Earticle

차량 측위 기술은 차량의 정확한 위치 정보를 제공한다는 점에서 자율주행을 위한 핵심 기 술 중 하나로 평가되고 있다. 이미지 기반의 측위 기술은 위치 정보를 효율적으로 제공할 수 있을 것으로 판단되어 다양한 관련 연구가 진행되고 있다. 하지만, 기존 특징점 또는 차선 정보 를 이용한 이미지 기반 측위 방법론은 도로 및 운행 환경에 측위 정확도가 큰 영향을 받을 수 있다는 한계가 있다. 선분 매칭은 특징점에 비하여 텍스쳐 반복에 강건하고 주변 환경 전체에 서 추출된 선분을 활용하기 때문에 기존 방법론의 단점을 해결할 수 있다. 하지만, 차량 운행 환경을 대상으로 한 선분 매칭 방법론을 다루는 연구는 거의 진행된 바 없다. 따라서 본 연구 에서는 정확한 차량 측위 지원을 위한 선분 매칭 프레임워크를 제안한다. 또한 도로 주행 환경 에서의 알고리즘 성능 비교 분석을 통하여 최적 선분 매칭 알고리즘을 결정하였다. 최종적으 로 제안된 프레임워크는 선분 추출, 병합, 중첩 영역 탐지 및 MSLD 기반 선분 매칭의 4단계로 구성되었다. 제안된 프레임워크는 차량의 속도, 운행 방식, 주변 환경에 상관없이 차량 측위에 충분한 수준의 선분 매칭을 안정적으로 수행하였다.

Vehicle localization is one of the core technologies for autonomous driving. Image-based localization provides location information efficiently, and various related studies have been conducted. However, the image-based localization methods using feature points or lane information has a limitation that positioning accuracy may be greatly affected by road and driving environments. In this study, we propose a line segment matching framework for accurate vehicle localization. The proposed framework consists of four steps: line segment extraction, merging, overlap area detection, and MSLD-based segment matching. The proposed framework stably performed line segment matching at a sufficient level for vehicle positioning regardless of vehicle speed, driving method, and surrounding environment.

최근 중국의 전승 70주년 기념행사 등을 비롯하여 중국은 1978년 개혁개방이후 약 30년간 평규 9%이 성장을 유지하며, 지속적으로 해외기업의 투자유치에 심혈을 기울이고 있다. 또한 중국이 그동안 지구의 생산공장에서 가장 커다란 소비시장으로 자리매김하면서 우리나라의 기업들은 해외직접투자(FDI)형태로 중국에 진출하고 있으며, 특히 중국내 진출한 기업들은 현지화전략을 통하여 우리나라 브랜드의 이미지 제고를 위하여 노력하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 우리나라 중국진출기업의 현지화전략이 한류의 이미지에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가에 대한 관계를 분석하면서, 여기에 중국의 지원정책이 미치는 조절효과를 살펴봄으로써 중국의 지원정책의 영향정도를 살펴보고자 하였다. 실증 분석 결과 FDI 한국기업들은 현지화 전략에 있어서 전반적인 현지화 마케팅 전략뿐만 아니라 지역정서에 맞는 마케팅 전략을 고려해야 하고, 중국정부 또한 이러한 기업에 대하여 지속적인 혜택이나 지원정책을 펼침으로써 해외직접투자기업의 현지화 전략 및 경쟁 우위에 유의한 영향을 미칠 것으로 사료된다

With the rapid development of China's economy and the implementation of the Western Development Policy in Xi’an, an increasing number of Korean FDI companies have localized their business in top enterprise parks in Xi’an. Therefore, this study in the light of the Western Development Policy is based on local competitive advantages, elaborates the localized strategies and explains the relationship between localized strategies and Korean Wave image. Through the investigation of asking questions and analysis, the study results are as follows: First, the study indicates that the localized marketing strategies adopted by FDI Korean companies have positive influences only on Korean Wave and Korean industries. Second, based on assumption II, supporting activities of Korean industries play an active role in increasing the images of Korean Wave, Korean industries. The study result reflects that the localization strategies of the FDI Korean companies dramatically promote the image of Korea when they are in accordance with the Chinese government’s preferable policy. Therefore, in order to localization, FDI Korean companies not only need comprehensive local marketing strategies but also combine them with local cultures. Additionally, to organizing the supporting events, FDI Korean companies should think about detailed implementation plan, and the motivation methods also should be taken into consideration. Favorable policies from Chinese government and FDI Korean companies in China create beneficial influences on the localized marketing strategies of foreign companies and competitive advantages.

봉준호 감독의 가장 뛰어난 역량은 할리우드 모델과 한국 문화를 접목한 것이며, 즉 할리우드 모델과 한국의 환경 그리고 사회 문제를 적절히 결합하여 영화에 새로운 활력과 문화 의미를 부여한 것이다. 그의 작품은 관객의 호기심을 유발하는 뛰어난 서스펜스 플롯, 정교한 영상 공간 배치, 그리고 신비한 상상력뿐만 아니라 상업성과 예술성을 완벽하게 표현하여 국제 영화제에서 여러 차례 상을 받았다. 또한 영상 공간은 영상 서사의 중요 요소로써 인물이 연기하는 단순한 장소가 아니라 “일정한 이미지를 지닌” 잠재적 대사로서 역할을 한다. 봉준호 영화의 영상 공간은 지역, 민족, 역사, 문화가 적절히 융합되어 있으며, 다큐멘터리의 지리적 모습, 냉담한 도시 공간, 억압되고 폐쇄적인 공간은 한국의 환경을 적절히 드러낼 뿐만 아니라 도시 발전 과정에서 발생한 대표적인 역사 사건과 역사의 추억을 반영하고 있다. 또한 자연 광선의 진실한 표현, 냉난 색채의 교차 사용, 빈곤층의 복잡함과 부유층의 단순함, 그리고 동양 문화 의미가 담긴 구도 설정, 동양 전통문화에 적합하고 다큐멘터리 미학을 추구하는 롱 테이크는 영화 공간의 선명한 한국적 모습과 풍부한 시각 느낌을 전달할 뿐만 아니라 사회 신분 계층과 계급적 대립을 생동적이고 입체적으로 표현한다. 봉준호 감독의 독특한 운치가 담겨 있는 영상 공간이 영상 서사 내용의 전개를 주도한다. 본 연구는 봉준호 감독의 영화 작품에 대한 감상과 정리를 통해 한국적 특색을 강조하는 현지화(現地化) 시각에 따라 대표 작품을 선정하여 연구 대상으로 하며, 텍스트 분석법 등을 통해 봉준호 영화의 환경, 화면, 인물 등 영상 공간 요소를 분석 및 요약하였다. 그리고 이를 통해 향후 중국과 한국 영화의 현지화 창작을 위한 참고적 경험을 제공하고, 글로벌 환경에 따른 영화의 현지화 발전을 촉진하여 세계 영화에서 자기 민족의 독특한 영상 공간 언어 구축에 일정한 도움을 주고자 하였다.

Director Bong Joon-Ho is most acclaimed for his excellence in seamlessly integrating the Hollywood style and the South Korean culture. By combining the backdrop and social issues of South Korea, the director gives new vitality and cultural connotations to the Hollywood style. As an important element of film narrative, image space serves as no longer just a setting for character performance, but has become a subtext for “image building”. The basic form and style of image space are of enormous importance for better revealing personal characters and unfolding the storyline. Regional, national and historical cultures are well incorporated into the image space of Bong Joon-Ho's films. The documentary geographic features, the indifferent urban space, and the depressing enclosed space contribute to the vivid description of the local environment, and at the same time reflect the representative historical events and historical memories in the process of urban development; the realistic portrayal of natural light, the alternate use of warm and cold colors, “the poorer, the more cluttered, and the richer, the more simplistic” settings carrying the connotation of Oriental culture, and the full-length shots in line with oriental traditional culture and in pursuit of documentary aesthetics enable the localized pictures of the film space to deliver a clear and rich visual experience and make a vivid and three-dimensional display of the social hierarchy and the collisions in it; the woeful and helpless mothers in the patriarchal system, the weak with mental illness in the process of social development, and the public officials who knowingly violate the law during the period of military dictatorship represent various types of localized characters and reflect the living conditions and psychological changes of the people at the bottom of the social pyramid. Bong Joon-Ho's unique image space design serve as a guide to the narrative content of his films.

This study presents a new algorithm for biometric-based iris recognition system. The proposed iris identification algorithm consists of four major fundamental steps: image processing; image localization; IER extraction; and image pattern recognition. An image of an individual’s eye is processed into an 8-bit grayscale BMP image until the boundaries of the iris are detected. The IER (Iris Effective Region) feature is then extracted using the feature extraction algorithm. This IER feature is a 12x8 BMP image pattern which contains the gray values of the iris and will be used for pattern matching. The IER feature extracted is then used as input for the pattern recognition algorithm wherein the linear correlation coefficients are analyzed and will be used as the basis for the identification and verification of an individual.

This study presents a new method of iris identification algorithm for iris recognition. The proposed iris identification algorithm consists of three major fundamental steps: image processing; image localization; and IER detection and extraction. In image processing, a picture of an individual’s eye is taken and processed into an 8-bit BMP image. The histogram of the image is then analyzed to locate the center point of the pupil as basis for the image localization process. In localization, the iris inner boundary (pupil area) is detected by performing an algorithm based on the logic of variation of intensity values. Iris recognition is obtained by locating the left iris area boundary of a particular eye image. The IER is then detected and extracted to be used for pattern matching. The proposed new algorithm for iris identification in iris images is likely to give a better performance for biometric authentication or identification.

We propose a watermarking scheme for the authentication of binary images. We transform the image using the binary wavelet transform and partition the resulting coefficients into tree-structured blocks. The size of each block is decided by the number of flippable coefficients in the block. The flippable coefficients are found in the frequency domain by investigating high frequency coefficients. A random bit sequence generated by the block identifying key is embedded in the flippable coefficients in each block. Block-wise localization of tampered regions is accomplished with imperceptible visual degradations. Counter-measures against the vector quantization attack to which most existing watermarking schemes are vulnerable may also be implemented in our scheme

There are many methods to localize its position based on visual sensing schemes in indoor environment. This paper presents the problem of finding the correspondences of images feature’s descriptors when the images have large rotation. SIFT and SURF have always been considered as very effective algorithms to extract interest points and their orientation and descriptors. For descriptors, one of both uses a lot of time to calculate descriptors and the other has not good performance in large rotation of the image. In this paper, we propose an improved algorithm to calculate interest points’ descriptors for relative self-localization estimation. The proposed algorithm will satisfy descriptor invariant when the image rotates. Meanwhile, the proposed method reduces the calculated time as much as possible. Interest point’s descriptors are formed by resampling local regions.

With the widespread use of powerful image editing tools, the demand for identifying the authenticity of an image is much increased. Copy-move forgery is one of the most common and immediate tampering attacks, and is one type of image forgery where one region of an image is copied to another region in an attempt to cover some potentially important features. In this paper a Novel approach is presented for image copy-move forgery detection and localization based on SVD and Projection Data. Experiment results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm can effectively detect multiple copy-move forgery and precisely locate the duplicated regions, even when an image was distorted by Gaussian blurring,JPEG compression and their mixed operations.

This paper describes a real-time 3D sound localization algorithm to be implemented with the use of a Bow power embedded DSP. This algorithm first divides the audible frequency band into three, on the basis of the analysis of the sound reflection and diffraction effects through different media from a certain sound source to human ears, and then in each subband a specific procedure is devised fur the 3D sound localization so as to operate real-time on a low power embedded DSP This algorithm aims at providing a listener with the 3D sound effects through a headphone at low cost and low power consumption.

To precisely localize target in prostate cancer, image-guided radiotherapy was performed using the $ExacTrac^{\circledR}$ x-ray system (Brainlab, Germany) with implanted markers. For three prostate cancer patients, three gold markers were implanted into prostate. Orthogonal portal images were acquired every treatment and CT scans were repeated 3～5 times during the course of treatment. After correcting setup errors calculated by the system, the position of the implanted markers and the distance between them were detected in daily portal images and in CT images, and analyzed retrospectively. Deviation of the relative position of the implanted markers and the distance between them were less than 1 mm in lateral, longitudinal, and vertical direction for three patients, both in portal images and CT images. This study reveals that image-guided radiotherapy using the $ExacTrac^{\circledR}$ system is useful to verify positioning errors and localize prostate target with implanted markers, reducing the planning target volume (PTV) margin as well as irradiation to rectum and bladder.

This paper describes effects of visual information influencing sound localization in the peripheral visual Held under dynamic conditions. Presentation experiments of an audio-visual stimulus were carried out using a movie of a moving patrol car and its siren sound. The tallowing results were obtained: first, the sound image on the timing at the beginning of the presentation was more strongly captured by the visual image than that at the end, i.e., the "beginning effect" was occurred; second, in the peripheral regions, the "beginning effect" was strongly appeared in near the fixation point of eyes.

Region of interest (ROI) is the most informative part of a medical image and mostly has been used as a major part of watermark. Various shapes ROIs selection have been reported in region-based watermarking techniques. In region-based watermarking schemes an image region of non-interest (RONI) is the second important part of the image and is used mostly for watermark encapsulation. In online healthcare systems the ROI wrong selection by missing some important portions of the image to be part of ROI can create problem at the destination. This paper discusses the complete medical image availability in original at destination using the whole image as a watermark for authentication, tamper localization and lossless recovery (WITALLOR). The WITALLOR watermarking scheme ensures the complete image security without of ROI selection at the source point as compared to the other region-based watermarking techniques. The complete image is compressed using the Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) lossless compression technique to get the watermark in reduced number of bits. Bits reduction occurs to a number that can be completely encapsulated into image. The watermark is randomly encapsulated at the least significant bits (LSBs) of the image without caring of the ROI and RONI to keep the image perceptual degradation negligible. After communication, the watermark is retrieved, decompressed and used for authentication of the whole image, tamper detection, localization and lossless recovery. WITALLOR scheme is capable of any number of tampers detection and recovery at any part of the image. The complete authentic image gives the opportunity to conduct an image based analysis of medical problem without restriction to a fixed ROI.

이 연구는 다양한 라우드 스피커 구성인 2-horizontal, 2-vertical, triplet 라우드 스피커 구성에서 UHD TV를 위한 가상 음상의 인지 위치 결과를 제시한다. 비등간격 라우드 스피커 구성에서 가상 음상을 생성하기 위해 잘 알려진 vector-based amplitude panning 알고리즘을 수정하여 적용하였다. 실제 상황에서의 위치 인지 성능을 평가하기 위해, 청취 평가는 일반적인 청취환경에서 TV의 on-axis와 off-axis에서 수행되었다. 인지 각도의 모호함에 의한 오차를 줄이기 위해 각도 조정 테스트 방법이 옥타브 밴드 신호의 각도 평가에 이용되었다. 피실험자는 실제 음원과 가상 조정된 음원의 각도가 일치할 때까지 조정각도를 변화하였다. 공간적 블러링은 각 밴드에서 인지된 조정 각도의 차이를 비교하여 측정되었다. 청취 평가 결과는 triplet panning 방법이 vertical panning 방법보다 on-axis와 off-axis 둘 다, 인지 위치와 공간적 블러링 관점에서 더 나은 성능을 보여주었다.

This paper presents a localization perception of a phantom sound image for ultrahigh-definition TV with respect to various loudspeaker configurations; two-horizontal, two-vertical and triplet loudspeakers. Vector base amplitude panning algorithm with modification for non-equidistant loudspeaker setup is applied to create the phantom sound image. In order to practically study the localization performance in real situation, the listening tests were conducted at the on-axis and off-axis positions of TV in normal listening room. A method of adjustment which can reduce the ambiguity of a perceived angle is exploited to evaluate the angles of octave-band signals. The subjects changed the panning angle until the real sound source and virtually panned source were coincident. A spatial blurring can be measured by examining the differences of the panning angles perceived with respect to each band. The listening tests show that the triplet panning method has better performance than vertical panning in view of perceptual localization and spatial blurring at both on-axis and off-axis positions.

GPS/INS integrated systems do not guarantee robustness and accuracy of localization, because GPS has vulnerability to external disturbances. However, the overall performance and reliability of the system can be significantly improved by fusing multiple sensors with a different operating principle. In outdoor environments where GPS may be blocked, there are many features compared to the open space and these features can provide much information for UGV localization. Thus, this paper proposes an improved localization algorithm based on the hierarchical federation of three measurement layers, i.e., GPS, INS, and visual localization, to overcome the shortcomings of GPS/INS integrated systems. The proposed algorithm automatically switches the operation modes according to GPS status and a network of a ground-based reference station. A vocabulary tree with SURF is used in the visual localization method. In the data fusion of visual localization and INS, an asynchronous and time-delayed data fusion algorithm is presented because visual localization is always time-delayed compared with INS. By using DGPS to obtain the reference position under the dynamic conditions of the reference station, the restrictions of the conventional DGPS are overcome and all UGVs within WiBro communication range of the reference station can accurately estimate the position with a common GPS. The experiment results with a predefined path demonstrate enhancement of the robustness and accuracy of localization in outdoor environments.

Transmitting visual information over a broadcasting network is not only prone to a copyright violation but also is a forgery. Authenticating such information and protecting its authorship rights call for more advanced data encoding. To this end, electronic watermarking is often adopted to embed inscriptive signature in imaging data. Most existing watermarking methods while focusing on robustness against degradation remain lacking of measurement against security loophole in which the encrypting scheme once discovered may be recreated by an unauthorized party. This could reveal the underlying signature which may potentially be replaced or forged. This paper therefore proposes a novel digital watermarking scheme in temporal-frequency domain. Unlike other typical wavelet based watermarking, the proposed scheme employed the Lorenz chaotic map to specify embedding positions. Effectively making this is not only a formidable method to decrypt but also a stronger will against deterministic attacks. Simulation report herein highlights its strength to withstand spatial and frequent adulterations, e.g., lossy compression, filtering, zooming and noise.

This paper presents a method to evaluate the performance of subpixel localization operators using target image data. Subpixel localization of edges is important to extract the precise shape of objects from images. In this study, each target image was designed to provide reference lines and edges to which the localization operators can be applied. We selected two types of moment-based operators: Gray-level Moment (GM) operator and Spatial Moment (SM) operator for comparison. The original edge localization operators with kernel size 5 are tested and their extended versions with kernel size 7 are also tested. Target images were collected with varying Camera-to-Object Distance (COD). From the target images, reference lines are estimated and edge profiles along the estimated reference lines are accumulated. Then, evaluation of the performance of edge localization operators was performed by comparing the locations calculated by each operator and by superimposing them on edge profiles. Also, enhancement of edge localization by increasing the kernel size was also quantified. The experimental result shows that the SM operator whose kernel size is 7 provides higher accuracy than other operators implemented in this study.

The expression of glucose transporters (Glut-1, Glut-3), hexokinase-II, and Ki-67 has been proposed to explain intratumoral heterogeneous F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake. We report a case of Krukenberg tumor with intratumoral heterogeneous FDG uptake which corresponded well with the expression levels of Glut-1 and ki-67. Fused positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was helpful for localizing the metabolically active area in the tumor specimen. This report elucidates the relationship between the intratumoral heterogeneous FDG uptake and biologic heterogeneity, and shows the usefulness of PET/MR in research on intratumoral heterogeneity.

This paper proposes an auto-parking controller for omnidirectional mobile robots. The controller uses the multi-sensor system including ultrasonic sensor and camera. The several ultrasonic sensors of robot detect the distance between robot and each wall of the parking lot. The camera detects the global position of robot by capturing the image of artificial landmarks. To improve the accuracy of position estimation, we applied the extended Kalman filter with adaptive fuzzy controller. Also we developed the fuzzy control system to reduce the settling time of parking. The experimental results are presented to verify the usefulness of the proposed controller.