Earticle

[목적] 국내 여자골프선수들은 다양한 매스미디어의 흥미로운 관심의 대상이지만, 선수들 스스로 어떠한 이미지로 보이길 희망하며 어떠한 이미지로 평가해야 할지에 대한 정보와 연구가 부족하다. [방법] 선행 연구와 1차 설문조사 결과를 통해 추출된 47개 문항으로 2차 설문조사를 실시하였고, 도출된 항목을 검증하는 3차 조사를 실시하였다. 이 에 최종 이미지 항목을 토대로 확인적 요인분석 및 신뢰도 검증을 분석하였다. [결과] ‘외모’가 이미지를 평가하는 주 요 항목으로 확인되었으며, 과거 운동선수 평가의 주요 항목인 경기 결과물이자 객관적 지표라 볼 수 있는 ‘기록’과 ‘기술’ 역시 포함되었다. 골프 운동의 특성에 맞게 ‘매너’, ‘소통’, ‘과시’ 항목이 확인되었다. 이는 팬 및 개인적인 대 인관계와 운동선수로써의 자긍심 또한 중요하게 인식된다고 보여진다. [결론] 총 6개의 요인구조를 도출하였고 결과 적으로는 한국여자프로골프 선수들의 미디어 이미지를 평가할 수 있는 31개의 항목을 구성하였다. 각 요인별 신뢰도 분석 결과 .07의 수준을 벗어나지 않아 신뢰도에 문제가 없는 것으로 확인하였다.

[Purpose] Domestic women’s golf players are of interest to various mass media, but they lack information and research on which images they hope to evaluate and how they should be evaluated. [Method] Prior research and a second survey was conducted with 47 questions extracted from previous studies, and a third survey was conducted to verify the derived items. Thus, confirmatory factor analysis and reliability verification were performed based on the final image items. [Result] ‘Appearance’ was identified as the main item for evaluating the image, and also included ‘records’ and ‘techniques’, which are the results of the competition and objective indicators, which are the main items of the athlete’s evaluation. According to the characteristics of the golf exercise, ‘manner’, ‘communication’ and ‘Boast’ items were identified. It seems that fan and personal interpersonal relationships and pride as an athlete are also important. [Conclusion] A total of six factor structures were derived, and as a result, 31 items for evaluating the media image of Korean women’s professional golf players were constructed. As a result of reliability analysis by each factor, it was confirmed that there is no problem in reliability because it does not deviate from the level of .07.

In the era of digital transformation, various attempts are constantly being made to foster software talent required to lead the future society. Accordingly, educational research is being conducted to develop computational thinking, a thinking process that uses the basic concepts of computers to solve problems. In particular, various assessment tools are being used to diagnose computational thinking. Typically, online judge systems that can solve programming problems and automatically evaluate programming code in an online environment are used, and self-report type assessment questions are used to diagnose computational thinking. However, existing online judge systems do not provide questions to diagnose computational thinking, and only present the correctness of the answer based on the execution result of the code. In addition, the self-assessment type of computational thinking assessment tool has the limitation that it is unreliable because they are subjective and lack objectivity. In this study, we develop a question instrument that can diagnose computational thinking through a different approach than the existing computational thinking assessment tools. We develop a problem context-driven item and then verify it through a data analytics-driven scheme using an online judge system. In particular, to diagnose computational thinking, we present problem situations and provide items for each specific element of computing thinking by categorizing each situation into abstraction, algorithm, and automation. In addition, based on the programming code written in the automation step, the answers in the abstraction and algorithm section are checked so that data analytics-driven question modification and verification can be made. This study provides a new direction for diagnosing computational thinking and aims to provide learners with more reliable diagnostic results.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 뇌성마비 섭식장애 평가의 영역을 수립함과 동시에 뇌성마비 섭식장애 평가시 범용적으로 사용할 수 있는 평가 항목을 개발하고자 한다. 연구방법 : ICF 분류기준에 근거하여 섭식장애 중재에 포함되어야 하는 평가 및 치료 영역 등을 문헌고찰하여 평가영역을 종합하고, 전문가의 검증을 거쳐 델파이 조사지 초안을 제작하였다. 그 후 20명의전문가를 대상으로 1차 및 2차 델파이 연구가 진행되었다. 결과 : 뇌성마비의 섭식 영역을 6개 영역으로 범주화하고, 항목을 구성하였다. 전문가 자문을 통하여평가 영역 및 항목들을 체계화하였으며, 전문가 자문을 거친 평가 영역과 항목들은 1차, 2차 델파이조사를 통하여 6개 영역, 9개의 중분류, 32개의 소분류, 76개의 항목으로 최종 확인되었다. 결론 : 본 연구에서는 특정 영역을 평가하는 항목 구성으로 된 기존의 평가도구에서 벗어나 평가 영역확장 및 평가 항목을 체계적으로 구성하였다는데 의미가 있다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구결과를바탕으로 섭식장애를 가진 뇌성마비 아동의 치료적 중재 활동 시에 아동의 현재 섭식 기능 및 활동수준을 확인하고자 하는 작업치료사에게 유용하게 사용될 것으로 판단된다.

Objective : The purpose of this study is to establish the domain for assessment of feeding disorder with cerebral palsy. In addition, it is to develop item on feeding assessment for feeding disorder on children with cerebral palsy Methods : Factors to be included in the assessment of feeding disorders in children with cerebral palsy based on the ICF classification criteria constituted the assessment domain through literature review. Results : Assessment items of feeding disorders in children with cerebral palsy were categorized into 6 domains. These were systematized through expert advice, and through the first and second Delphi surveys, nine middle categories, 32 sub-categories, and 76 items were confirmed. Conclusions : The results of this study are useful for occupational therapists who want to check the current feeding function and activity level during therapeutic interventions for children with cerebral palsy who have feeding disorders.

정신질환 예방과 조기개입을 강조하는 현대의 정신건강 정책에 있어 신뢰롭고 타당하며, 민감도와 특이도가 높은 선별도구를 개발하는것은 필수 전제 과제이다. 현재까지 불안을 조기에 민감하게 선별하며, 비임상적인 불안과 임상적 주의가 요구되는 불안을 신뢰롭게 구분을 할 수 있는 도구가 부재하다. 이에 연구 프로젝트 뿐 아니라 병원 및 다양한 임상현장에서 사용할 수 있는 한국형 불안 선별도구를 개발하는 것이 시급하다. 새로운 한국형 불안 선별도구(Korean screening tool for anxiety disorders, K-ANX)는 기존의 척도들이 지니는 한계점을 극복하되, DSM-5 및 RDoC 진단기준을 반영하고, 범불안장애 선별도구에서 반드시 고려되어야 하는 측정 영역을 포괄할 수 있어야한다. 동시에 선별도구의 특성에 맞게 최소한의 문항으로 민감도와 특이도를 높일 수 있도록 구성되어야 한다. 본 연구에서 K-ANX project 의 제1단계로서, 임상심리, 정신의학, 심리측정 전문가 그룹을 구성하여 기존 척도들을 체계적으로 분석하였고, 측정 영역을 비롯해 민감도와 특이도를 포함한 심리측정적 특성을 분석하여 제시하였다. 또한 다학제의 전문가로 구성된 외부 전문가 패널과 문항 영역 및 문항의내용 분석을 실시하여 한국형 불안 선별도구의 방향에서 합의를 도출하였으며, 불안 환자들과의 포커스그룹을 실시하고 이를 문항개발과정에 반영하였다. 이를 기반으로 273문항의 범불안장애 예비문항을 개발하였고, 일반인 150명을 대상으로 예비연구를 실시하였다. 그결과, 각 영역별 분포가 정적 편포로 나타났으며, 전체 문항 내용이 일반인의 일상적인 불안 증상과 다른 임상적 수준의 범불안 징후를 다루고 있음이 확인되었다. 또한 현재 여러 임상 장면에서 가장 널리 사용되는 BAI와의 상관 분석 결과, K-ANX의 예비문항이 적절한 공존타당도를 지니고 있으면서도 BAI에서 다루지 않은 다양한 영역까지 포괄하고 있어 추후 범불안장애 선별도구로서 활용될 수 있는 적절한 문항 풀(pool)을 형성하고 있음이 시사되었다. 추후 환자군을 대상으로 한 예비검사를 추가로 실시하여 임상군과 비임상군을 잘 변별할 수있는 문항을 선정하고, 이를 토대로 범불안장애 선별도구를 개발하는 과정이 필요할 것으로 여겨진다.

The Ministry for Health & Welfare Affairs has marked a major milestone in a new mental health paradigm emphasizing the importance of preventative and early interventions. In this context, the development of a reliable and valid screening tool for mental disorders has become a high priority. A consensus has recently emerged among experts that there is a paucity of screening tools available for anxiety disorders and none of them is sufficient in its sensitivity and specificity. The development of new screening approaches for anxiety disorders was therefore recommended. In the current study, the multi-disciplinary research team comprised of clinical psychologists, psychiatrists and psychometricians, conducted a systematic review of existing screening tools for anxiety disorders to analyze strengths and limitations of the tools and to summarize the background and rationale for development of the new Korean screening tool for anxiety disorders (K-ANX). The K-ANX aims to cover recent diagnostic criteria from the DSM-5 and RDoC in a concise manner with sufficient diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. We also summarize the sub-domains of anxiety disorders and develop 273 preliminary item pools of the K-ANX. A preliminary study using the K-ANX was then conducted with 150 individuals whice showed that it demonstrates high concurrent validity with the BAI. Finally, the directions for the validation of the final K-ANX project were discussed.

본 연구는 경험적으로 제작된 성격검사인 MMPI-2의 척도2를 요인분석적 접근을 사용해서 간편하게 할 수 있는 가능성을 조사하였다. 즉, 문항반응이론에 기반한 완전-정보 문항 요인분석을 통해 축소하고, 축소된 검사의 신뢰도와 타당도를 살펴보았다. 2008년 1월부터 2009년 5월까지 K병원 임상 심리실에 종합심리평가가 의뢰된 환자 중 313명의 자료를 분석한 결과, MMPI-2 척도2는 3요인 구조가 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 다음으로 각 요인에서 요인계수 0.3이상의 값을 갖는 문항을 선택하여 요인구조를 살펴 본 결과 각 요인은 ‘주관적 우울감’, ‘대인관계 저하’, ‘신체활동 저하’로 나타났다. 23문항으로 이루어진 단축형 척도는 원척도 점수 분산의 95%를 설명하며(R^2), MMPI-2내의 우울관련 소척도와 .449∼.898의 상관을 보였다. 또한 우울증에 대한 선별과 치료 효과 측정에 널리 사용되는 BDI 및 STAI와의 상관 역시 각각 .379, .482(상태), .514(특질)로 나타났다. 단축형 척도의 신뢰도와 타당도, 원척도 예측력을 살펴본 결과, 원척도의 사용이 제한되는 경우나 장애의 선별이 목적인 상황에서 원척도를 대신하여 사용할 수 있음을 시사한다. 끝으로 연구의 제한점과 앞으로의 연구 방향에 대해 논의하였다.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI) is one of the most popular and widely used personality assessment instruments in various settings. The primary advantage of the MMPI-2 is to provide an accurate and comprehensive personality profile based on affluent data. On the other hand, a shortcoming of the MMPI is that length of the test instrument and amount of time required for test administration are too long. Therefore, many researchers have developed short forms of the MMPI, which were of less items and less time consuming than the full MMPI, while retaining its validity and clinical utility. The purpose of this study was to develop a short form of the MMPI-2 (Depression scale) using full-information item factor analysis method. The reliability and validity of our short form were reasonably good. Three factors were extracted and labelled as subjective depression, difficulty in interpersonal relations, and decrease of physical activities respectively. The items of our short form showed a very high utility(R^2.948) of predicting scores of the full version and high correlations(.449∼.898) with Harris-Lingoes subscales and depression subscales. These results indicate that the short form has adequate reliability and validity, and explains the variability of the full version scores sufficiently. Thus it can be used as a substitute when it is not feasible to use the full version. Finally, the implications and limitations of the study along with suggestions for future research are discussed.

본 연구의 목적은 문항반응이론과 요인분석을 활용하여 외상 후 성장 척도 확장판(PTGI-X)의 단축형을 개발하는 것이다. 외상 사건 이후에 나타나는 개인의 긍정적인 변화인 외상 후 성장을 측정하기 위해 가장 많이 사용되는 외상 후 성장 척도(PTGI)의 심리측정적 한계를 보완하기 위해 확장판(PTGI-X)이 개발되었으나, 여전히 종교 유무에 따른 측정불변성 및 차별기능문항(DIF) 문제가 남아 있다. 본 연구에서는 요인분석뿐 아니라 문항반응이론(IRT) 기법들을 활용하여 개별 문항의 특성을 정교하게 분석함으로써 타당도와 실용성이 높은 단축형 척도를 제시하고자 한다. 확인적 요인분석, 다집단 확인적 요인분석, IRT에 기반한 분석방법들을 사용하여 타당도 높은 12개 문항을 최종 선정하였다. 단축형 척도는 원판 척도보다 적은 문항으로 높은 정보값을 나타내 상대적으로 효율적이었고, 의도적 반추 및 정서접근적 대처와도 유의한 상관관계를 보였다. 본 연구는 한국판 PTGI-X의 단축형을 제안함으로써 척도의 심리측정적 한계를 보완하였다. 본 연구결과가 타당하고 효율적인 외상 후 성장의 측정에 기여함으로써, 연구 및 임상 현장에서의 활용도를 높이기를 기대한다.

The purpose of this study is to develop a short form of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory-Expanded (PTGI-X) using Item Response Theory and factor analysis. The PTGI-X was developed to address the psychometric limitations of the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), which is the most widely used measure of positive psychological changes following traumatic events. However, issues related to measurement invariance across religious and non-religious groups and differential item functioning (DIF) remained when using the PTGI. Therefore, this study developed a short-form scale with high validity and practicality by employing not only factor analysis but also Item Response Theory (IRT) techniques to analyze the characteristics of individual items in detail. Twelve items with high validity were selected using confirmatory factor analysis, multi-group confirmatory factor analysis, and IRT-based methods. Compared with the original scale, the short form scale exhibited higher information values with fewer items, indicating greater efficiency, and showed significant correlations with deliberate rumination and emotional approach coping. Thus, this study addressed the psychometric limitations of the scale by proposing a short form of the PTGI-X. It is expected that the findings will contribute to a valid and efficient measurement of posttraumatic growth, thereby enhancing its applicability in both research and clinical settings.

산업자원부(現, 지식경제부)와 한국전자거래진흥원에서 실시한 2005년도 e-Learning 산업의 실태조사에 의하면 61.1%의 기업이 평균 3.1명의 인력이 부족하다고 응답하였으며 직종별로 살펴보면 교수설계자가 부족하다는 응답은 32.8%로 가장 많았다. 늘어나는 산업규모에 대비하여 e-Learning 인력수급이 부족한 실정이며 이는 e-Learning 전문인력을 배출하고 양성하는 공급 구조가 변화되지 않는 현 상황에서는 해결이 어려운 문제이기도 하다. 따라서, 부족한 e-Learning 인력의 공급을 늘리는 한편 전문인력을 양성하기 위해서는 체계적인 e-Learning 전문 자격제도의 개발과 운영이 요구된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 가장 수요가 높은 교수설계자를 중심으로 기업 e-Learning 전문 인력 자격 종목 개발을 수행하였다. 연구결과로는 기업과 학교 및 관련 기관의 의견수렴과 전문가의 검토 등을 통하여 필요로 하는 전문 인력에 대한 규명과 이에 따른 자격 종목의 선정과 직무내용, 검정방법 및 출제기준 등을 제시하여 현장 활용도가 높은 자격 종목을 개발하였다.

The purpose of this paper is to develop the qualification system of instructional designer in e-Learning field in order to provide e-learning experts for industry. The shortage of human resources is a serious problem in the e-learning industry. The following set of objectives were formulated to fulfill the study purpose. First, analyze the present situations and suggestions of the e-learning expert. Second, to analyze current states of private qualification administration/qualification administration authorization in e-learning field. Third, analyze the needs of universities and companies in e-learning qualification administration. Finally, based on the above three objectives, the study developed the practical qualification system, job analysis, methods and questions for an examination of e-learning instructional designer.

본 연구의 목적은 최근 사행성 논란으로 문제가 되고 있는 게임 내 확률형 아이템의 문제를 측정할 수 있는 척도를 개발하는 것이다. 확률형 아이템을 이용할 때 경험하는 문제적 행동과 반응들을 측정할 수 있는 확률형 아이템 위험 사용 척도를 개발하고 이 에 대한 신뢰도와 타당도를검증하고자 하였다. 중독관련 준거와 선행연구에 근거하여 확률형 아이템 사용으로 인한 중독적 경험을 측정할 수 있는 문항을 개발하여 20대부 터 50대의 성인 1,150명을 대상으로 온라인 설문을 실시하였다. 이때 타당도 검증을 위 해 도박중독, 게임중독, 온라인/오프라인 도박행동 빈도, 도박태도, 도박호기심을 함께 평가하였다. 본 척도는 단일척도를 가정하고 개발되었으며 확인적 요인분석 결과 단일 구조가 타당한 것으로 나타났으며 문항분석 및 신뢰도 분석의 결과도 적절한 것으로 나타났다. 또한확률형아이템위험 사용 척도의 수렴타당도를 탐색한 결과수렴타당도 가 확보된것으로나타났다. 끝으로 본척도의활용방안과제언, 제한점 및후속연구를 제시하였다.

The purpose of this study is to develop a scale that can measure the problem of in-game random items, which have recently become a problem due to gambling controversy. It was intended to develop a random item risk use scale that can measure problematic behaviors and reactions experienced when using random items, and to verify their reliability and validity. Based on addiction-related criteria and previous studies, an online survey was conducted on 1,150 adults in their 20s to 50s by developing a question that can measure addictive experiences due to the use of random items. At this time, gambling addiction, game addiction, frequency of online/offline gambling behavior, gambling attitude, and gambling curiosity were evaluated together to verify validity. This scale was developed on the assumption of a single scale, and as a result of confirmatory factor analysis, the single structure was found to be valid, and the results of item analysis and reliability analysis were also found to be appropriate. In addition, as a result of exploring the convergence validity of the random item risk use scale, it was found that the convergence validity was secured. Finally, measures, suggestions, limitations, and follow-up studies of the use of this scale were presented.

To develop the core technology for weapon system acquisition, it is necessary to analyze and apply the reasonable domestic development rate for end item of weapon systems acquired by defense research and development. Therefore, in this paper we review the issues of domestic development rate in the commercial and defense side and suggest an alternative to calculate the domestic development rate for end item of weapon systems by using Work Breakdown Structure(WBS) and core technology evaluation.

본 연구는 주간 정신전력교육에 형성평가가 부재하고 또한 필요하다는 인식에서 출발하였다. 그런데 교육 진행 교관이나 정훈장교가 매주 형성평가 문항을 직접 제작한다는 것은 현실적으로 어려우므로, 교육 현장에서 쉽게 활용할 수 있도록 문항을 자동으로 출제하고 정답·오답 해설까지 제공하는, Novice’s Checklist 방식이라 명명한 생성형 AI 프롬프트를 우선 개발하였다. 그리고 이 프롬프트에 기초하여 생성된 문항들이 질적으로 양호한지 인간 출제 비교 실험을 통해 검토했다. 오답의 전반적인 매력 차원과 교육적 의미와 중요성 차원에 있어서는 부족하지 않았지만, 사실에 관한 결함이나 논쟁 차원에 있어서는 AI 출제가 인간 출제에 비해 부족함을 확인하였다. 다음으로, 생성된 문항들의 측정학적 특성은 어떠한지 KR20 및 IRT 분석을 통해 검토했다. 신뢰도는 문항 수를 감안하면 수용 가능한 수준으로 나타났고, 전반적으로 난이도는 쉽고 변별도는 높은 것으로 나타났다. 끝으로, 생성된 문항들이 수업 중에 가르치고 배운 내용과 의미 있게 관련된다고 할 수 있는지 참석/불참 집단 정답률 차이 검정을 통해 검토했다. 참석 집단이 불참 집단보다 정답률이 높다고 할 수 있다는 상식적이고 당연한 결과를 얻어 형성평가로서의 중대한 결함은 없음을 확인하였다.

This study originated from the recognition that formative assessment is both absent and necessary in the weekly Military Moral Strength and Political Education. Considering the practical challenges of facilitators or troop information and education officers manually creating formative assessment items each week, a generative AI prompt named the Novice’s Checklist was developed to automate the creation of items, including explanations for correct answers and distractors, for easy use in educational settings. The quality of the AI-generated items was evaluated through a comparative experiment with human-generated items. While AI-generated items were not inferior in terms of distractor appeal and their educational importance, they showed shortcoming in factual flaws or issues compared to human-generated items. Subsequently, the psychometric properties of the AI-generated items were analyzed using KR-20 and IRT. The reliability was found to be acceptable given the number of items, and the overall difficulty was low, while discrimination was high. Finally, the alignment of the AI-generated items with the content taught during lessons was examined through a comparison of correct response rates between attendance and non-attendance groups. The results showed that the attendance group consistently achieved higher correct response rates than the non-attendance group, confirming no significant flaws as a formative assessment.

본 연구의 목적은 K대학의 6가지 핵심역량의 정의를 규명하고, 이에 따라 하위요소를 구성하여 핵심역량을 측정하는 도구를 개발하고, 타당화하는 것에 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 이론적 탐색을 통해서 역량을 정의하였고, 하위요인을 구성하였으며, 문항을 개발하고 전문가 검토에 의해 초안을 개발하였다. 신뢰도와 타당성 검증을 위해 K대학 재학생 907명을 대상으로 역량을 측정하였으며, 공인타당도 검증을 수행하였다. 그 결과 6개의 핵심역량의 정의를 도출하였고, 각 역량 마다 3개의 하위요인을 구성하였으며, 초안 문항을 개발하여 전문가 검토에 의해 개선된 93개의 문항을 구성하였다. 신뢰도 검증 결과 문항내적 합치도는 .890~.960사이로 나타났으며, 문항-총점간 상관분석 결과 .80이상의 지나친 상관을 보이는 문항은 발견되지 않아 다중공선성이 없는 것으로 판단하였다. 탐색적 요인분석 및 확인적 요인분석 결과 구인타당도가 양호한 것으로 검증되었다. 마지막으로 공인타당도 검증 결과 공인된 측정 도구와의 상관이 보통에서 보통이상으로 나타남으로 공인타당도가 양호한 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study is to develop a assessment tool that can be used to measure core competencies by describing operational definitions of the six core competencies of KBU and constructing sub-factors accordingly. The followings are the results of this study. First, this study analyzed previous research on KBU 6 competencies and set operational definitions through Bible verses describing KBU core competencies. Second, the sub-elements according to the definition of core competency were selected through previous research and the drafting of assessment tools for each sub-element was developed. And then, confirmed the validity of the tool as a suitable tool for KBU, through a review of professors who are fluent in KBU's founding philosophy and policies. The assessment tools were revised based on feedback from the professors. Third, in order to validate the assessment tool, the researchers conducted a survey on students in the second semester of 2018. The data was collected, the reliability was checked based on the data, the validity was verified through EFA and CFA, and the final assessment tool was confirmed. In conclusion, this study is meaningful in developing the KBU core competency assessment tool, and it is expected that will be able to systematically manage the KBU competency of students.

본 연구의 목적은 컴퓨터 기반 문제해결력 평가 과학 문항을 개발하는 것이다. 컴퓨터 기반 평가의 장점을 살려 컴퓨터와의 다양한 상호작용 활동을 통해 문제해결 과정을 반영한 평가 문항을 개발하고자 하였다. 선행 연구를 바탕으로 문제해결 과정을 문제 이해, 계획 수립, 계획 실행, 결과 평가 4단계로 설정하고, 과학과 문제해결력 평가요소를 선정하였다. 평가 대상은 중학교 3학년이며 웹과 플래시를 기반으로 과학적 지식을 문제해결에 활용하는 능력을 평가하는 ‘건강검진 결과 확인 및 처치’ 단위문항과 전략 수립과 탐구활동 수행 능력을 측정할 수 있는 ‘롤러코스터 설계’ 단위문항을 개발하였다. 개발된 문항은 시뮬레이션과 같이 컴퓨터 구현에 효과적인 문제 상황을 사용하였으며, 컴퓨터와의 상호작용을 통해 문제해결 과정 정보를 제공, 평가할 수 있도록 하였다. 또한 도움말 및 적절한 피드백 제공으로 흥미와 동기를 유발할 수 있도록 하였으며, 가능한 한 ICT 활용 능력과 선수 지식의 영향을 최소화 하였다.

The purposes of this study was to develop science test items of computer-based problem solving assessment. Based on the review of precedent researches, the problem solving process was comprised 4 stages such as problem understanding, planning, implementing, and results assessment, and the measuring components for science items of problem solving were decided. The web-flash based items developed are for third-year, middle school students, and the test time is 45 minutes. 2 units which consist of several sub items were developed. One is 'health examination results and treatment' unit for using scientific knowledge' competence, the other is 'roller coaster design' unit for 'planning strategy & implementing inquiry activity' competence. The developed items used simulation and animation for effective problem situation and context, and were able to collect the information of problem solving process. And proper help and feedback were suppled for students' interest and motivation. The possible effect of students' ICT competence and prior knowledge on the test were minimize.

When it comes to discussing the natural behaviors of human life, defining the word "community" itself can be extremely crucial. The word "Community" can be defined as a group of interacting human beings sharing an environment. It is also the basic form for "dwelling" which can be explained as a quint essential factor in human life. Compared to the previous traditional society with strong bonding and close chemistry between neighbors, modern society with simple and monolithic apartments brought a literal extinction of what has been called as a 'relationship'. Hence, people started to take this phenomenon as a problematic issue. Also, high-rise apartments made its residents more isolated and individualistic on a growing basis. In order to aid the aggravating symptoms, there has been a wide recognition between the "dwellers" to develop and strengthen their "community". This movement in strengthening the "community" is currently on a full expansion towards the cyber space, riding the tides of a drastic improvement of the Internet. Apartment web sites today not only displays introductory level of information they also provide wider meanings of general lifestyle plus deeper content, which can enhance their community.

This study investigated whether AI-assisted test item development activities supported students’ engagement with complex instructional content, focusing on students’ perceptions of the activity and the extent to which the resulting test items reflected key pedagogical principles of selected TESOL teaching methods. A total of 37 university students participated in the AI-assisted test development activities, with 30 students completing the survey. The activity was implemented over four weeks, with one teaching method addressed each week, and the survey was administered at the end of the intervention. The survey measured students’ perceptions across constructs such as perceived usefulness, self-regulated learning, and generative learning. The student-generated test items were also rated using a rubric to assess their conformity to the core pedagogical principles. The findings indicated that students largely perceived the activity positively, and the test items they generated using AI mostly reflected key pedagogical principles, although some variation was observed in the depth of understanding and accuracy of reflection.

When designing a test set, we need to consider constraints on items that are deemed important by item developers or test specialists. The constraints are essentially on the components of the test domain or abilities relevant to a given test set. And so if the test domain could be represented in a more refined form, test construction would be made in a more efficient way. We assume that relationships among task abilities are representable by a causal model and that the item response theory (IRT) is not fully available for them. In such a case we can not apply traditional item selection methods that are based on the IRT. In this paper, we use entropy as an uncertainty measure for making inferences on task abilities and developed an optimal item selection algorithm which reduces most the entropy of task abilities when items are selected from an item pool.

The sanitation inspection is the most frequently used procedure to protect foods prepared in foodservice establishments. In order to enhance foodservioe inspections and to improve post-inspection remedial measures, more practical evaluation methods for sanitation are required. The HACCP approach is based upon factors which contribute to foodborne disease rather than on factors which relate to aesthetics. Contributing factors for foodborne disease from foodservice establishments reported in USA, Canada, and England were analyzed to identify potential hazards during practical foodservioe operations. Hazards were classified at critical control points by risk ranking. Twenty-two observable practical indicators relating to each contributing factor were selected and adjusted to standardized procedures and hazard determiners at critical contral points. The weights for each inspection item were ranked as 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 according to the risk level of contributing factors. And also application for the inspection item in different 6 types of work procedures was suggested for the use of specialized foodservice establishment and cafeteria, and of manager's self inspection in each establishment.

This study sought to compare intake levels of major dish items and food groups between normal and obese Korean children in order to understand obesity-related eating behaviors. The study was also conducted to apply the information on the differences in major dish items and food groups found in this study to development of a brief food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for children's obesity-related eating behaviors. Finally, the developed FFQ was evaluated for reliability. A total of 290, 24-hour dietary recall data from 9-11 year-old normal or obese participants in the 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were reviewed to identity dish items and food groups showing outstanding differences between the normal and obese groups. Based on the level of intake amount between the two groups, a total of 7 items, including ddeokbokggi, spaghetti, ham roast, pork cutlet, dairy products & ices, kimchi, and fruits, were selected to be included in the FFQ. The former 5 items were seen to be consumed more in the obese group, while the latter 2 items were so in the normal group. The questionnaire was formatted into a frequency response section of a seven-category option and reference period of the last 7 days. Test-retest reliability of the developed FFQ was examined by administering it to 153, 9-11 year-old children at a public elementary school in Seoul twice at a month interval. The level of reliability was found to be reasonably high. In conclusion, this study suggests that high consumption of several high-calorie dish items and low consumption of kimchi and fruits may be important eating behaviors in relation to obesity risk among 9-11 year-old children who need nutrition educators' attention. The current study also implies that a simple FFQ can be utilized to reliably assess 9-11 year-old children's diets.

This study examines how the space has been dealt with in the History Curriculum and the CSAT History Test using the map. The History Curriculum has used different terms regarding the space. The CSAT item analysis showed a higher frequency of space-related items in East Asian History. East Asian History has asked students whether they understand the spatial concept, systemicity, historical facts by finding the region and inferring it to the related facts. History Education in Korea has emphasized time and space at the same time. However, Curriculum and Assessment have not built the systematic framework yet. Achievement standards related with spatial concept must be set in the future History Curriculum Reform. Then, the CSAT will develop the items related with spatial thinking. Higher thinking skills such map reading and map creating need to be applied in classroom teaching will be another task in the near future.