Earticle

이 논문은 인공지능(AI) 언어 모델의 할루시네이션 문제와 고기능 자폐 환자의 현 실 인식 어려움을 비교 분석하고, 이를 기독교적 관점에서 비평하는 것을 목적으로 한다. AI의 할루시네이션 현상은 대규모 언어 모델(LLM)이 학습한 데이터의 불완전 성이나 편향성으로 인해 현실과 일치하지 않는 정보를 생성하는 문제로 나타나며, 이 는 고기능 자폐 환자들이 겪는 현실 인식의 어려움과 유사한 점이 있다. 고기능 자폐 환자들은 높은 지적 능력에도 불구하고, 내적 논리에 과도하게 의존해 외부 현실을 왜곡하는 경향이 있으며, 이는 그들의 사회적 상호작용과 일상생활에 어려움을 초래 한다. 본 논문은 이러한 AI의 할루시네이션과 자폐 환자들의 인지적 특성 간의 유사 성을 분석하여, AI와 인간 모두 불완전한 정보에 기반해 잘못된 결론에 도달할 수 있 음을 보여준다. 이 과정에서, 프롬프트 엔지니어링과 같은 기술적 접근이 자폐 환자들 의 현실 인식을 개선하는 데 어떻게 활용될 수 있는지 탐구한다. 프롬프트 엔지니어 링은 AI가 더 정확한 결론을 도출하도록 돕는 중요한 기술로, 자폐 환자들이 사회적 상호작용에서 겪는 어려움을 완화하는 데 유용할 수 있다. 이러한 기술은 자폐 환자들이 사회적 규칙을 더 잘 이해하고 이를 실생활에 적용하는 데 도움을 줄 수 있다. 또한, 본 논문은 기독교 신학에서 강조하는 인간의 존엄성과 AI 기술 발전의 조화 가 능성을 논의한다. 기독교 윤리적 관점에서는 AI가 인간의 도구로 사용될 때 긍정적인 기여를 할 수 있지만, 도덕적 판단을 대체하게 될 경우 인간의 존엄성과 가치를 위협 할 수 있다고 경고한다. 특히, AI의 할루시네이션 문제는 인간의 도덕적 판단과 대비 되는 상황을 초래할 수 있기에, AI는 인간의 도덕적 판단을 강화하는 방향으로 발전 해야 한다. 이를 위해 기술적 진보와 신학적 성찰의 통합적 접근이 필요하다. 결론적 으로, AI 기술이 자폐 환자들의 삶의 질을 향상시킬 가능성이 있지만, 이러한 기술이 인간의 본질적 가치를 침해하지 않도록 주의해야 한다는 점을 강조하며, 향후 연구는 AI와 인간의 상호작용을 기독교적 윤리 관점에서 통합적으로 이해하는 방향으로 나 아가야 할 것이다. 이를 통해 AI가 인간의 존엄성과 가치를 보존하면서도 사회에 긍 정적인 기여를 할 수 있는 방향으로 발전할 수 있을 것이다.

This paper aims to compare and analyze the hallucination problem in artificial intelligence (AI) language models with the challenges of reality perception faced by individuals with high-functioning autism, and to critique these issues from a Christian perspective. AI hallucination occurs when large language models (LLMs) generate information that does not align with reality due to the incompleteness or bias in the data they have been trained on. This phenomenon is similar to the difficulties experienced by high-functioning autistic individuals, who, despite their high intellectual capabilities, tend to distort external reality by overly relying on internal logic, which can lead to significant challenges in social interactions and daily life. This paper explores the similarities between AI hallucinations and the cognitive characteristics of autistic individuals, demonstrating that both AI and humans can reach incorrect conclusions based on incomplete information. In this context, the study examines how technical approaches such as prompt engineering can be utilized to improve reality perception in autistic individuals. Prompt engineering is an important technique that helps AI arrive at more accurate conclusions and can also be beneficial in mitigating the social interaction difficulties experienced by autistic individuals. These techniques can assist autistic individuals in better understanding and applying social rules in real-life situations. Furthermore, the paper discusses the compatibility of AI technological advancements with the Christian theological emphasis on human dignity. From a Christian ethical perspective, while AI can contribute positively when used as a tool for humans, it poses a threat to human dignity and value if it replaces moral judgment. Particularly, the issue of AI hallucination contrasts with human moral judgment, highlighting the need for AI to evolve in a way that enhances human moral decision-making. This necessitates an integrated approach that combines technological advancement with theological reflection. In conclusion, while AI technology has the potential to improve the quality of life for autistic individuals, it is crucial to ensure that such technology does not undermine essential human values. Future research should aim to deepen the understanding of AI-human interaction and integrate ethical considerations from a Christian perspective. This approach will guide the development of AI in a manner that preserves human dignity and contributes positively to society.

본 연구는 K-WISC-IV 프로파일을 통해 고기능 자폐 스펙트럼 장애(ASD) 아동의 인지적인 특성을 확 인하여 고기능 ASD 아동의 진단에 도움을 주며, 임상 및 교육 장면에서 효과적인 개입을 위한 정보를 제공하는데 목적이 있다. 이에 6~16세의 고기능 ASD 아동 90명을 대상으로 K-WISC-IV의 전체 IQ, 지표 점수와 소검사 환산 점수의 평균을 살펴보았으며, 이와 같은 점수들이 규준 집단과 차이가 있는지 확인하고자 단일 집단 t 검정을 시행 하였다. 그 결과 처리속도 지표, 작업기억 지표에서 고기능 ASD아동이 규준 집단에 비해 유의하게 낮은 점수를 얻었고, 소검사 수준에서는 이해, 공통그림찾기, 빠진 곳찾기, 순차연결, 산수, 동형찾기, 기호쓰기에서 유의미하게 부진한 수행을 보였다. 다시 말해, K-WISC-IV 프로파일을 통해 고기능 ASD 아동들이 처리 속도가 느리고 사회 적 판단력이 부족하며 비언어적인 자극을 빠르게 포착하거나 시각 자극의 핵심적 측면을 파악하는 것이 어렵다는 특성을 알 수 있었다.

The aim of this study is to distinguish children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from the norm group by identifying their Intelligence with Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (K-WISC-IV) profile analysis. The article were administered to 90 children with high-functioning ASD (6-16) years and has surveyed the average of the Full scale IQ , index scores, and subtest scores of K-WISC-IV. Also, this study has conducted a single-subject T-test in order to verify whether Full scale IQ, index scores, subtest scores are different from those of the norm group. The results show that children with high-functioning ASD achieved significantly lower scores on Processing Speed Index, compared to the norm group. Furthermore, their scores in Comprehension, Picture Concept, Picture completion, Coding, and Symbol Search were significantly lower than those of the norm group. It is likely that what have turned out to be the cognitive weaknesses of high-functioning ASD children by K-WISC-IV analysis, including slow process speed, low social judgement, and difficulty in visual stimuli in everyday life are interrelated to their unique characters.

본 연구의 목적은 DIRFloortime® 모델에 기초한 무용 동작 치료가 고기능 자폐스펙트럼 장애 아동의 정서 행동 과 자기조절 기능에 미치는 효과를 알아보는 것이었다. 연구에 참여한 아동은 총20명으로 고기능 자폐스펙트럼 증상으로 인해서 정서 행동의 문제와 자기 조절에 있어서 어려움이 있는 아동이었다. 연구에 사용한 중재법은 고 기능 자폐스펙트럼 장애 아동의 사회적 상호작용과 의사소통 기능을 촉진시키는 DIRFloortime® 치료 모델을 사 용하였고 무용 동작치료와 접목하기 위해서 본 연구에 참여한 대상자의 기능 수준에 맞게 수정 및 보완하여 적용 하였다. 프로그램은 총16회기 90분 동안 주2회로 제공하였다. 자료 분석은 SPSS 18.0 프로그램을 활용하였다. 본 연구의 연구대상자의 일반적인 특성을 분석하기 위하여 기술통계를 사용하였다. 실험군과 대조군의 동질성 검 정과 두 집단 간의 중재 후 정서 행동평가 및 자기 조절력 차이를 알아보기 위해 맨 휘트니 U검정 (Mann-Whitney U test)를 사용하였다. 두 집단 간의 효과 크기를 알아보기 위해 Cohen’s d를 사용하였다. 연구 결과, 본 연구에서 적용한 DIRFloortime® 모델에 기초한 무용 동작 치료는 고기능 자폐스펙트럼장애 증상을 개선 하는데 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 임상에서 다양한 치료 방법의 하나로서 적용되어지기를 바라는 바이다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dance movement therapy based on DIRFloortime® model on emotional behavior and self-regulatory function in children with high autism spectrum disorder. A total of 20 children participated in the study, which had problems with emotional behavior and self-regulation due to the symptoms of high-functional autism spectrum. The doubling method used in this study used the DIRFloortime® model to promote social interaction and communication function in children with high autism spectrum disorder. Applied the program was offered twice a week for a total of 16 sessions, 90 minutes. Data analysis was done using the SPSS 18.0 program. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the general characteristics of the study subjects. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to assess the homogeneity of the experimental and control groups and to assess the differences in emotional behavior and self-regulation between the two groups. Cohen's d was used to determine the effect size between the two groups. The results showed that dance movement therapy based on the DIRFloortime® model applied in this study was effective in symptoms of high function autism spectrum disorder. It is hoped that it will be applied as one of various therapy methods in the clinic.

사회적 의사소통의 어려움을 보이는 자폐 스펙트럼 장애(이하 ASD)의 반어적 표현 처리 기능에 관한 연구 결과는 혼재되어 있다. 반어 표현을 이해하는 능력이 잘 기능하기 위해서는 사회적 상황에서 언어와 얼굴 표정에 대한 정보처리가 능숙해야 한다. 그러나 대부분의 선행연구는 반어 이해능력에만 중점을 두고, ASD 아동을 대상으로 반어적 대화 상황에 대한 기억 양상을 탐구한 연구는 부족하다. 따라서, 본 연구는 ASD에게 반어적 상황의 맥락 정보에 대한 언어 설명이 포함되지 않은 대화 조건과 맥락 정보를 설명하는 내레이션 조건을 제시하고, 대화 상황에서 사회적 정보가 일치한 조건과 불일치한 반어 조건에 따라 정상 발달 아동과 ASD 아동의 언어 정보와 표정 정보에 대한 기억 양상을 살펴보고자 하였다. 그 결과, ASD 아동은 정상 발달 아동보다 정보 불일치 내레이션 조건에서 언어 정보에 대한 기억 정확도가 낮았고, 표정 기억 정확도는 대화 조건과 내레이션 조건에서 모두 낮았다. 본 연구의 결과는 ASD 아동이 반어적 상황에 대한 얼굴 표정 기억 결함을 보이고, 언어 정보에 대한 제한된 기억 결함이 있음을 시사한다.

Behavioral studies on irony in autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), characterized by difficulties in social communication, have reported mixed results. In order to reach good irony comprehension, information processing in language and face emotions in social situations are necessary. However, previous studies on irony have mainly focused on irony comprehension and studies focusing on memory patterns of ironic situations are lacking. Thus, we examined memory patterns on language information and face emotions during ironic situation in typically developing children (TD) and children with ASD. We used congruent and incongruent conditions under a narrative condition with context information and a conversational condition without linguistic context information. We found that ASD showed significantly low accuracy on verbal memory performance under the incongruent narrative conditionc compared to TD. Further, ASD showed lower accuracy on face emotion memory than TD under both narrative and conversational conditions. Our findings suggests that children with ASD reveal deficits in memory of social scenes containing ironic social situations.

Due to rapid socio-economic development and environmental changes, particularly autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the context of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and high-functioning autism, has become a significant social issue. This issue is increasingly recognized from a societal perspective rather than just an individual or family problem. But there remains a lack of information in frontline education. Traditionally, treatment for ASD has been conducted in specialized institutions, or by professional doctors, therapists, and counselors. There are still several challenges such as 1) accessibility to hospitals and transportation for children with ASD, 2) the maturity and competence of therapists, and 3) the lack of appropriate educational content. To solve these problems, we propose a supplementary 3D educational game process for children with high-functioning autism that utilize speech recognition technology and games designed for continuous and repetitive learning. Our proposed game content can be used at home, which incorporates Speech-To-Text (STT) technology and mini-games to help children indirectly experience and learn to handle unexpected real-life situations. With this approach, we will expect that the children can develop social skills and enhance the efficiency of their treatment.

Purpose: High-functioning autism spectrum disorder (ASD) involves pragmatic impairment of language skills. Among numeroustasks for assessing pragmatic linguistic skills, idioms are important to evaluating high-functioning ASD. Nevertheless, no assessmenttool has been developed with specific consideration of Korean culture. Therefore, we designed the Korean Autism SocialLanguage Task (KASLAT) to test idiom comprehension in ASD. The aim of the current study was to introduce this novel psychological tool and evaluate idiom comprehension deficits in high-functioning ASD. Materials and Methods: The participants included 42 children, ages 6?11 years, who visited our child psychiatric clinic between April 2014 and May 2015. The ASD group comprised 16 children; the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) group consistedof 16 children. An additional 10 normal control children who had not been diagnosed with either disorder participated in this study. Idiom comprehension ability was assessed in these three groups using the KASLAT. Results: Both ASD and ADHD groups had significantly lower scores on the matched and mismatched tasks, compared to the normal control children (matched tasks mean score: ASD 11.56, ADHD 11.56, normal control 14.30; mismatched tasks mean score: ASD 6.50, ADHD 4.31, normal control 11.30). However, no significant differences were found in scores of KASLAT between the ADHD and ASD groups. Conclusion: These findings suggest that children with ASD exhibit greater impairment in idiom comprehension, compared to normal control children. The KASLAT may be useful in evaluating idiom comprehension ability.

The study examines how high-functioning children with autism organize their actions in the spontaneous participation during social activities at mainstream schools and how they reveal their awareness of social rules and moral positioning through their actions. In particular, the analysis focuses on the instances when an autistic child fails to participate in the on-going or newly beginning activities and becomes a focus of public dialogue because of violation of social rules set by a situated activity. For this purpose, the study employs the ethnographic, discourse analytic framework of social interaction which uses video data collected in naturalistic environments. The analysis suggests that children with high functioning autism may be able to adapt themselves to the ongoing stream of social interaction and perform as a competent member of social institutes. The findings of the study illuminate the importance of taking temporally emerging contextual information of on-going social activity into account when we attempt to understand how autistic children participate in situated social activities.

Objective The purpose of the present study was to clarify the relationship between white matter tracts and cognitive symptoms in children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods We examined the cognitive functions of 17 children with high-functioning ASD and 18 typically developing (TD) controls and performed diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography. We compared the results between the groups and investigated the correlations between the cognitive scores and DTI parameters within each group. Results The Comprehension scores in the ASD group exhibited a positive correlation with mean diffusivity (MD) in the forceps minor (F minor). In the TD group, the Comprehension scores were positively correlated with fractional anisotropy (FA) in the right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFO) and left anterior thalamic radiation (ATR), and negatively correlated with MD in the left ATR, radial diffusivity (RD) in the right IFO, and RD in the left ATR. Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between the Matching Numbers scores and MD in the left uncinate fasciculus and F minor, and RD in the F minor. Furthermore, the Sentence Questions scores exhibited a positive correlation with RD in the right inferior longitudinal fasciculus. Relative to TD controls, the specific tract showing a strong correlation with the cognitive scores was reduced in the ASD group. Conclusion Our findings indicate that white matter tracts connecting specific brain areas may exhibit a weaker relationship with cognitive functions in children with ASD, resulting in less efficient cognitive pathways than those observed in TD children.

The purpose of this study is to investigate difficulties in using prosodic information to identify the meaning of ambiguous sentences in children with high functioning autism (HFA). Fifteen high functioning autistic children and fifteen children who matched their chronological age (CA) participated in this study. We compared the performance of the two groups by conducting syntactically and affectively ambiguous sentence comprehension (SASC and AASC) tasks. The results of this study show that in both tasks, the difference between the two groups was statistically significant at each condition and the performance of high functioning autistic children was significantly lower. In a correlation analysis of major variables, children who matched CA showed a correlation between prosody-only (PO) and AASC, while children with HFA showed a correlation between PO and MO (morpheme-only). Children with HFA used grammatical morpheme information to understand general sentences. We found that the ability to use prosodic information in children with HFA is significantly lower than that of normally developed children. Considering the relevance of prosody to linguistic, non-linguistic and emotional aspects of communication, improving prosodic perception is thought to be a way to mediate deficits in the comprehension of ambiguous sentences in children with HFA.

Purpose: Children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (HF-ASD) have difficulty interacting with others due to a defect in pragmatic language skills. Accordingly, in this study, the pragmatic language characteristics of children with HF-ASD were compared with tthose of typically developing children. Methods: Twenty-five children with HF-ASD aged 4 to 10 years old and thirty-three typically developing children who have matching chronological age were evaluated using the Korean Child Meta-Pragmatic Language Test (KOPLAC) for communication regulations, discourse and story information inferences and metalinguistics awareness (indirect expressions, references, ironies and metaphors). The KABC-II performance score was used as a covariate in an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to determine if the total KOPLAC score and the scores for each subdomain of the two groups were statistically significant. Furthermore, a two-way ANCOVA was performed to determine whether there was a difference in the pragmatic language features of the two groups based on age (pre-school age and school age). Results: Children with HF-ASD performed significantly lower than typically developing children in all areas except irony and metaphor after analyzing whether there was a significant difference in the pragmatic language characteristics of the two groups. Furthermore, the findings of a comparison of the pragmatic language characteristics of the two groups according to their ages showed that interaction effects were significant in communication regulations, discourse, and story information inferences. Conclusions: The pragmatic language characteristics of children with HF-ASD were examined by subdomain, and the possibility and necessity of intervention were discussed based on the results of the KOPLAC.

Purpose: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social communication impairmentsand repetitive behaviors or restricted interests. Impaired pragmatic language comprehension is a universal feature in individualswith ASD. However, the underlying neural basis of pragmatic language is poorly understood. In the present study, we examinedneural activation patterns associated with impaired pragmatic language comprehension in ASD, compared to typicallydeveloping children (TDC). Materials and Methods: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was applied to 15 children with ASD and 18 TDC usingthe Korean pragmatic language task. Results: Children with ASD were less accurate than TDC at comprehending idioms, particularly when they were required to interpretidioms with mismatched images (mismatched condition). Children with ASD also showed different patterns of neural activitythan TDC in all three conditions (neutral, matched, and mismatched). Specifically, children with ASD showed decreased activationin the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) (Brodmann area 47) in the mismatched condition, compared with TDC (IFG; t(31)=3.17,p<0.001). Conclusion: These results suggest that children with ASD face difficulties in comprehending pragmatic expressions and applydifferent pragmatic language processes at the neural level.

Objectives: Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) shows atypicality in various domains in language. One of atypical characteristics in their language can be found in vocabulary. Usually children show greater receptive than expressive vocabularies, but for ASD children the opposite results are reported. Even though children with autism show mutual exclusivity when mapping new words to the correct objects, their social deficits prohibit them from being reinforced by others’ feedback. Thus they can have more difficulty in receiving initiation and directions from others, and as a result, can demonstrate atypical vocabulary characteristics. The purpose of this study is to find out the differences in expressive and receptive vocabulary abilities among children with high functioning ASD, low functioning ASD, and intellectual disabilities (ID), and the discrepancies in expressive and receptive vocabulary among the three groups. Methods: Ten high functioning ASD, 11 low functioning ASD, and 12 ID children were tested with the receptive and expressive vocabularies test (REVT). Results: The results indicate significant differences in receptive and expressive vocabularies. However, there was no significance between receptive and expressive vocabulary among three groups even though trends of higher expressive vocabularies over receptive can be found in the high and low functioning ASD group. Conclusion: The trends of higher expressive vocabulary in the two ASD groups compare to ID group tells high possibilities that children with ID can be reinforced by the feedback that the interaction partner gives. For the future studies, it is necessary to increase the sample size and add assessment tools which can prove vocabulary abilities.

Objective Studies have revealed the prognostic significance of intelligence in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but the correlations of non-social cognitive functions and clinical characteristics of high-functioning children and adolescents with ASD remain unclear. To identify individual needs, this study aimed to investigate their correlations in high-functioning children and adolescents with ASD and conduct an exploratory comparison between subgroups.Methods We recruited children and adolescents who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition criteria for ASD, excluding those with intellectual disability. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition and Conners’ Continuous Performance Test, Second-Edition were administered to assess intelligence and attention. Their parents completed questionnaires, including the Child Behaviour Checklist, the Social Responsiveness Scale, and the Aberrant Behaviour Checklist, to report their clinical characteristics. Group differences were analyzed using t-tests and chi-square tests. Partial correlation was used to measure correlations between variables of cognitive tests and questionnaires, while adjusting for age, sex, and, where appropriate, the presence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.Results A total of 98 high-functioning participants with ASD were recruited (mean age, 11.44±3.13 years; 75.5% male). Significant correlations were found between their non-social cognitive functions and clinical characteristics. Specifically, Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ), working memory, processing speed, attention, and impulse control were negatively associated with the severity of autistic, emotional, and behavioral symptoms. In addition, the Asperger’s disorder group demonstrated significantly better FSIQ, perceptual reasoning, working memory, processing speed, attention, and impulse control than the high-functioning autism group.Conclusion Significant correlations between non-social cognitive functions and autistic, emotional, and behavioral symptoms underscore the increased needs of high-functioning individuals with relatively poorer non-social cognitive abilities. Individualized support and management strategies can be developed and provided accordingly.

본 연구는 자폐스펙트럼장애 중 고기능 자폐장애와 아스퍼거증후군을 대상으로 한 중재관련 국내연구들을 분석한 것이다. 분석은 2000년 이후부터 현재까지 발표된 총 26편의 연구를 대상으로 하였으며, 중재관련 연구의 일반적 특성, 설계상 특성, 독립변인과 종속변인, 중재효과에 대하여 구체적으로 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 고기능 자폐장애를 대상으로 한 연구가 11편, 아스퍼거증후군을 대상으로 한 연구가 15편이었으며, 전체적으로 꾸준한 연구가 이루어지고 있는데 반해 2000년, 2001년, 2003년, 2006년, 2015년에는 다소 연구가 부진하였다. 연구 설계방법은 단일대상연구 설계가 총 18편으로 가장 많았다. 종속변인을 살펴보면 사회성관련 연구가 가장 많았고 행동관련 연구가 그 뒤를 잇고 있었다. 독립변인은 단일중재를 사용한 연구가 가장 많았으며, 프로그램중재, 패키지중재 순으로 적용되고 있었다. 중재효과에 대한 분석 결과에 따르면 총 26편의 분석대상 논문 중 24편의 논문에서 중재효과가 있었고, 2편은 부분적인 중재효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 고기능 자폐장애 및 아스퍼거증후군을 지닌 학생들의 향후 교육적 지원 방향에 대하여 논의하였다.

This study is what analyzed the domestic researches related to intervention targeting high-functioning autism and Asperger syndrome out of the autism spectrum disorders. The analytical subjects included totally 26 pieces of the researches that have been released so far from following the year in 2000. It specifically analyzed the general characteristics of a research relevant to intervention, a design-based characteristic, independent variable & dependent variable, and moderating effect. As a result of the analysis, the researches of targeting high-functioning autism included 11 pieces. The researches of targeting Asperger syndrome included 15 pieces. A steady research is being performed on the whole. But a research was slightly sluggish in the years of 2000, 2001, 2003, 2006, 2015. In terms of a research design method, a single-subject research design was the largest with totally 18 pieces. Examining dependent variables, a research related to sociality was the largest. A research relevant to behavior was following it. As for independent variables, a research that used a single intervention was the largest. It was being applied in order of a program intervention and a package intervention. According to the analytical results on moderating effect, there was a moderating effect in 24 pieces of theses among totally 26 pieces of the analysis-subject theses. 2 pieces were shown to have partially moderating effect. Based on these findings, a discussion was made about the future educational support direction for students who have high-functioning autism and Asperger syndrome.

배경 및 목적: 자폐스펙트럼장애 아동의 사회적 의사소통 결함은 다른 사람과의 대화를 어렵게 하며, 이는 또래와 적절한 사회적 관계를 형성하는 데 어려움을 줄 수 있고, 의사소통 상황에서 또래로부터 소외당하거나 사회적 문제들을 야기시킬 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 지각적 평가를 통해 학령기 고기능 자폐스펙트럼장애 아동의 대화 능력을 언어적, 준언어적, 비언어적 특성으로 살펴보고 이 중 집단을 판별해 주는 요인이 무엇인지 확인하고자 하였다. 방법: 학령기 고기능 자폐스펙트럼장애 아동 17명과 일반아동(생활연령일치 17명, 언어연령일치 17명) 34명을 대상으로 하였다. 51명의 대화 자료는 무선적으로 배치하여 언어재활사 전문가 6명에게 제시한 후, 지각적 평정 척도를 활용하여 언어적, 준언어적, 비언어적 측면에 대해 평가하도록 하였다. 결과: 언어적 측면에서 고기능 자폐스펙트럼장애 아동은 대화개시 부적절, 대화중첩, 주제유지 및 변경 빈도, 주제유지 및 변경 부적절에서 유의하게 높은 점수를 받았다. 준언어적 측면에서는 목소리 크기변화, 목소리 높낮이 억양에서 유의하게 높은 점수를 받았으며, 비언어적 측면에서는 자세, 표정, 몸짓 부적절, 눈맞춤 빈도 및 부적절 점수에서 유의하게 높았다. 판별분석 결과, 주제변경 빈도, 주제유지 빈도 순으로 고기능 자폐스펙트럼장애 집단을 판별하는 데 가장 중요한 대화 요인인 것으로 나타났다. 논의 및 결론: 연구결과에 따라 고기능 자폐스펙트럼장애 집단의 대화 특성과 집단을 판별해 주는 대화 요인에 대하여 논의하였다.

Objectives: Children with autism spectrum disorder have difficulty with social interaction and communication. Social communication difficulties among these children are evident when conversing with other people. Conversational skills play an important role in the social aspects, such as the peer relationships, and academic achievement of school-aged children. The purpose of this study was to investigate the conversational characteristics of high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (HFASD) children in terms of linguistic, paralinguistic, and nonlinguistic factors and identify the conversational factors that distinguish the HFASD group. Methods: The participants were a total of 51 children: 17 HFASD children and 34 typical development (TD) children (17 matched on the chronological age and 17 matched on the language age). The 51 conversation samples were randomly numbered according to a set proportion between the two groups. A perceptual rating scale was performed by 6 speech-language pathologies to measure the linguistic, paralinguistic, and nonlinguistic characteristics. Results: The results were the following: among linguistic factors, the HFASD group had a significantly higher inappropriate initiation and frequency of overlap compared to that of the TD group. Regarding paralinguistic factors, the HFASD group scored significantly higher in changes of intensity, pitch, and intonation compared to the TD group. Finally, in regards to the nonlinguistic factors, the HFASD group scored significantly higher in posture, expression, inappropriate gesture, and eye-contact frequency and inappropriateness. The results of discriminant analysis indicated that the topic change frequency and topic maintenance frequency were found to be the most important discriminant factors. Conclusion: We discussed the factors of conversation which distinguish the HFASD group from TD group based on these results.

본 연구는 고기능자폐증과 아스퍼거장애의 유사점, 차이점 및 구분가능성을 알아보기 위하여 2명의 고기능자폐증아동과 2명의 아스퍼거장애아동을 대상으로 검사, 면접 및 관찰을 통해 자료를 수집하여 비교분석하였다. 분석된 결과와 그에 대한 논의는 검사, 면접 및 관찰의 순으로 제시되었고 고기능자폐증과 아스퍼거장애 간에 유사점과 차이점은 있으나 다음과 같은 측면에서 서로 구분되는 별개의 장애로 볼 수 있다는 결론을 내렸다: 언어발달 지체시기의 차이, 의사소통 능력의 차이, 현학적인 말투의 사용 여부, 사회적 능력 손상의 유형 차이, 행동의 상동성과 제한된 관심사에 대한 집착의 유형 차이, 공격성 정도의 차이, 언어성 IQ와 동작성 IQ의 상대적 차이, 마지막으로 결과와 논의를 바탕으로 향후 관련연구를 위한 몇 가지 제언이 제시되었다.

This study aimed to examine the similarities, differences, and possibility of distinction between high-functioning autism(HFA) and Asperger's disorder(or Asperger's syndrome: AS). To do this, data were collected about 2 children with HFA and 2 children with AS through tests, interviews and observations. The data and discussion were presented in order of tests, interviews, and observations. And then, the conclusion of this study was presented in order of similarities, differences, and possibility of distinction between HFA and AS. Overall, it was concluded that HFA and AS are distinguishable on the basis of onset of language development delay(by 3 years of age vs later), degree of communication impairment(severe vs mild), pedantic speech(existing vs not existing), type of social impairment(aloof and passive vs active but odd), type of repetitive behaviors or interests (stereotyped behaviors vs preoccupied interests) degree of aggression(less vs more), relative difference between verbal IQ and performance IQ(verbal IQ〈performance IQ vs verbal IQ〉performance IQ). Finally, several suggestions were presented for future related research.

고기능자폐증과 아스퍼거증후군의 관계에 대한 논쟁은 관련분야에서 지속적인 관심사가 되어 왔다. 본 연구는 관련문헌들을 통해서 고기능자폐증과 아스퍼거증후군을 진단, 출현율, 출현시기, 원인, 특성(사회적 상호작용, 의사소통, 제한적반복적상동적인 행동관심활동, 감각민감도, 지능, 뇌기능, 집행기능, 마음이론, 운동기능, 공병), 및 예후와 관련하여 비교고찰한 후 두 장애의 관계에 대한 결론을 도출해 보고자 한 문헌연구이다. 본 연구에서는 당분간은 고기능자폐증과 아스퍼거증후군을 서로 구분되는 장애로 보는 것이 바람직할 것으로 보이며 향후 관련연구들이 지속적으로 수행될 필요가 있다는 결론이 도출되었고 향후 관련연구들에서 고려되어야 할 사항들이 제시되었다.

The controversy over the relationship between high-functioning autism(HFA) and Asperger syndrome(AS) has received a great deal of attention. This study aimed to draw a conclusion on the question of whether or not HFA and AS are different by reviewing related literatures. The aspects examined regarding HFA and AS were diagnosis, prevalence, onset, etiology, characteristics(social interaction, communication, restricted?repetitive?stereotyped patterns of behavior?interests?activities, intelligence, brain function, executive function, theory of mind, motor function, comorbidity) and outcome. The conclusion drawn from this study was that it's desirable to hold the distinction between HFA and AS for the time being and related research should be conducted continuously. Along with the conclusion, several suggestions were presented for future related research.

배경 및 목적: 자폐스펙트럼장애 아동의 비전형적인 준언어적 특성은 다른 사람과의 대화 시 의미 전달에 부정적인 영향을 줄 수 있고, 더 나아가 의사소통 의도가 제대로 전달되는 것을 방해할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 고기능 자폐스펙트럼장애 아동의 대화에서의 준언어적 특성을 음향학적 분석을 통해 살펴보고, 이러한 특성이 다른 사람에게도 어떻게 지각되는지 알아보기 위해 전문가를 대상으로 지각적 평가를 실시하여 확인하고자 하였다. 방법: 연구 대상은 학령기 고기능 자폐스펙트럼장애 아동 17명과 일반아동 34명(생활연령일치, 언어연령일치각 17명씩)이었다. 음향학적분석에사용한모든아동의발화는평서문 3개, 의문문 2개를대화자료안에서추출하였으며, 평균 음도, 음도 범위, 강도, 말속도를 분석하였다. 지각적 평가를 위해 모든 대화 자료는 무선적으로 배치하여 언어재활사 전문가 6명에게 제시한 후, 지각적 평정 척도를 활용하여 평가하도록 하였다. 결과: 음향학적 분석 결과, 평균 음도, 음도 범위, 강도, 말속도모두 집단 간 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이에 반해 지각적 평가 결과 전문가 집단은 고기능 자폐스펙트럼장애 집단이 일반아동 집단에 비해 목소리 크기 변화와 억양이 부자연스럽고, 목소리가 높다고 지각하였다. 논의 및 결론: 연구 결과에 따라 고기능 자폐스펙트럼장애집단의대화에서의준언어적특성에대해논의하였다.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the paralinguistic characteristics of children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (HFASD) through acoustic analysis, and to investigate whether an expert can perceive the paralinguistic characteristics of HFASD using a perceptual rating scale. Methods: The participants were a total of 51 children: 17 HFASD children and 34 typically developing (TD) children (17 matched with chronological age and 17 matched with language age). All children’s utterances used for acoustic analysis were extracted from three declarative sentences and two interrogative sentences. The mean pitch, pitch range, loudness, and speech rate were analyzed. For the perceptual evaluation, the 51 conversation samples were randomly numbered according to a set proportion between the two groups. A perceptual rating scale was performed by 6 speech-language pathologies to measure the paralinguistic characteristics. Results: The results were as follows. In acoustic analysis, there were no significant differences in mean pitch, pitch range, intensity, and speech rate measured with Computerized Speech Lab between the two groups. In perceptual evaluation, there were no significant differences in speech rate and intensity between the two groups, but the HFASD group scored significantly higher in changes of intensity, pitch, and intonation compared to the TD group. Conclusion: We discussed paralinguistic characteristics of children with HFASD based on these results.

배경 및 목적: 본 연구에서는 고기능 자폐아동의 전제하기와 관련된 능력인 주어진정보와 새로운정보의 처리 과정을 살펴보았다. 방법: 이 연구에서는 세 장의 그림카드에 대한 선택과제를 이용하여, 주어진정보(행위), 주어진정보(행위자), 그리고 새로운정보(동사)의 낱말 선택에 따른 두 집단 간(고기능 자폐아동집단과 언어능력일치아동집단)에 차이가 있는지를 살펴보았다. 결과: 첫째, 고기능 자폐아동집단은 언어능력일치아동집단과 비교하였을 때, ‘새로운정보’ 낱말 처리에서 특히 어려움을 보였다. 즉, 고기능 자폐아동집단은 새로운정보(동사)보다는 주어진정보(동사)를 더 많이 선택하였다. 둘째, 두 집단의 아동 모두 행위자와 동사가 모두 주어진 정보인 경우, 동사보다는 행위자를 더 많이 선택하는 경향이 있었는데, 이는 두 집단 간에서 차이가 나지 않았다. 논의 및 결론: 고기능 자폐아동집단의 새로운정보 선택에 대한 이러한 어려움은 과제의 복잡성도 영향을 미치는 것으로 해석하였으며, 언어적 맥락으로 제시되는 경우 고기능자폐아동의 전제하기 방식의 변화에 대하여 논의하였다.

Background & Objectives: Presuppositional skills are defined as knowing what it is reasonable to suppose the listener knows and needs to know. Children with high functioning autism (HFA) are known to have difficulties in presuppositional skills. The purposes of this study were 1) to identify the characteristics of presuppositional skills in children with HFA, and 2) to investigate the given-new information processing. Methods: Forty children (20 children with HFA aged 6;0-8;11 and 20 normal children with language age[LA]-matched) were involved in the study. Ten pairs of sentences, the corresponding picture cards, and three word cards for each sentence-pair were used in the study. Ten sets of three word cards consisted of given informationof action (e.g., walk) or actor (e.g, girlfriend), and new information of action (e.g., sit). The children were to select a word card that conveys information regarding a picture card with new information of action that communication partner wanted to know. Results: Firstly, the HFA group chose significantly more word-cards of given information than the LA controls did. Secondly, as to a given information, the HFA group tended to choose the actor than action more than the LA controls did although the tendency was not significant. Discussion & Conclusion: Children with HFA may have difficulties in presuppositional skills in relation to given-new information processing.

본 연구의 목적은 고기능자폐 5세아의 의사소통과정에서 보이는 의사소통결함 중 이해와 표현의 문제는 어떤 양상으로 나타나는가를 분석하고, 의사소통결함이 의사소통 장애 원인들과 어떻게 연결되어 있는가를 분석하는 것이다. 연구대상유아는 고기능자폐 5세로 여아 1명이다. 자료들은 어린이집의 자유선택활동 시간 동안에 참여 관찰하여 기록한 기록물과 비디오로 촬영한 내용이다. 자료 분석은 참여관찰법의 분석 절차에 따라 촬영된 비디오테이프를 전사하고, 그 내용 중 부적절한 의사소통을 이해의 문제와 표현의 문제로 나누어 분석하였다. 본 연구의 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 연구대상유아가 의사소통과정에서 보이는 이해의 문제는 단어, 문장, 자신, 타인, 가상놀이 및 상황이해 등에서 나타났고, 표현의 문제는 단어, 문장, 비언어와 준언어의 문제 등에서 나타났다. 둘째, 연구대상유아가 의사소통과정에서 보이는 이해와 표현의 문제에 대한 원인 관점으로 마음의 이론이 94.9%, 중앙응집이 43.5%, 그리고 집행기능의 29.4% 순서로 나타났다. 따라서 고기능자폐유아의 의사소통과정에서 보이는 이해와 표현문제는 거의 모든 의사소통 시 나타나며, 의사소통 과정에서의 문제의 원인관점 중 마음의 이론과 제일 관련이 높다고 말할 수 있다.

Deficits in the social use of language, or pragmatics, is a hallmark of autism and High Functioning Autism(HFA). But there are relative few empirical studies of pragmatic or communicative functioning in individuals with HFA in Korea. More research is needed into the communication Deficits of individuals with HFA in naturalistic settings to compile the available research and clinical knowledge. The primary objective of this study was to explore an HFA child' communicative deficits when interacting with peers and teachers in spontaneous play in the included classroom of a day care center. The subject of this study was five-years old girl with HFA. Specifically, drawing from naturalistic video-recorded data, this ethnographic study analyzed her Deficits of inadequate communicative behaviors from the side view of expression and understanding, and the reason for her inadequate communicative behaviors in light of theory of mind, central coherence, and executive function. The findings were as follows : The HFA subject's communicative deficits resulted from the theory of mind 94.9%, central coherence 43.5%, and executive function 29.4%. The results of the study supported that the deficits of understanding towards others in the theory of mind may be the most stigmatizing and handicapping aspect of HFA.