. Ninety-five volunteers were invited to participate to examine the reliability of the instrument. Fifty participants completed the self-rated version of the instrument and 45 finished the interviewer version. The Korean WHODAS 2.0: 36-item version was found to have excellent reliability: self-rated version and interviewer version reliability coefficients were ICC=0.92 and ICC=0.94, respectively. Thirty-four items of the translated instrument were to be linked to ICF categories. Some adaptation was made; details and a familiar example were added to help respondents answer the questions. Conclusion: The study results show that the adaptation of the 36-item version of WHODAS 2.0 to Korean was successful and the instrument is ready for use in testing its psychometric properties.

Citing literature is a very important activity for scholars in writing articles. Many publishers and libraries build citation databases and provide citation reports on scholarly journals. Cited-by linking is a service representing what an article cites and how many times it cites a specific article within a journal database. Recently, information services based on DOIs (Digital Object Identifiers) have been increasing in number. CrossRef, a non-profit organization for the DOI registration agency, maintains the DOI system and provides the cited-by linking service. Recently, the number of Korean journals adopting DOI is also rapidly increasing. The Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI) supports Korean learned societies in DOI related activities in collaboration with CrossRef. This study analyzes cited patterns of Korean DOI journal articles using CrossRef's cited-by linking data and a Korean journal citation database. This analysis has been performed in terms of publication country and the language of journals citing Korean journal articles. The results show that DOI, SCI(E) (Science Citation Index (Expanded)), and English journals are more likely to be cited internationally.

배경: 효(孝)와 환경교육은 관련이 없어 보이지만, 가치·윤리적 차원에서 살펴보면 연관이 있다. 효는 부 모와 가족에 대한 돌봄, 존중, 책임 등을 강조한다. 환경교육 역시 자연을 돌보고 보전할 책임을 개인과 공동체에 일깨우게 한다. 이 두 분야는 책임과 돌봄이라는 공통분모를 가지며, 인간관계에서 이루어지는 효행을 자연과의 관계로 그 범위를 확장할 수 있다. 목적: 환경 교과 내 효를 기반으로 한 환경교육이 이루어질 수 있도록 기초자료를 마련하는 것에 본 연 구의 목적을 두고 있다. 방법론/접근: 본 연구는 청주시 소재 고등학교 1~2학년에 재학 중인 임의의 고등학교 남학생 34명과 여 학생 31명 총 65명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 그 결과를 분석하였다. 조사 기간은 2025년 6월 한 달 동안 진행되었다. 설문지는 산림환경 문제 관련 대응 조사 등 총 6개 문항으로 구성하였다. 결과/결론: 전반적으로 환경 교과를 이수한 그룹은 이수하지 않은 그룹과 비교하여 다양하게 산림을 보 호·보전하는 이유, 산림 파괴 행위를 본 후의 취할 행동 등을 다양하게 고려하고 있었다. 그리고 ‘산림 을 파괴하는 행위를 본 후의 행동’ 중에 모른 척한다는 응답률이 어느 정도 있다는 점과 ‘산림환경 개 선을 위한 사회적 활동’을 상황에 따라 참여한다는 수동적인 태도를 보인 점을 통해 일부 학생들의 산 림에 대한 사회·윤리적 의식이 부족함을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 학교는 학생들에게 환경의 사회·윤리적 인 내용을 같이 교육하고, 교육부는 산림환경 윤리 확립과 새로운 가치관을 형성하기 위한 환경 교육과 정을 연구하여 학생들에게 애림(愛林)의식을 고취해야 한다. 시사점: 향후 효학을 기반으로 한 구체적 교육프로그램 개발과 학습자 대상의 효과 검증, 세대 간 생태효 교육 모델 마련 등을 통해 이론적 논의를 실천적 차원으로 확장하는 노력이 요구된다.

Background: Hyo(孝) and environmental education do not seem to be related, but when viewed from a value and ethical level, they are. Hyo emphasizes care, respect, and responsibility for parents and families. Environmental education also reminds individuals and communities of the responsibility to care for and preserve nature. These two fields have a common denominator of responsibility and care, and the scope of filial piety in human relations can be extended to relations with nature. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to prepare basic data so that environmental education based on the effectiveness of environmental subjects can be conducted. Methodology/Approach: This study conducted a survey of a total of 65 random high school boys and 31 female students enrolled in the first and second grades of high schools located in Cheongju-si, and analyzed the results. The survey period was conducted for one month in June 2025. The questionnaire consisted of a total of 6 questions, including response surveys related to forest environmental issues. Findings/Conclusions: In general, the group who completed the environmental course considered various reasons for protecting and preserving forests and actions to be taken after seeing forest destruction compared to the group who did not complete them. Additionally, it was discovered that some students lacked social and ethical awareness of forests based on their passive attitude of participating in "social activities for improving forest environment" in accordance with circumstances and that there was a certain percentage of respondents who pretended not to know during "actions after seeing the act of destroying forests." Therefore, schools should educate students on the social and ethical content of the environment, and the Ministry of Education should promote students' awareness of loving forests by studying environmental curriculum to establish forest environmental ethics and form new values. Implications: In the future, efforts to expand theoretical discussions to practical dimensions are required by developing specific educational programs based on filial piety, verifying the effectiveness of learners, and preparing intergenerational ecological effectiveness education models.

Leaf functional traits widely have been used to understand the environmental controls of resource utilization strategy of plants along the environmental gradients. By using key leaf functional traits, we quantified the relationships between leaf traits and local climate throughout the distributional range of Rhododendron caucasicum Pall. in eastern and western Georgian mountains (the South Caucasus). Our results revealed, that all traits showed high levels of intraspecific variability across study locations and confirmed a strong phenotypic differentiation of leaf functional variation along the east-west longitudinal gradient in response to the local climate; out of the explored climatic variables, the moisture factors related to precipitation and number of precipitation and dry days for winter and growth seasons were more strongly related to leaf trait variation than the elevation and air temperature. Among studied leaf traits, the leaf specific area (SLA) showed the highest level of variability indicating the different resource utilization strategies of eastern and western-central Rh. caucasicum individuals. High SLA leaves for western-central Caucasian individuals work in relatively resource-rich environments (more humid in terms of precipitation amount and the number of precipitation days in winter) and could be explained by preferential allocation to photosynthesis and growth, while eastern Caucasian samples work in resource-poor environments (less humid in terms of precipitation amount and the number of precipitation days in winter) and the retention of captured resources is a higher priority appearing in a low SLA leaves. However, more evidence from a broader study of the species throughout its distribution range by including additional environmental factors and molecular markers are needed for firmer conclusions of intraspecific variability of Rh. caucasicum.

This study attempts to examine the importance of social capital in customer service organizations and clarifies how translates into organizational performance through knowledge management activities. A survey was conducted with the customer service employees, and 256 questionnaires were used for an empirical analysis with smart partial least squares (PLS). The analysis found that relational capital had a positive effect on both the knowledge management components of knowledge sharing and knowledge conversion, while structural capital significantly influenced knowledge sharing. In addition, human capital positively affected knowledge conversion. Both knowledge sharing and knowledge conversion significantly influenced organizational performance. This study proposed a conceptual framework of social capital that influences organizational performance mediated by an organization’s knowledge management activities. Based on the results, we suggest practical guidelines for managing social capital and recommend areas of improvement for customer organization’s managers and employees.

이 논문에서는 도서개발국가들(Small Island Developing States)을 대상으로 전자정부의 발전과 거버넌스와의 관계를 실증적으로 분석하고 있다. 기존 문헌들은 대부분 전자 정부 발전과 거버넌스와의 선형적 관계를 가정하여, 전자정부의 발전이 거버넌스의 다양한 측면에 긍정적 영향을 미치고 있다고 보고하고 있다. 그러나 이 논문에서는 두 변수의 관계가 단순한 선형적 관계가 아니라, 두 변수사이에 그 영향을 조절하는 변수가 개입할 수 있고, 이에 따라 전자정부 발전의 거버넌스에의 효과가 다르게 나타날 수 있다고 가정한다. 즉, 전자정부의 발전이 거버넌스에 직접적인 영향을 미칠뿐만 아니라, 사회적 여건에 따라 간접적인 효과도 갖는 실증 모형을 설정하여, 그 영향을 실증적으로 분석하고 있다. 분석결과, 이 연구는 사회적 개방성이나 법에 의한 통치 등 사회적 여건 변수가 조절변수로서 전자정부 발전과 거버넌스와의 관계에 개입하는 것을 확인하였다. 이를 통해, 본 연구는 전자정부의 발전이 거버넌스에 미치는 다양한 경로에 대한 연구가 보다 활발히 진행되어야 함을 강조하고 있다.

Most studies exploring the relationship between e-government development and good governance have concluded that e-government has largely positive effects on various aspects of governance. However, an important criticism of the current literature on e-government is that the relationship often lacks a theoretical foundation. In this study, we propose a conceptual framework for the relationship between e-government and good governance, based on the conjecture that while there is a link between the two, conditions must be ripe for e-government to be effective in enhancing good governance. We propose a framework where the relationship between e-government and good governance is both direct and indirect, moderated by social conditions. As an exploratory effort, we test this model in the context of Small Island Developing States and find that the effects of e-government on governance are moderated by other social conditions such as social openness and the rule of law to influence governance. These results are encouraging as we attempt to understand the mechanisms by which e-government can play a role in enhancing good governance.

This study aims at empirically analyzing the relation between employees’ personality and their knowledge sharing intentions, on which enough light has not yet been shed in spite of its importance. By integrating the big five model of personality with social capital theory and social cognitive theory, this study develops six hypotheses concerning the relation and empirically tests them by using 724 samples collected from employees in practice. The empirical analysis results from this study reveal that employees’ extroversion and agreeableness are positively associated with their social relations and that their openness to experience and conscientiousness are positively associated with their knowledge self-efficacy, which are positively related to their knowledge sharing intentions. Based on the new findings, theoretical and practical implications are provided for knowledge management researchers and managers in practice.

It is a well-known fact that a non-head N is interpreted as an argument of the head V in a synthetic compound such as truck driver or cake eating. This paper proposes that the nominalizing suffix can also satisfy an argument of the head. A close examination of Korean synthetic compounds with the structure [N+V+i] reveals that the argument structure of the head plays an important role in determining the interpretations of both the non-head N and the nominalizing suffix -i. In other words, -i is not only a category-changing suffix but also fulfills a semantic argument of the head when a synthetic compound is interpreted as a concrete nominal expressing an entity. Furthermore, it is argued that the synthetic compounding process is regulated by the Theta Criterion and the Projection Principle relevant to syntax. The proposed analysis can account for why an entity reading is not available with a synthetic compound headed by an intransitive verb and how the non-head N affects the interpretation of the suffix in a synthetic compound headed by a transitive or ditransitive verb. It is suggested that a generalization can be drawn about the range of interpretations found inside synthetic compounds. This paper also discusses difficulties in using tensification and the morphological independence of [V+affix] as diagnostics to identify the internal structure of the synthetic compound [N+V+i].

The purpose of this paper is to show how PRO is licensed within the system of the Linking Theory and to show that in English controllers can be determined by thematic roles. Section II is devoted to the semantic properties of PRO that have been raised in the literature: first, PRO can be interpreted as an arbitrary individual unless it is controlled, whereas pro has a specific reading. Second, PRO is covariant, while pronouns are both covariant and invariant. Third, we put PRO in English on the direct side, and ordinary personal pronouns on the indirect side. In sections III and IV, we have examined the previous approaches to control, and provided some cases discussed in the past literature where the previous analyses have difficulty in accounting for control. In section V, our discussion has focused on applying the Linking Theory to control. It is worth mentioning that linking under the Linking Theory expresses information about controllers that other approaches do not, and that differences between the Linking Theory and other approaches are empirical rather than purely notational. In section VI, we have shown that in English controllers can be determined by thematic roles. The central idea of our analysis is that in the case of subject control, the subject of infinitive complements with PRO is controlled by the external agent or experiencer of main clause predicates. Another central idea of our analysis is that in the case of object control, the subject of infinitive complements with PRO is controlled by the theme, experiencer, or agent of main clause predicates. Finally, we have contended that PRO can induce an event reading if infinitive clauses with PRO are not θ-marked by the relevant predicates in question.