Earticle

The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the effects of isometric exercise types on low back pain (LBP) patients. Isometric exercise types were mat exercise and I-Zer exercise. Subjects were divided into 3 groups: LBP control group, LBP mat exercise group, and LBP I-Zer ex-ercise group in 23-25 aged men. Visual analogue scale (VAS) and elec-tromyography (EMG) were used to evaluate the degree of pain and the muscle activity in LBP patients. Root mean square (RMS), median fre-quency (MDF), and mean frequency (MNF) were checked by EMG pow-er spectrum analysis on longissimus thoracic (LT), iliocostalis lumborum (IL), mulitifidus (M), and rectus abdominis (RA). LBP mat exercise pro-gram and LBP I-Zer exercise program were conducted 5 sets once time, 3 times per week during 6 weeks. The two-way ANOVA with repeated measure was used to check the pain degree and muscle activity. The present results showed that muscle activity in the LBP I-Zer exercise group was increased compared to the LBP mat exercise group and LBP control group (P<0.05). LBP I-Zer exercise group and LBP mat exercise group showed increased mean frequency in LT, IL, M, and RA muscles than the LBP control group. Therefore, LBP patients performed isomet-ric exercise may have positive effect to reduce pain degree and to in-crease muscle activity. Especially, LBP I-Zer exercise type showed more effectiveness in reducing pain degree and enhancing muscle activity.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of muscle activity and muscle strength according to verbal command volume during isokinetic and isometric quadricep exercises. Methods: To measure muscle activity and muscle strength, surface electrodes were attached to the participants, as they sat on a Biodex chair. The isometric exercise was performed three times, with maximum exercise at 30° bending angle, based on a maximum extension state of the knee at 0°. The average holding time was unified to three seconds. In addition, the isokinetic exercise was performed three times, at 60°/sec. The verbal command ranged between 0∽60 dB and 0∽75 dB. Muscle activity was measured using surface electromyography (4D-MT, Relive, Gimhae, Korea). The Biodex System 4 was used to measure the isometric and isokinetic strength of the nodal line, and 4D-MT was used to measure muscle activity. Results: There were significant improvements in the maximal and relative muscle strengths, when the 0∽ 60 dB and 0∽75 dB verbal commands were applied with isokinetic extension/flexion (p<.05). The isokinetic exercise (0∽75 dB) group showed a significant difference in the vastus medialis oblique muscle activity change (p<.05), while the isometric exercise (0∽75 dB) group showed a significant difference in the rectus femoris muscle activity change (p<.05). Conclusions: Our results reveal that verbal commands effectively improve muscle activity and muscle strength during isokinetic and isometric quadricep exercises.

본 연구의 목적은 근감소증이 있는 유방암 환자를 대상으로 서로 다른 근 수축형태의 저항성 운동을 실시 하여 상지 근기능 및 타액 내 사이토카인에 미치는 효과를 규명함으로써 유방암 생존자의 재발 방지를 위한 효과적인 운동프로그램의 기초자료를 제공하는데 있다. 근감소증이 있는 유방암 환자(등척성 운동집단 10명, 등장성 운동집단 10명)를 대상으로 8주간 60~70%RM의 강도로 60분 동안 주 3회 실시하였으며, 비교집단(n=10)은 일상생활을 유지하도록 하였다. 8주 운동 전후의 차이를 분석한 결과 어깨관절의 굴곡(p=.001), 외전(p=.001), 외회전 (p=.045) 및 사이토카인인 IL-6(p=.000) IL-10(p=.001)의 경우 등장성 운동을 실시하였을 때 더 긍정적인 효과가 있었다.

The purpose of this study was to find out the effects of isomatric and isotonic exercise on the muscle function and cytokine which will prevent recurrence of breast cancer patients. A subjects were thirteen breast cancer patients and they were randomly assigned either isometric exercise group(n=10), isotonic exercises group(n=10) or a daily base care control group(n=10). Resistance exercise group did a exercise program with 60~70%RM for 60min, 3days per week during 8week. There were significantly difference between groups which were showing a increasing flexion, abduction, external rotation, IL-6 and IL-10 in isotonic exercise.

본 연구는 등척성 등속성 등장성 근력을 측정한 후 서로 간의 신뢰도 분석을 하였다. 요인 분석을 통해위팔두갈래근의 각도에 따른 등척성 근력, 등장성 근력, 등속성 근력의 상관성을 추정하는 식을 산출하기위하여 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 또한 특정 동작의 최대 근력을 독립변인으로 하고 체중을 종속변인으로하여 다중회귀 분석을 실시하였다. 등속성 신전 최대 근력은 각 운동과의 유의성을 가지며 등척성 운동의경우 각도에 따른 차이를 볼 수 있다.

In this study, after measuring isometric isokinetic isotonic muscle strength, was subjected toreliability analysis between each other. Was performed regression analysis to calculate theequation for estimating isometric strength in accordance with the angle of the biceps throughthe factor analysis, isotonic muscle strength, the correlation of the isokinetic muscle strength. Also, weight the maximum strength of the specific behavior as an Independent variables andDependent variable and performing multiple regression analysis. Isokinetic temple maximummuscle strength, has a significance of each exercise, can be seen the angle differences due tothe case of isometric exercise.

PURPOSE: The lower trapezius muscle (LT) and serratus anterior muscle (SA) are weakened muscles in a rounded shoulder position (RSP). This study examined the effects of isotonic and isometric exercises applied to the LT and SA on the shoulder height and respiratory function of college students with RSP. METHODS: The subjects were 27 college students with RSP. The subjects were assigned randomly to two groups: the complex exercise group (n = 14) and the isotonic exercise group (n = 13). They performed the exercise programs for 30 minutes, three times a week for four weeks. The shoulder height and respiratory function were measured before and after exercise. RESULTS: The shoulder heights decreased significantly after exercise in both groups. In the respiratory function, the FVC and SVC were significantly higher in the complex exercise group than in the isotonic exercise group. The FEV1/FVC was increased significantly after exercise in both groups, and the FEV1 and MVV increased significantly after exercise in the complex exercise group. CONCLUSION: Isotonic exercise and isometric exercise for strengthening LT and SA help improve the postural change for RSP, which could help improve the respiratory function. The complex exercise could have a more positive effect on the respiratory function than individual isotonic exercise.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare therapeutic climbing exercise and general isometric exercise in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome. Methods: Among 20 adults, study subjects were arbitrarily classified into an experimental group of 10 and a control group of 10. The control group performed general isometric exercise (ISE) and the experimental group performed therapeutic climbing exercise (TC) (3 sets, 3 times per week for 8 weeks). To evaluate the effects of exercise, subjects were evaluated using a Disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand score (DASH), a goniometer for range of motion, and shoulder activity measured serratus anterior, upper trapezius, and lower trapezius. Independent and paired t-test were used for comparison of the effect between groups. Results: DASH scores showed a significant decrease in both groups after 8 weeks of treatment (p<0.001) and significant difference was observed between the TC groups (p<0.01). Flexion and abduction were significantly increased after 8 weeks of treatment in the ISE group (p<0.001) and flexion, abduction, external and internal rotation were significantly increased after 8 weeks of treatment in the TC group (p<0.001). Serratus anterior and lower trapezius activity were significantly increased after 8 weeks of treatment (p<0.001) and upper trapezius activity was not significantly increased after 8 weeks of treatment in the ISE group (p>0.05). Serratus anterior, lower trapezius, and upper trapezius activity were significantly increased after 8 weeks of treatment in the TC group (p<0.001). Conclusion: Scapular stabilizing exercise using a therapeutic climbing exercise increases range of motion and decreases DASH, and increases activity of shoulder muscles in patients with impingement syndrome.

Background: Weakness of gluteus medius (Gmed) is related with musculoskeletal disorders. Individuals who experience weakness in the Gmed may activate the tensor fasciae latae (TFL) as a compensatory mechanism. Application of isometric hip extension (IHE) with Thera-band may affect the activities of the Gmed, gluteus maximus (Gmax), and TFL, and the activity ratio of Gmed/TFL during side-lying hip abduction (SHA). Objects: To determine the influences of IHE during SHA on Gmed, Gmax, and TFL activities in participants with Gmed weakness. Methods: Three types of SHA exercises were performed: 1) traditional SHA in the frontal plane (SHA-T), 2) SHA with IHE applying Thera-band in the frontal plane (SHA-IHE), 3) and SHA with isometric hip flexion (IHF) applying Thera-band in the frontal plane (SHA-IHF). Results: SHA-IHE significantly showed higher Gmed and Gmax activities than SHA-T and SHA-IHF. SHA-IHF significantly showed higher activity of TFL than SHA-T or SHA-IHE. The activity ratio of Gmed/TFL was significantly higher in the SHA-IHE, SHA-T, and SHA-IHF, in that order. Conclusion: The SHA-IHE resulted in higher activities of Gmed, Gmax and a higher muscle ratio of Gmed/TFL.

Excessive activity of the upper trapezius (UT) muscle contributes to a rounded shoulder posture (RSP) through abnormal rotation of the scapula that weakens the lower trapezius (LT) and serratus anterior (SA) muscles. This study compared the effects of knee push-up plus (KPP) exercise and KPP with isometric shoulder extension (KPPISE) exercise on the activities of LT, SA, and UT, and lower trapezius/upper trapezius (LT/UT) and serratus anterior/upper trapezius (SA/UT) activity ratios in subjects with RSP. Twenty subjects with RSP performed KPP and KPPISE. Electromyography was used to examine the muscle activity and a caliper, to measure the RSP. The paired t-test was used to compare the effect of KPP and KPPISE exercises on LT, SA, and UT activities, as well as LT/UT and SA/UT activity ratios in subjects with RSP. The LT and SA muscle activities significantly increased during KPPISE exercises than during KPP exercise (p=.004, p=.001; respectively). In contrast, the UT muscle activity significantly decreased during KPPISE exercise than after KPP exercise (p=.001). The LT/UT and SA/UT activity ratios increased significantly during KPPISE exercise than during KPP exercise (both p=.001). The KPPISE exercise may be an effective way to increase the LT and SA activity while reducing UT activity in subjects with the RSP.

본 연구는 등척성 운동 기반의 MNIT(Muscle, Nerve and Isometrics Therapy) 수기법이 중년 비만 여성의 신체조성, 혈중지질, 렙틴 및 CRP(C-reactive protein) 농도에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자 하였다. 이에 체지방률 30% 이상인 중년 여성을 대상으로 무선배정을 통해 운동군과 대조군으로 구분하여, 12주간의 등척성 운동 기반 MNIT를 실시하였다. 자료처리는 SPSS 23.0을 이용하여 운동프로그램 적용에 따른 집단과 시기간에 따른 주효과 및 상호작용 효과를 규명하기 위해 이원반복변량분석(two-way repeated measure ANOVA)을 실시하였다. 이상의 연구수행 과정을 통해 도출된 결과는 다음과 같다. 체중, 체지방량 및 BMI 수치는 운동군이 대조군에 비하여 통계적 유의한 차를 보이며 감소되는 것으로 나타났다. 반면에 혈중 지질 및 혈중 렙틴의 수치에는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 12주간 등척성 운동을 기반으로 한 MNIT 수기법은 비만 중년여성들의 체중, 체지방량, BMI에 긍정적 개선효과가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 이러한 신체조성의 변화는 비만 여성들의 체형 개선에 긍정적 영향을 미칠 것으로 사료된다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of isometric exercise based MNIT treatment on body composition, blood lipids, leptin and CRP in middle-aged obese women. For this purpose, middle-aged obese women (age: 40-50) with more 30% of body fat percentage in U city were recruited. They were divided into MNIT group(MG, n=9) and control group(CG, n=9). MNIT group was performed hand therapy program with abdomen exercise equivalent to RPE (9-11) (week 1-4) and exercise equivalent to RPE (11-12) (Week 5-8) and exercise equivalent to RPE (12-13) (week 9-12) 60 minutes a day for 3 days a week in 12 weeks. The results of this study were as follows: Body weight, fat mass, and body mass index had a significant lower in MG group than CG. There are no significant changes in blood profiles, and leptin. In conclusion, isometric based on MNIT may lead to development of an alternative therapy for middle-aged obese women.

Purpose: This study was to investigate the effect of isometric exercise and active stretching on joint function in patient with osteoarthritis. Methods: 30(M=1, F=29) subjects with osteoarthritis were divided in three groups: control group, quadriceps isometric exercise group, and hamstring active stretching group. After 6 weeks treatment, ROM(range of motion) and LSS(lysholm scoring scale) were measured. Results: There was a significant increase in knee flexion, extension in post-treat of quadriceps isometric exercise group and hamstring active stretching group(p<0.05). There was a significant increase in LSS in post-treat of quadriceps isometric exercise group and hamstring active stretching group(p<0.05). Conclusion: This study shows that both the active stretching exercise and the quadriceps isometric exercise effectively promote the range of knee extensions for osteoarthritis patients. Also, as measuring the ROM of knee flexion and extension by exercise methods, there is significant increase from knee flexion and extension in both hamstring stretching exercise group and quadriceps isometric exercise group. The increase of the range of knee is more effective in the exercise of knee extension with hamstring stretching exercise groups. And it is found that there are some difference between the experimental group and controlled group in statistics. As it is concerned with the function of knee extension, supporting and squatting are more effective to promote the both knee extension and flexion in its range. Therefore, this shows that the hamstring stretching exercise is required in general with enforcing the quadriceps at a sickbed in the present.

In order to study the effect of the isometric exercises on the flexibility. the strength and the waist and hip circumferences, 10 female university students who aged 22.10 ${\pm}$ 1.10 years were measured by sit-up for strength, and trunk flexion test and trunk lifting for flexibility, and also measured by waist and hip circumferences before and during, and after the Swiss ball exercise program. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS/PC WIN 7.0 version. and one-way repeated ANOVA Test, The results of the test were as shown; We found that the number of performing sit-up was increased. and the trunk flexion test and trunk lifting was increased, and the waist and hip circumferences were increased after the 6 weeks Swiss ball exercise program. These findings indicate that Isometric exercise using Swiss ball could be beneficial to the low back pain patients due to the effect of increasing strength and flexibility of the patients.

Foward head posture refers to a condition in which the head is tilted in front of the body's gravitational line in relation to the spine. It has been reported that the forward head posture usually results in a reduction of not only the neck extensor muscles, including the splenius capitis, and the upper trapezius, but also sternocleidomastoid. A total of 20 subjects with a craniovertebral angle (CVA) of less than 50 degrees were selected and experimented. The 10 members of the visual feedback correction group performed one set 10 times each 10 seconds to pull the chin while 10 members of the general correctional movement group performed one set 10 times every 10 seconds without looking at the screen. The experiment was conducted twice a week and for a total of four weeks. After 4 weeks of experimentation, four weeks after the end of the experiment, we compared muscle strength, muscle activity, and CVA. The results of the experiment showed a significant difference in the maximum muscle strength and %RVC, and the CVA of the visual feedback group, depending on the application and timing of the intervention (p<.05). There was a significant group difference in the maximum muscle strength of the upper trapezius,, the maximum muscle strength of the scapula, %RVC, and the angle of the head spine (p<.05). As a result, the maximum muscle force and the %RVC and the head scale angle of the target with the front head position did not work for four weeks after starting the calibration exercise, and when applied for about eight weeks, the calibration effect was obtained. It can be said that there were significant differences between groups (p<.05) when comparing continuous visual feedbacks and general calibration movements.

The isometric torque of the elbow flexor and extensor muscles were measured for 6 seconds at a joint angle of 90$^{\circ}$ , in 10 normal subjects (control group) and 10 hemiplegic subjects(patient group), using the Cybex NORMTM System. The peak torque, the time to peak torque were measured for each exercise. In addition, heart rate and blood pressure were recorded simultaneously at rest and immediately following exercise completion at 1 and 3m mutes. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 8.0 for Windows software and mean and standard deviations were calculated. The results are as follows. 1) In the patient involved group. the isometric values for flexors and extensors were significantly lower than in the normal nondominant group(p<.05). 2) The extensor to flexor strength ratio in the isometric mode was 121.0% in the patient involved group compared with 78.7%in the normal nondominant group, a significant difference(p<.05). 3) The mean increment ratio was increased 19.0% for systolic blood pressure and 25.2% for disatolic blood pressure in the patient group. 4) The mean increment ratio was increased 36.0% heart rate in the patient group.

This study aims to identify the effects of an isometric trunk exercise program on muscle endurance and balance ability in young adults. Fourteen young adults volunteered to participate in this study. Isometric muscle endurance tests (trunk curl in supine, hyperextension of trunk in prone, and arm-supporting side bridge) and one-leg standing test were used to measure muscle endurance and balance of subjects. Isometric trunk exercises were performed for 30 minutes, twice per week for 6 weeks (a total of 12 sessions), including upper and lower abdominal drawing, abdominal bracing, posterior pelvic tilting, supine bridge exercise, and alternating raising of limbs in quadruped position. After the intervention, significant improvements were found for all items of muscle endurance and balance (p<.05). These findings suggest that an isometric trunk exercise program might be favorably used to enhance muscle endurance if the trunk and balance in young adults. Further studies need to support our findings.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of various posture in squat exercises on muscle activations of vastus medialis oblique (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL). There was to suggest the optimal training posture of squat exercise for healthy young women, athletics, or patellofemoral pain syndrome. Twenty-four healthy young adults participated spontaneously in this study, and had no medical history of anterior knee pain or any lower extremity disorders. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to collect the data of muscle activation in VMO and VL. Surface EMG data were collected at each angle in dominant knee joint (15, 35, and 60 degrees) and foot positions (internal rotation, neutral, and external rotation). The normalized EMG activity levels (%MVIC) of the VMO and VL were compared using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. There was significant main effects of knee joint angles and foot positions, and interaction effect on EMG activities of VMO and VL. VMO/VL ratios by different foot position. There was an interaction effect between knee joint angles and different foot position. A externally rotated foot position produced significantly more VMO/VL activity ratio than that from internally rotated position and neutral position, although there was not significantly different in the three angles in knee joint. These findings suggest that squat exercise at externally rotated position is the effective way. The results of this study are also to suggest the optimal training posture of squat exercise is externally rotated foot position for healthy young women, athletics, or patellofemoral pain syndrome.

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of pulsed-ultrasound intervention and continued-ultrasound on the MVIC (maximal voluntary isometric contraction) and active ROM (range of motion) recovery of before EIMD (exercise-induced muscle damage). Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Thirty subjects who are student in their 20s at a university participated in this study, these subjects were assigned into three groups, a control group (n=10), experiment group I (n=10) and experiment group II (n=10). The subjects in experimental group were intervened by pulsed-ultrasound and continued-ultrasound, while ones on control group weren't by any intervention after induced EIMD. Results: First, In comparison of the MVIC, in the among group comparison, the MVIC of continued-ultrasound group was significantly larger than those of other groups (p<.005). Second, In the among group comparison, the active extension angle of continued-ultrasound group was significantly smaller than those of other groups (p<.005). Third, In the among group comparison, the active flexion angle of continued-ultrasound group was significantly lager than those of other groups (p<.05). Conclusion: The above results revealed that the continued-ultrasound intervention before an exercise had a significantly improve of muscle function after EIMD. Therefore we can consider the continued ultrasound as a considerable intervention method to prevent or reduce an exercise injury.

Background: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) recovers the alignment of the knee joint, but fails to automatically restore the alignment and function of the hip and ankle joints. It may affect the alignment and stability of the knee joint, therefore therapeutic intervention in hip and ankle joint is necessary for the rehabilitation process after TKA. Objects: The aim of this study was to comparison of the effects of the two exercise methods on the coronal plane alignment after TKA. This study conducted an experiment by dividing subjects into a lower extremity isometric co-contraction group (LEIC) and a quadriceps isolated isometric contraction (QIIC) group. Methods: A total of 37 subjects were randomly assigned to the LEIC ($n_1$=19) or the QIIC ($n_2$=18). Exercise was applied to five times per week for three weeks, starting on the eighth day after surgery. Range of motion exercises were performed as a common intervention and then each group performed quadriceps isometric contraction exercises with 10 sets of 5 repetitions. Radiological imaging was performed prior to surgery, one month and six months after surgery. In addition, the hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA) and tibiotalar angle (TTA) were measured. Results: The HKA was close to neutral in the LEIC rather than the QIIC (p<.05). The LEIC showed varus and the QIIC exhibited valgus TTA (p<.05). In a comparison of HKA and TTA over time, there was no significant change in either group (p>.05). According to the comparison of the TTA before surgery, the LEIC showed significant changes in the varus direction (p<.05), while there was no significant change in the QIIC (p>.05). Conclusion: The LEIC method triggered changes in the TTA and brought the HKA close to the neutral. Thus, LEIC is more effective than QIIC in creating stability in the coronal plane alignment of the knee and ankle joints after TKA.

Eccentric muscle actions are known to induce temporary muscle damage, delayed onset muscle soreness and muscle weakness that may persist for several days. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of bench-stepping exercise on pheriphral biomarkers of muscle damage and isokinetic muscle strength. Eight healthy, untrained male subjects performed eccentric contractions during 30 min of bench stepping(50 cm step, 15 steps min-1). Isokinetic Muscle strength and plasma aldolase, creatine kinase(CK), lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT), cortisol, testosterone measured before and during 3 days following exercise bout. Muscle strength decreased 1-2 day post-exercise, thereafter recovering to basal levels, and aldolase and CK activity changed of vice versa. The changes of LDH and GOT were not showed significant difference with basal levels. The exercise did not appear to significantly affect serum levels of GPT and teststerone. The results suggest that decreased muscle strength correlated with activity of aldolase, CK, LDH, and GOT levels.