Earticle

Performed here is a comparative assessment study for the probabilistic fracture mechanics approach of the pressurized thermal shock of the reactor pressure vessel. A round robin consisting of one prerequisite deterministic study and five cases for probabilistic approaches is proposed, and all organizations interested are invited. The problems are solved by the participants and their results are compared to issue some recommendation of best practices and to assure an understanding of the key parameters in this type of approach, like transient description and frequency, material properties, defect type and distribution, fracture mechanics methodology etc., which will be useful in the justification through a probabilistic approach for the case of a plant over-passing the screening criteria. Six participants from 3 organizations responded to the problem and their results are compiled and analyzed in this study.

The objective of this study was to determine the potential hazardous effects of sorting process by flowcytometry on the quality of boar spermatozoa by flowcytometer. Freshly collected boar semen was diluted and divided into two groups; control none sorted and sorted. Sperms in sorted group were processed with flowcytometer for cell sorting with 100 uM nozzle under the 20 psi pressure. Measurements on each parameter were made at two time points, 0hr (right after sorting) and 24 hr post sorting. Although there was a tendency of lower viability in sorted group than none sorted control group, the percentage of live cells in control(75.83+-6.92 & 59.53+-10.34) was not significantly different from sorted (59.7+-7.34 & 43.97+-3.76) at both 0 and 24 hr post sorting. However, sorted sperm showed significantly lower mitochondrial function compared to the control at both 0 h (79.37+-3.22 vs. 63.50+-10.05) and 24hr(67.27+-3.22 vs. 46.97+-5.37) time points (p<0.007). Sperm DNA fragmentation rate was significantly lower in control (22.0+-7.04) than that of sorted (32.27+-7.49) at 24 hr time point (p<0.0002). Taken together, these data suggested thatsorting process by flowcytometer may have influenced sperm motility rather than viability. Also high speed sperm sorting by flowcytometer has significant effects on DNA fragmentation on elapsed time after sorting.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of washing medium, breed and washing temperature of fresh and frozen-thawed boar sperm on mitochondrial activity and membrane integrity by flow cytometry. More than 80% of fresh sperm washed with mTLP-PVA medium at 20℃ exhibited an intact membrane and a functional mitochondrion. With frozen-thawed samples, a large number of sperm showed both damaged membrane (36.4~46.9%) and nonfunctional mitochondrion (55.1~71.1%) in the mTLP-PVA and BTS washing media at 20℃. There were no breed effects of fresh and frozen-thawed sperm on mitochondrial activity and membrane integrity. The percentages of damaged membrane of fresh and frozen sperm, respectively, were higher at 4℃ washing temperature than at 20℃ washing temperature in the mTLP-PVA medium. We found that washing medium and washing temperature of fresh and frozen-thawed boar sperm were important for the analyses of mitochondrial activity and membrane integrity by flow cytometry.

육상에서 자율주행차량이 본격적으로 개발됨에 따라 해상에서도 자율주행선박에 대한 국제적 논의가 계속되고 있고, 국제해사기구(IMO; International Maritime Organization)에서는 위성항법시스템을 이용해 10 cm 이하의 위치 정확도를 무결성 감시 기능과 함께 보장하도록 권고하고 있다. 10 cm 이하의 위치 정확도 성능을 제공하기 위해서는 위성신호의 반송파를 기반으로 고정밀 보정정보를 사용해야 한다. 또한 이에 대한 무결성을 감시하기 위해서는 각 보정정보 생성 과정에서 발생하는 오차를 overbounding 할 수 있어야 한다. 본 논문에서는 현재 운용되고 있는 고정밀 위성항법서비스 무결성 감시 방안에 대해 분석한다. 또한 미국에서 운용 중인 위성 기반의 광역보강시스템(WAAS; wide area augmentation system)의 무결성 감시기법을 분석하고, 해양 지역에서의 고정밀 위성항법서비스의 무결성 감시 방안을 도출하였다.

International Maritime Organization (IMO) recommends maintaining a positioning accuracy of global satellite navigation system (GNSS) within the range of 10 cm and monitoring its integrity. In order to provide the positioning accuracy of 10 cm or better, high-precision correction information must be used based on the carrier phase of the satellite signal. Furthermore, in order to monitor the integrity of this, the errors should be overbounded in the process of generating correction. In this paper, we analyze the GNSS integrity monitoring methods in high-precision position service currently in operation. The integrity monitoring technique of the wide area augmentation system (WAAS) of the U.S. is studied. As a conclusion, we propose the integrity monitoring method of Korean high-precision GNSS service in maritime area.

Purpose: Ego-integrity in Erikson's stage theory is used frequently among health team members related to the care of the elderly and has specific meanings within the context of quality of life in later life. However, the concept of ego-integrity in the elderly has not been well articulated in the literature. This study was conducted clarify and conceptualize the phenomena of ego-integrity in the elderly. Method: A Hybrid Model of concept development was applied to develop a concept of ego-integrity, which included a field study carried out in Seoul, South Korea using in-depth interviews with old adults who were admitted as a right person for research subject according to attributes of ego-integrity analysed in the theoretical phase. Results: The concept of ego-integrity emerged as a complex phenomenon having meanings in several different dimensions which encompassed several attributes. Conclusions: Ego-integrity is a concept having needs that should be treated in a specific way and it is possible to enrich the meaning and methods to manage ego-integrity in nursing interventions for promoting quality of life so that its application may have effects that have positive impacts on the elderly's well being.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to analysis the concept of ego-integrity management in nursing homes residents. Methods: Walker and Avant’s process of concept analysis was used in this study. Results: The defining attributes of the concept of ego-integrity management within nursing home residents included (a) overall process in life assessment of residents, (b) quality assessment of the relationship of residents with people around them, (c) inducing transcendental recognition in the residents and (d) use of the remaining psycho-social functional ability of the residents. In consideration of these defining criteria, antecedents to the concept of ego-integrity management include (a) longer period of stay in the nursing home, (b) expanding the role of nurses in long-term care laws, (c) emphasizing positive aspects and recognizing the need to increase the quality of life of elders, (d) close relationship between nurses and residents: psycho-social adjustment management. Consequences include a marked improvement in the quality of life of elder residents, decreased depression, reduced problem behavior, gerotranscendence, and a positive relationship to people around them including nurses. Conclusion: Nursing management in these homes to maintain residents’ ego-integrity includes evaluation of residents’ ego-integrity through objective observation, as well as planning appropriate interventions as needed.

본 연구는 독거 노인을 대상으로 하는 교류분석 독서치료 프로그램이 인생태도와 우울, 자아통합감에 미치는 효과를 검증하는 데 목적이 있다. 본 연구 대상은 경상북도 P시에 거주하고 있는 독거노인 100명을 대상으로 우울과 자아통합에 대한 수준을 사전에 체크하여 하위 20%인 20명을 선별하였다. 총 8회기, 주 1회 60분씩 2집단을 대상으로 교류분석 독서치료 프로그램을 진행하였고, 효과검증을 위해 SPSS 24.0 프로그램으로 자료를 분석하였다. 연구 변인의 정규성 검정을 위해 Kolmogorov-Smirnova test와 Shapiro-Wilk test를 실시하였고 실험집단과 통제집단의 동질성 검정을 위하여 비모수 검정인 맨-휘트니 U 검정(Mann-Whitney U Test)을 실시하였다. 분석 결과 첫째, 교류분석 독서치료를 실시한 실험집단의 인생태도, 즉 자기긍정, 자기부정, 타인긍정은 처치 전과 비교해 유의한 차이가 확인되었으나 타인부정은 차이가 없었다, 둘째, 교류분석 독서치료는 실험집단의 우울과 자아통합감에 유의한 영향을 준 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 교류분석 독서치료 프로그램의 변화 과정에서 독거노인들은 적극적인 참여활동을 통해 자기긍정과 타인긍정의 자세가 나타났으며, 우울이나 자기부정과 같은 부정적 정서가 감소하고 원숙한 대인관계와 삶에 대한 수용도가 높아지는 경험을 한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 교류분석 독서치료 프로그램이 독거노인의 자기긍정과 타인긍정의 인생태도로의 재결단과 자아통합감 증진에 있어 효과적인 중재 방안임을 확인시켜 주는 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to verify the effects of a transactional analysis bibliotherapy program on life positions, depression, and ego integrity in elderly people living alone. The study targeted 100 elderly people living alone in P city, Gyeongsangbuk-do, and selected 20 people in the bottom 20% for depression and ego integrity levels after a preliminary check. The transactional analysis bibliotherapy program was conducted for a total of 8 sessions, once a week for 60 minutes, with 2 groups. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 24.0 program to verify the effects. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Shapiro-Wilk test were conducted to check the normality of the study variables, and the Mann-Whitney U test, a non-parametric test, was conducted to check the homogeneity of the experimental and control groups. The analysis results are as follows. First, the life positions (self-positivity, self-negativity, and other-positivity) of the experimental group that underwent transactional analysis bibliotherapy significantly increased compared to before the treatment, but there was no difference in other-negativity. Second, transactional analysis bibliotherapy had a significant effect on the depression and ego integrity of the experimental group. Lastly, during the process of change in the transactional analysis bibliotherapy program, the elderly living alone showed attitudes of self-positivity and other-positivity through active participation activities, experienced a decrease in negative emotions such as depression, and an increase in mature interpersonal relationships and acceptance of life. These results confirm that the transactional analysis bibliotherapy program is an effective intervention method for enhancing self-positivity, other-positivity, and ego integrity in elderly people living alone.

The object of this container is to store uranium precipitated in Mo-99 production process for long term. It will be used in the Gijang reactor. Uranium precipitates is stored in a container such as a form of filter cake. This container will be stored in the underground concrete storage for about 50 years when considering a storage facility life and safety. It is required high degree of structure integrity when considering decay heat from radioactive precipitated, external impact and etc, because it has to store radioactive materials for long term. In this study, thermal, structural and impact analysis about a container inserted 6 canisters was carried out. In the case of this thermal analysis, the object is to investigate the effect decay heat of uranium precipitate on the structure integrity of a container. The structural analysis was carried out to evaluate a structure integrity of the bottommost portion container among the 9 loaded containers. Finally, the impact analysis was carried out to evaluate the structure integrity of a container when that is dropped from maximum height of 5m during transport. As a result of this study, the structural integrity of this container is satisfactory about thermal, structural and impact.

본 연구는 의약품 제조관리에서의 데이터 완전성 위반 유형을 분석하기 위하여 2016년부터 2020년까지 총 5 년간 원료의약품, 완제의약품에 대한 cGMP 실사 시 미국 FDA에서 발행한 Warning letter 387건을 대상으로 분석을 진행하였다. ALCOA+ 원칙을 기반으로 하여 유형 분석을 진행하였으며 이 중 하나 이상의 ALCOA+ 원칙 위반 사 례가 포함된 Warning letter는 2016년 30건, 2017년 39건, 2018년 32건, 2019년 39건, 2020년 21건으로 총 161건에 해 당되었다. 이는 전체 대상 387건 중 42%에서 데이터 완전성 위반 요소가 확인된 것이다. 데이터 완전성 위반 요소가 포함된 161건의 Warning letter에 대한 ALCOA+ 원칙 별 유형 분석 결과는 Complete(완벽성) 위반이 71건(21%)으로 가장 높은 비율을 보였으며, Original(원본성) 위반이 64건(19%), Enduring(영구성) 위반이 63건(19%), Accurate(정확 성) 위반이 58건(17%), Available(가용성) 위반이 35건(10%), Contemporaneous(동시성) 위반이 22건(7%), Attributable (귀속성) 위반이 17건(5%), Legible(가독성) 위반이 3건(1%), Consistent(일관성) 위반이 1건(1% 미만)으로 나타났다. 데이터 완전성 위반 사례에 대한 유형 분석을 통하여 데이터 완전성의 모든 구성 요소는 연계되어 있으며 하나의 요 소에서 결함이 발생할 시, 연쇄적으로 위반이 발생한다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 가장 큰 위험성을 포함한 위반은 컴 퓨터화 시스템에 대한 부적절한 관리였다. 데이터에 대한 무단 접근 또는 변경을 방지하고 데이터 조작 및 누락을 방 지하기 위한 적절한 제어가 되어 있지 않아 추가로 연쇄적인 위반이 발생하였다. 데이터 완전성은 의약품 수명 주기 전반에 걸쳐 고려해야 할 사항이다. 데이터 완전성이 보장되지 않는다면, 의약품 품질 보증이 어려워지며, 제약사의 신뢰도가 하락하는 것은 물론 산업의 근간도 흔들릴 수 있어 철저한 예방이 필요하다.

In order to analyze the types of data integrity violation in Good Manufacturing Practice, this study analyzed 387 warning letters issued by the US FDA during the cGMP inspection of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient and Finished Pharmaceuticals for a total of 5 years from 2016 to 2020. Type analysis was conducted based on the ALCOA+ principle, and among them, warning letters containing one or more cases of violation of the ALCOA+ principle were 30 cases in 2016, 39 cases in 2017, 32 cases in 2018, 39 cases in 2019, and 21 cases in 2020. There were 161 cases. This means that data integrity violations were confirmed in 42% of the total 387 cases. As a result of type analysis by ALCOA+ principle for 161 warning letters including data integrity violation cases, 71 cases (21%) of complete type violation showed the highest rate. 64 (19%) violations of the Original type, 63 (19%) of the Enduring type violations, 58 (17%) of the Accurate type violations, 35 (10%) of the Available type violations, 22 violations of the Contemporaneous type. (7%), there were 17 (5%) Attributable type violations, 3 (1%) Legible type violations, and 1 Consistent type violation (less than 1%). Through type analysis of data integrity violation cases, it was confirmed that all components of data integrity are linked and that when a defect occurs in one element, violations occur in a chain. The violations involving the highest risk were improper management of computerized systems. Additional in a chain violations occurred because adequate controls were not in place to prevent unauthorized access or alteration of data and to prevent data manipulation and omission. Data integrity is a consideration throughout the pharmaceutical lifecycle. If data integrity is not guaranteed, it will be difficult to guarantee the quality of drugs, and not only will the reliability of pharmaceutical companies decline, but also the foundation of the industry will be shaken, so thorough prevention is necessary

다영역 작전(Multi-Domain Operations, MDO) 환경에서 지휘통제(Command and Control, C2) 체계는 다양한 영역에서 생 성되는 전장 데이터를 융합하여 지휘관의 의사결정을 지원한다. 그러나 데이터 위·변조, 지연, 재전송 등 무결성 침해는 상황 인식 왜곡과 의사결정 오류를 유발하여 작전 효과를 저하시킬 수 있다. 본 연구는 C2 데이터 무결성과 리질리언스를 작전 효 과 유지의 핵심 요소로 정의하고, 무결성 침해가 정보우위, 동시작전, 다중딜레마 및 임무 성공 확률에 미치는 영향을 분석하 기 위한 정량적 분석 프레임워크를 제안한다. 이를 통해 무결성 침해 수준에 따른 작전 효과 영향과 임무 성공 확률 변화를 정량적으로 추정할 수 있다. 이를 위해 무결성 위협 모델과 리질리언스 기반 효과 유지 모델을 정식화하고, 작전 효과 변화와 임무 지속성을 평가하기 위한 정량 지표를 제시한다.

In a Multi-Domain Operations (MDO) environment, Command and Control (C2) systems integrate battlefield data from multiple domains to support commanders’ decision-making. However, integrity violations such as data manipulation, delay, and replay attacks can distort situational awareness and lead to decision errors, thereby degrading operational effectiveness. This study defines C2 data integrity and resilience as key factors for sustaining operational effectiveness and proposes a quantitative analysis framework to examine the impact of integrity violations on information superiority, synchronized operations, multiple dilemmas, and mission success probability. The proposed framework enables quantitative estimation of how varying levels of integrity violations affect operational effectiveness and mission success probability. To this end, the study formulates an integrity threat model and a resilience-based effectiveness sustainment model, and presents quantitative metrics for evaluating changes in operational effectiveness and mission continuity.

Configuration of security policies is an important but complicated work for running of secure operating systems. On the one hand, completely correct and consistent configuration is the necessary prerequisite for secure and credible system operation. On the other hand, errors and bugs are incidental anywhere within configuration at all time. Therefore, algorithms for automatic analysis of SELinux security policy are studied in this paper. Based on an improved analysis model similar to SELAC model, both algorithms for validity analysis and integrity analysis are designed. So that any access relations among subjects and objects with specified security contexts can be identified correctly by using the former algorithm. And all rules that could potentially influence integrity of subjects and objects can be detected based on the latter algorithm. Furthermore, a corresponding prototype is implemented in C Language and a security policy configuration as to an application system called Student-Teacher system is designed based on the architecture of reference policy in order to test the prototype. Results are satisfactory and it shows that related algorithms are potential to be used to build an appropriate tool to assist people to perform configuration work and to complete correct and reliable configuration.

In order to improve the accuracy of the digital to analog conversion (DAC), the reflection and crosstalk problems of the signal transmission process were studied in this paper. The Hyperlynx software was used for the simulation study of reflection and crosstalk problems of the master clock signal in the DAC circuit. Source end cascading termination resistor and remote end termination resistor and capacitor (RC) methods were adopted to weaken the reflected signal. The problem of signal crosstalk was solved by the remote end cascading termination resistor method. The experiments results showed that the reflection peak could be eliminated when the value of the source end cascading termination resistor was 100Ω. The reflection peak could be eliminated when the value of remote end termination resistors was 100Ω and the capacitance was 300pF. Terminating 100Ω resistor, shortening the length of the transmission line and decreasing the distance of the adjacent network could weaken crosstalk phenomenon. In high precision digital to analog conversion circuit, the source end cascading termination resistor and the remote RC termination were adopted to solve the problems of signal reflection. The methods of optimizing wiring and the cascading termination resistor weakened the signal crosstalk phenomenon. They also improved signal integrity and ADC accuracy of the signal during transmission.

With the development of information technology, digital works are copied illegally without the consent of copyright owners. The copied works are then spread rapidly across the world by online service providers (OSPs). Some OSPs ignore unlawful acts to create profits and commit additional criminal acts to hide their unlawful acts, such as changing or deleting log files. Consequently, there has been research on digital forensic technology to protect the intellectual copyrights of digital works and ensure integrity. In this paper, we propose a log data integrity support scheme for the reliable log analysis of OSP (LISS). The proposed scheme is used to monitor OSP events on the basis of reliable logs, thereby preventing unlawful acts such as filtering detour, and the omission, forgery, and alteration of log records; it also supports the integrity of log files essential for digital forensic investigations.

The integrity assessment of reactor vessel internals should be conducted in the design process to secure the safety of nuclear power plants. Various loads such as self-weight, seismic load, flow-induced load, and preload are applied to the internals. Therefore, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Code, Section III, defines the stress limit for reactor vessel internals. The present study focused on structural response analyses of the upper guide structure upper flange. The distributions of the stress intensity in the flange body were analyzed under various design load cases during normal operation. The allowable stress intensities along the expected sections of stress concentration were derived from the results of the finite element analysis for evaluating the structural integrity of the flange design. Furthermore, seismic analyses of the upper flange were performed to identify dynamic behavior with respect to the seismic and impact input. The mode superposition and full transient methods were used to perform time-history analyses, and the displacement at the lower end of the flange was obtained. The effect of the damping ratio on the response of the flange was also evaluated, and the acceleration was obtained. The results of elastic and seismic analyses in this study will be used as basic information to judge whether a flange design meets the acceptance criteria.

In this paper, we analyzed the signal integrity of a system interconnection module for a proposed high-density server. The proposed server integrates several components into a chassis. Therefore, the proposed server can access multiple computing resources. To support the system interconnection, among the highly integrated computing resources, the interconnection module, which is based on Serial RapidIO, has been newly adopted and supports a bandwidth of 800 Gbps while routing 160 differential signal traces. The module was designed for two different stack-up types on a printed circuit board. Each module was designed into 12- (version 1) and 14-layer (version 2) versions with thicknesses of 1.5T and 1.8T, respectively. Version 1 has a structure with two consecutive high-speed signal-layers in the middle of two power planes, whereas Version 2 has a single high-speed signal placed only in the space between two power planes. To analyze the signal integrity of the module, we probed the S-parameters, eye-diagrams, and crosstalk voltages. The results show that the high-speed signal integrity of Version 2 has a better quality than Version 1, even if the signal trace length is increased.

This paper brings out a novel method for reducing Near end and Far end Crosstalk using Electromagnetic Band Gap structures (EBG) in High Speed RF transmission lines. This work becomes useful in high speed closely spaced Printed Circuit Board (PCB) traces connected to multi core processors. By using this method, reduction of −40dB in Near-End Crosstalk (NEXT) and −60 dB in Far End Crosstalk (FEXT) is achieved. The results are validated through experimental measurements. Time domain analysis is performed to validate the signal integrity property of coupled transmission lines.

Hyper duplex stainless steels have been developed in Korea for the purpose of application to the seawater system of Korean nuclear power plants. This system supplies seawater to cooling water heat exchanger tubes, related pipes and chlorine injection system. In normal operation, seawater is supplied to heat exchanger through the exit of circulating water pump headers, and the heat exchanged sea water is extracted to the discharge pipes in circulating water system connected to the circulating water discharge lines. The high flow velocity of some part of seawater system in nuclear power plants accelerates damages of components. Therefore, high strength and high corrosion resistant steels need to be applied for this environment. Hyper duplex stainless steel (27Cr-7.0Ni-2.5Mo-3.2W-0.35N) has been newly developed in Korea and is being improved for applying to nuclear power plants. In this study, the physical & mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of newly developed materials are quantitatively evaluated in comparative to commercial stainless steels in other countries. The properties of weld & HAZ (heat affected zone) are analyzed and the best compositions are suggested. The optimum conditions in welding process are derived for ensuring the volume fraction of ferrite(${\alpha}$) and austenite(${\gamma}$) in HAZ and controlling weld cracks. For applying these materials to the seawater heat exchanger, CCT and CPT in weldments are measured. As a result of all experiments, it was found that the newly developed hyper duplex stainless steel WREMBA has higher corrosion resistance and mechanical properties than those of super austenitic stainless steels including welded area. It is expected to be a promising material for seawater systems of Korean nuclear power plants.

ICAO defines performance requirements of navigation system such as accuracy, integrity, continuity and availability. The integrity is most significant performance requirement in aviation where safety of life is crucial. Many researches on this topic anticipate that GPS with SBAS or Galileo can meet APV requirements and GPS with GBAS or Galileo with GBAS will meet CAT II and III requirements. These performance expectations are based on global analysis. In this paper regional integrity analysis in Korea using various combinations of modernized GPS, Galileo and SBAS is given. The simulation results show that CAT I requirement can be met using modernized GPS and Galileo alone, however, CAT II and III are not met even augmenting SBAS because of VPL. A more efficient augmentation such as GBAS which can reduce VPL dramatically is required to meet CAT II and III in Korean region.