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Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the knowledge, confidence and coping ability about emergency treatment, and the impact of right knowledge and confidence in practice on coping ability in part of dental hygienists. In addition, we suggest emergency treatment knowledge for develop substantive education program applicable to clinical as required data. Methods: This subjects were 259 dental hygienists working in dental setting Seoul, Gyeonggi-do from June 5 to July 20, 2016. We analyzed the data with frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, pearson correlation coefficient, regression analysis by using SPSS. Results: Emergencies experienced by a dental hygienist in dental practice were fainting, local anesthetic allergies, and seizures. As a result of comparing the first aid knowledge, self-confidence, coping ability according to general characteristics of the study subjects, university graduation was higher than college and 3∼5 years of working experience showed higher self confidence(F=3.837, p=0.023). The performance of self confidence and coping ability according to the characteristics of first aid showed high results in first aid training and dental hygienist having CPR license. Based on multiple regression analysis, confidence about emergency treatment is the biggest impact on coping ability(p<0.05). Conclusions: Dental hygienists need to develop and provide programs that can improve the ability of dental hygienists to respond appropriately and promptly in case of emergencies by recognizing the importance of first aid through conservative education.

The aim of this research is to conduct a survey on the frequency of injury, methods of treatment, and adequacy of first aids targeting male gymnasts participating in the national sports festival, and to investigate means to prevent injury and its recurrence. While the most common treatment is with oriental medicine, among members of national team surgical treatment is as common as treatment with oriental medicine. After injury they received first aids mostly from their coaches and the percentage of first aid reception is highest among members of national teams. Regarding adequacy of the first aids, 57.3% received adequate treatment while 30.2% did not receive it. The most common cause of injury is lack of strength and among other causes are excessive training, lack of warm-up, and attempt of immoderate skill. They consider improvement of sports facilities as the most important factor to prevent injury, and sufficient warm-up, proper nutrition, coaches’ awareness for injury prevention are among the methods to prevent injury.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a first aid coaching program (FACP) and to investigate its effects on the first aid knowledge, confidence, and performance of childcare teachers. Methods: A Delphi survey that included 16 experts was used to develop the FACP. A total of 60 participants were included to test the effectiveness of the program. The FACP developed using the survey results focused on improving first aid knowledge, confidence, and performance using a coaching-based method. First aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) performance was assessed using 39 items from the program content. Results: Using a 3-round Delphi survey, 6 areas and 42 detailed topics for group and individual coaching programs were developed. The knowledge scores were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group (t=4.24, p=.001). The confidence scores were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group (F=3.89, p<.001). The performance scores were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group (t=12.40, p<.001). Conclusion: Continuous application of the FACP among child care teachers is expected to minimize the harm caused by minor accidents at child care facilities. This program should be formally implemented on a consistent basis.

세월호사고는 외상성 상실에 대한 관심을 촉발했다. 적지 않은 기독인들이 희생자 들과 생존자들의 외상에 개입했다. 외상성 상실에 대한 전통적 초기개입의 방법은 위기상황 스트레스해소이다. 이것 은 정신장애적 증상을 예방하거나 감소시키기 위해 7단계로 구성되는데, 도입, 사실, 사고, 반응, 증상, 교육, 그리고 재진입을 포함한다. 이것은 위기근무자들에게 제공하 는 방법을 생존자들에게 확대한 것이다. 그런데 이것의 효과는 입증되지 않았다. 오히 려 이것이 생존자들의 정신건강을 악화시킨다는 연구결과가 있다. 외상상황에서 경험 한 것을 초기에 기억하는 것은 외상후스트레스장애나 우울증의 증상을 악화시킨다. 외상성 상실에 대한 연구결과를 근거해서 생존자들의 적응을 촉진하는 초기와 중 기의 개입원리 5개가 확인되었다. 이것은 안전감 증진하기, 평안 증진하기, 자기효능 감과 공동체 효능감 증진하기, 연계성 증진하기, 그리고 희망 불어넣기로 구성된다. 이것은 구체적 행동이나 신체적 반응에 초점을 둔다. 외상성 상실에 대한 초기개입 원리를 근거해서 심리적 응급처치가 형성되었다. 이것은 생존자 들을 지지하기 위해 사용하는 8개의 개입으로 구성된다. 이 8개의 핵심 행동과 목표는 접촉과 관계형성, 안전과 평안함 제공하기, 진정하기, 정보수집, 실제적 조력, 사회적 지지와 연결, 대처기술의 정보제공, 그리고 협력기관들과의 연계이다. 그 리고 4개의 실천원리가 있는데, 그것은 안전, 존엄, 그리고 권리의 존중, 개인적 문화 에 적응, 다른 응급대응팀의 의식, 그리고 자기자신의 보살핌이다. 심리적 응급처치는 비전문가도 사용할 수 있는 안전한 개입방법이다. 목회자나 신 앙공동체가 외상성 상실이나 재난을 당한 생존자들이나 희생자들의 가족을 돕기 위해 사용할 수 있다.

The Sewol victims’ families and survivors have experienced the prolonged complex traumatic losses. Traditional notions of grief work and stages of grief may be found in the Mitchell and Everly model of the critical incident stress debriefing. It includes a cathartic ventilation of feeling and emotions. Its efficacy has never been supported, while its participants initially have shown satisfaction with its programs. Worse, a couple of research resulted in showing harm and re-traumatization of survivors. 5 principles have been identified in early and midterm interventions in disasters and mass violence situations. They include promoting a sense of safety, promoting calming, promoting a sense of self- and community efficacy, promoting connectedness, and instilling hope. Based upon the 5 principles, psychological first aid has been constructed. It included a set of eight interventions. These eight core actions and goals include contact and engagement, safety and comfort, stabilization, information gathering, practical assistance, connection with social supports, coping information, and linkage with collaborative services. It also contains 4 principles for its good practice. They include respecting safety, dignity, and rights, adapting your practice to take account of the person’s culture, being aware of othe emergency response measures, and looking after your health and wellbeing. Because psychological first aid can be applied by the nonprofessional, it can be employed by the Christian caregivers. It also provides Christians with principles for good practice and communication.

본 연구에서는 한국형 심리적 응급처치 교육이 재난 대응 업무 종사자의 유능감에 미치는 영향을 확인하 고자 하였다. 국가트라우마센터에서 실시한 한국형 심리적 응급처치 교육 수료생 308명을 대상으로, 교육 전후 '재난정신건강인력을 위한 지각된 유능감' 점수 변화를 비교하였다. 분석 결과, 심리적 응급처 치 교육 이후 재난 대응 유능감의 모든 하위 영역(지식, 태도, 기술, 소진예방)에서 점수가 유의하게 향상되었으며, 이러한 변화는 정신건강 전문자격 보유 여부나 재난 대응 경험 유무와 관계없이 일관되게 나타났다. 특히, 정신건강 비전문요원 집단에서 지식 및 기술 영역의 지각된 유능감 점수가 더 큰 폭으로 증가했으며, 재난 대응 경험이 없는 집단에서는 기술과 소진예방 점수가 더 많이 향상되었다. 이러한 결과는 한국형 심리적 응급처치 교육이 재난 대응 업무 종사자의 역량 강화를 위한 효과적인 교육 프로그램임을 시사한다.

This study aimed to examine the effects of the Korean Psychological First Aid (K-PFA) training on the perceived competence of emergency responders and identify the differences in training effects based on their job characteristics. A total of 308 emergency responders who completed the K-PFA training conducted by the National Center for Disaster and Trauma were assessed using the ‘Perceived Competence Scale for Disaster Mental Health Workforce (PCS-DMHW)’ before and after the training. The results showed significant improvements in all sub-domains of the PCS-DMHW (knowledge, attitude, skills, and burnout prevention) after the training, regardless of emergency responders’ mental health professional qualifications or prior disaster response experience. Notably, non-mental health professionals showed greater improvements in perceived competence related to knowledge and skills, and those without prior disaster response experience demonstrated more significant gains in skills and burnout prevention. These findings suggest that the K-PFA training is an effective program for enhancing emergency responders’ capabilities.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide basic data to develop first aid education programs for elementary school students. Method: A self-report questionnaire was used to collect data from 720 5th and 6th grade elementary school students. Results: 1) The mean score for cognition of first aid education of the students was high with a score of 2.64 (±.30). 2) The mean scores for the 11 categories were, 「Fire & Burns」, 2.78 (±.40), 「Poisoning」, 2.77 (±.47), 「Thermal injuries」, 2.75 (±.51), 「Rescue & moving」, 2.73 (±.37), 「Bites」, 2.72 (±.44), 「General first aid」, 2.64 (±.37), 「Wounds」, 2.59 (±.39), 「Removing foreign bodies」, 2.58 (±.46), 「Cardiopulmonary resuscitation」, 2.57 (±.59), and「Musculoskeletal injuries」and 「Others」, 2.54 (±.51, ±.53). 3) There was a significant difference in the cognition of first aid education according to student's gender (t=-3.012, p=.003), and judgement about the emergency situation (F=3.411, p=.034). Conclusion: The results indicate the necessity of developing effective first aid education programs for elementary school students.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide basic data to develop first aid education programs for elementary, middle and high school students. Method: Forty nine textbooks adopted by first to six grade elementary schools and first to third grade of both middle and high schools were analyzed for content on first aid. Results: 1) First aid content was covered only in courses on <Physical education> and <Skills & Home?making> 2) Content on first aid was included in the categories, 「General of first aid」, 「Rescue & moving」, 「Fire & Burns」, 「Cardiopulmonary resuscitation」, 「Musculoskeletal injuries」, 「Thermal injuries」, 「Wounds」, 「Removing foreign bodies」, 「Disaster & Accidents」 and 「Others」. Categories that were not included were 「Poisoning」 and 「Bites」. The content did not follow a progression related to the level of intellectual and physical development of the students. Conclusion: These results suggest that the content on first aid should be revised to be practical and rational for the benefits of student safety.

Purpose: This study is descriptive research that provides basic data to develop customized emergency education programs for strengthening the emergency coping ability of caregivers suitable for facility and home care services. Method: This study included 210 facility and 169 home care workers in S and G regions. Data collection was conducted from February 1, 2019 to March 5, 2019. The data was analyzed using a t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and Scheffe tests. Results: The emergency experience was higher in the facilities group, (90.5% in the facilities group and 70.4% in the home group), and there was a significant difference between the groups (t=25.03, p<.001). First aid knowledge was 10.41±2.81 in the facilities and 9.70±2.97 points in the home group, showing a difference between the groups (t=2.40, p=.017). The emergency coping ability was 60.57±4.76 points in the facility group and 57.53±4.18 points in the home group, which was higher in the facility group. There was a significant difference between the two groups (t=6.53, p<.001). The emergency education demand was 98.6% for the facilities group. Conclusion: These results highlight the need to develop and apply case-based emergency education suitable for the characteristics of the service and reflecting the educational needs of each type of service.

Purpose: This study was a descriptive research to provide basic data for the development of a customized emergency education program to strengthen the capacity of first aid for nursing caregivers. Method: The number of caregivers in region G was 193, and data collection was conducted from April 1 to April 30, 2018. Data were analyzed using a t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and Scheffe test. Results: In the study group 47.2% experienced an emergency situation. The first aid knowledge was 10.21; the correct answer rate was 56.0%; the basic CPR knowledge was 3.99; the correct answer rate was 49.7%. After asking for help, first aid was the most difficult. In general first aid knowledge was 6.21 points and the correct answer rate was 62.2%. They understood well about strokes, injuries and trauma, but had difficulty in consciousness, depression, and burns. For first aid knowledge, there were significant differences according to age, working hours, place of work, working experience, emergency situation, and education. Of the study group, 59.6% experienced emergency training, 96.9% wanted it, and 72.0% had low emergency response skills. Moreover, 93.3% answered for having emergency education. Conclusion: The results suggest that a personalized emergency education program for nursing caregivers should be developed and applied.

본 연구의 목적은 응급처치교육을 받은 대상자들이 인식하는 응급처치에 대한 인식 유형별 차이를 이해하여, 이에 따른 응급처치와 관련된 교육내용 및 교육방법과 응급처치 관련 실무 중재 방안 개발의 기초를 제공하는데 있다. 본 연구방법은 J지역에 있는 일반인과 의료인 중 응급처치 교육을 받은 48명을 P-표본으로 추출하여 30개의 진술문을 사용해 자료분석은 PC QUANL program으로 처리하였다. 자료수집은 2010년 3월부터 2010년 7월까지하였다. 응급처치에 대한 일반인의 인식유형은 3개의 유형이 나타났다. 제1유형은 ‘시간 중시형’, 제2유형은 ‘최초반응자 중시형’, 제3유형은 ‘융합교육 중시형’, 제4유형은 ‘일반인 가능성형’으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과 응급처치 유형에 따른 개별화되고 단계적인 교육방법과 중재방안의 개발이 필요함을 알 수 있다.

The purpose of this study is to examine the structure of subjective cognition for first aid inpersons taking first aid eduction. The perception of first aid styles were classified by using the PC QUANLprogram. Data were collected from March to July, 2010. As a result of the study, the cognition for first aidin persons taking first aid eduction can be classified into these four types: 'Time-oriented type', ‘Firstresponder-oriented type’, 'Convergence education-oriented type', 'Lay person using-oriented type'. Therefore,in the field of first aid practice and education this study has provided practical guidelines helpful to nursingintervention and family-centered nursing by considering each character of the types centering on therelationship of lay person, and will be useful as basic data for relevant disciplines in education.

Targeting 199 dental hygienists working for university hospital dentist, dental hospital/clinic, and health center in Changwon-si for June 1, 2015 to December 30, 2015, this study aimed to know of dental hygienist 's first aid ability and first aid training need. 199 of the 226 subjects were used as the final analysis. 1. The characteristics of the study subjects were the highest at 49.7% in their 30s and 50.8% at a bachelor's degree. The highest score was 38.2% for a career of more than 7 years. Most of the patients were working in the dental clinic and the average number of patients was 20-29 or less. 2. 71.9% of the respondents were educated in the first aid ability and first aid training need survey, and 46.7% of the respondents answered that they received the education through the school. The duration of the training was the highest (29.1%) from less than 2 hours to less than 3 hours, and 60.8% (60.8%) felt that education was necessary. 3. A survey of awareness of emergency situation prevention and emergency treatment according to general characteristics. In the case of an age of 30, a degree of bachelor's or higher, a career of 7 years or more, a dental hospital, or more than 40 patients. In addition, there was no significant difference between the two groups(p=.000). 4. In the survey on awareness of emergency situation prevention and emergency treatment according to necessity of first aid education, it was found that there was significant difference in all cases where education was given at professional education institution, education time was more than 4 hours(p=.000).

본 연구는 중학생의 응급처치에 대한 지식과 태도를 파악하여 향후 중학생을 위한 응급처치 교육 프로그램 을 개발하는 데에 기초 자료를 제공하기 위하여 시도되었다. 본 연구는 일개 광역시의 두 개 중학교에 다니는 2학 년생 292명을 대상으로 응급처치에 대한 지식과 태도에 대한 설문지를 작성하도록 하였고, 수집된 자료를 기술 통 계, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient로 분석하였다. 연구 결과 중학생의 응급처치에 대 한 지식은 100점으로 환산했을 때 69.25점으로 낮은 수준이었고, 응급처치에 대한 태도는 4점 만점에서 평균 2.52점 으로 낮은 수준이었다. 중학생의 응급처치에 대한 지식과 태도는 일반적 특성과 응급처치 인식 특성에 따라 유의한 차이가 있었고, 응급처치에 대한 지식과 태도 간에는 세부 항목에서 약한 순상관 관계가 있었다. 결론적으로 중학생 의 응급처치 수행 능력을 높이기 위해서 지식과 태도 및 관련 요인에 기초한 교육 프로그램 개발이 필요하다.

This study was done to investigate knowledge and attitude of first aid in middle school students for the purpose of providing basic data to develop first aid education programs for students. The participants were 292 middle school students in a city. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires, and analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 19.0 program. The mean score for knowledge of first aid was 69.25 of a total possible score of 100. The mean score for attitude of first aid was 2.52 of a total possible score of 4. The level of knowledge and attitude of first aid in students were different by general characteristics and cognition of first aid. And students' knowledge on first aid was slightly correlate with their attitude. The above findings indicate that students' knowledge on first aid and their attitude toward first aid were generally low. Therefore, when first aid education programs are developed for middle school students, knowledge and attitude of first aid in students need to be considered.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the first aid knowledge and education requirements of physical therapists in a clinical setting. Methods: A self-reported questionnaire was distributed to 280 physical therapists in Daejeon, Gwangju, and Seoul from July to December, 2016. Using only completed questionnaires, 201 responses were analyzed using IBM SPSS 23.0 program. Results: In the first aid knowledge, time to resuscitate heart after cardiac arrest and sprain had 91.0% and 99.0%, respectively, whereas partial respiratory obstruction and diabetes mellitus had 25.4% and 18.9%, respectively. The subjects working at advanced general hospitals(62.17) had significantly higher scores that those at general hospitals(53.82). The subjects who experienced first aid education(59.16) had significantly higher points that those without first aid education(53.24). Regarding their requirements of first aid education, 64.0% replied that they wanted to learn cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillator, poisoning, burn, and frostbite were low educational requirements. Conclusion: It is necessary to provide repeated first aid training that helps physical therapists in the field have sufficient first aid knowledge and increase that knowledge over time.

This is the descriptive research for providing the basic data necessary for the first aid education after understanding the first aid experience, first aid education, first aid knowledge, and educational needs of ski resorts workers. Methods: 323 workers of domestic 9 ski resorts were surveyed for data, which was collected using the systematic questionnaire from Oct. 6th to 20th, 2011. The collected data has been processed using the program of SPSS Win. Version 14.0 and analyzed that according to the purpose of research in terms of real number, percentage, standard deviation, t-test and ANOVA. Results: 1. 58.8%(190) of ski resort workers experienced an emergency on duty and 33.6%(108) carried out the first aid for emergency patients on duty. 2. 65.6%(210) of workers experienced first aid education. 3. The percentage of correct answers of first aid knowledge was average 46.8% and average 9.35±2.54 points out of total 20 points. 4. The first aid educational necessity indicated as follows: ski resort workers need first aid education (97.5%, 306); workers want to have the education if they have chance (94.6%, 296 persons); in addition, they need the repeated education of first aid (95.6%, 301). Conclusion: It is understood that as special first aid service can be delayed in ski resorts due to their geographical characteristics, the workers of ski resorts need the continuous and systematic first aid education enabling them to play the first responder in the first aid system when emergency situation occurs.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the educational experience, re-demand, pre-post self-efficacy, subjective social contribution of disadvantaged youth after first-aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) education. Methods: The subjects in this study were 967 disadvantaged youth from the general population. Data analyzed were frequency, percentage, and results of the χ2 = test, t = test, one-way analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation by using the SPSS 18.0 statistical program. Results: Of the subjects, 51.7% had educational experiences, mostly less than 1 year. First-aid and CPR education improved self-efficacy. In particular, a higher the self-efficacy resulted in a higher subjective social contribution. Conclusion: This study showed that first aid and CPR education positively affected the self-efficacy, and awareness of social contribution in disadvantaged youth. Therefore, appropriate first aid and CPR education program for disadvantaged youth is beneficial.

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of first aid education module on convulsion and seizure for students in elementary, middle and high school. Methods : This study has implemented to 2 types of test groups and control group in each 3rd and 5th grade of elemenary school, 2nd grade of middle school and high school within target school. The data were collected through a self-reported questionnaire to before, after and one month after education from July, 11 to September 4, 2007. Results : The test group who received first aid education possessed greater knowledge about convulsion and seizure relative to the control group not received education. The overall students has satisfied and been understood well with this module. The educators agreed to the practical aspects of this module in school setting. Conclusion : The above results implicated the importance of a continuous and systematic first aid education program among students. For effective first aid education, there needs a development of targeted educational materials for each grade student and training programs for educators.

연구목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 국내 작업치료 임상가의 응급처치 교육경험에 따라 실제 응급상황에서의 대 처능력과 교육필요성을 조사하여 교육경험이 응급처치 대처능력과 교육필요성에 미치는 영향을 알아봄 으로써 향후 작업치료사의 역량강화를 위한 응급처치 교육의 필요성을 제시하기 위함이다. 연구방법 : 본 연구의 대상자는 현재 의료기관 및 사회복지시설에서 근무하고 있는 작업치료 임상가로서 총 150명에게 본 연구에서 구성한 설문지를 배포 및 회수하였다. 설문지는 일반적 특성(6문항), 응급처 치 교육경험(7문항), 각 응급상황에 따른 대처능력과 교육필요성(총 24문항)등 총 37문항으로 구성하였 다. 응급처치 교육경험에 따른 응급상황별 대처능력과 교육필요성의 차이를 분석하기 위해 t-검정을 시 행하였으며 두 종속변수 간의 상관성은 Pearson 상관분석을 시행하였다. 결과 : 응급처치 교육경험에 대한 빈도분석 결과, 전체 대상자(n=150) 중 115명(76.7%)이 응급처치 교 육을 받은 경험이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 응급처치 교육경험 유무에 따른 응급처치 대처능력은 경험과는 상관없이 모두 ‘대처할 수 없다’라고 응답하였으며 ‘호흡장애(t=2.721, p<.05)’를 제외한 모든 항목에서 두 집단 간 통계학적으로 유의하지 않았다(p>.05). 교육필요성에 대한 집단 간 차이 분석에서는 심정지 (t=-2.646, p<.05)와 경련 및 마비(t=4.17, p<.05) 항목에서만 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 두 종속변수간의 상관관계는 확률적으로 유의한 것으로 나타났다(p<.05) 결론 : 본 연구결과, 응급처치에 대한 교육경험이 있더라도 실제 응급처치 대처능력은 무경험자와 크게 다 르지 않음을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 실제 응급상황에 적절히 대응할 수 있도록 보다 지속적이고 현장감있 는 교육과 훈련이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the coping ability and educational need in an actual emergency situation according to the first aid education of the occupational therapist and to examine the effect of the educational experience on the ability to cope with first aid and the need for education. Methods: One hundred and fifty occupational therapists working in clinical settings were selected and surveyed as subjects for this study. The questionnaire consisted of 37 questions, which included the general characteristics and first aid experience of the subject as well as their ability to cope with various emergency situations and opinions on the necessity of first aid education. Results: One hundred and fifteen(76.7%) answered that they had experienced first aid education or training. For their ability to cope with first aid treatment according to whether or not they had first aid education experience, they answered that they were ‘unable to cope’ regardless of experience. All items except respiratory disorder (t = 2.721, p <.05) showed no statistical significance(p >.05). The correlation between two dependent variables was statistically significant(p <.05). Conclusion: The results of this study show that the ability to cope with first aid treatment is not significantly different from that of an untrained person even when they have experience teaching first aid. Therefore, more continuous and realistic education and training will be needed to respond appropriately to an actual emergency situation.