Earticle

T cell proliferation is a pivotal to an effective immune response. Cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor, $p27^{kip1}$ is degraded to initiate T cell expansion. In this study, we show that although the expression of $p27^{kip1}$ protein was down-regulated, that of $p21^{cip1}$, another cdk inhibitor, was up-regulated in $CD8^+$ T cells following in vitro stimulation. Ex vivo gB antigen-stimulation following HSV immunization increased $p21^{cip1}$ positive cells that co-expressed IFN-$\gamma$. Moreover, $p21^{cip1}$ was co-expressed with IFN-${\gamma}$ in E7 antigen-stimulated $CD8^+$ T cells, whereas $p27^{kip1}$ was not. Our findings imply a role of $p21^{cip1}$ proteins in antigen-induced effector $CD8^+$ T cells differentiation in vivo.

Many transcription factors are involved in directing the growth of porcine oocytes. The localization and expression level of a given transcription factor often differ at each stage of early embryonic growth, which spans from fertilization to the formation of the blastocyst. A hallmark of the blastocyst stage is the separation of the endodermal and mesodermal ectoderm. The embryo's medium and its effects are known to be crucial during early development compared to the other developmental stages, and thus require a lot of caution. Therefore, in many experiments, early development is divided into the quality of oocyte and cumulus cells and used in experiments. We thought that we were also heavily influenced by genetic reasons. Here, we examined the expression patterns of five key transcription factors (CDX2, OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, and E-CADHERIN) during porcine oocyte development whose expression patterns are controversial in the pig to the literature. Antibodies against these transcription factors were used to determine the expression and localization of them during the early development of pig embryos. These results indicate that the expressions of key transcription factors are generally similar in mouse and pig early developing embryos, but NANOG and SOX2 expression appears to show species-specific differences between pig and mouse developing embryos. This work helps us better understand how the expression patterns of transcription factors translate into developmental effects and processes, and how the expression and localization of different transcription factors can crucially impact oocyte growth and downstream developmental processes.

Matrix metallopeptidases (MMP) contribute to spatial and temporal matrix remodeling in the bovine endometrium. To test the this study that MMP expression in bovine Endometrial Epithelial Cells (bEECs) is regulated by implantation and embryo development in in vivo. Uterine bEECs impacts in structure and function in preparation for blastocyst implantation. We investigated the analysis of pre-implantation embryo development and quality on day 7 of gestation on the mRNA expression of MMPs and TIMPs in bEECs. bEECs and embryos were recovered 7 days after the first insemination by flushing the uterus with bEECs and Embryo Collection Medium. Next, we divided the bEECs sample into four groups: good (n=4), poor (n=5), low (n=3) and bad (n=2) samples and compared the group differences in MMP-2, and TIMP-2, TIMP-3 and their correlations within each group. The good group of samples: a total of 111 embryos were collected at the zona (n=5), non-fertilization (n=13), 2-cell (n=1), morula (n=7), compact morula (74) and early blastocyst (n=11). The poor group of samples: a total of 84 embryos were collected at the zona (n=3), non-fertilization (n=47), 4-cell (n=2), 8-cell (n=6), 16-cell (n=3), morula (n=2), compact morula (20) and early blastocyst (n=1). This low group of samples: a total of 10 embryos were collected at the zona (n=1), non-fertilization (n=1), 4-cell (n=2), 8-cell (n=1), 16-cell (n=2) and compact morula (n=3). The embryos collected not occur at bad group samples. To showed the average number of bEECs for the four groups, 5.6×10⁴ in the good group, 4.2×10⁴ in the poor group, 1×105 in the low group, and 8.0×10⁴ in the bad group of bEECs. The research was to examine MMP-2, TIMP-2, and TIMP-3 expression in the bovine EECs throughout gestation. The results imply that TIMP-2 is involved in very early local maternal recognition of pregnancy. In collected samples, the number of bEECs different behaviors of MMP-2, TIMP-2 and TIMP-3. Interestingly, active MMP2 in the endometrium may determine the allocation of growth factors supporting conceptus development. The presence of a day 7 conceptus in vivo and good samples mostly high expression than in another group samples endometrial TIMP2 mRNA expression. MMP are likely to participate in remodeling processes preparing a receptive endometrium for a timely and precise regulation of embryo development. These results suggest the bEECs regulates MMPs in the endometrium under progesterone-rich conditions and may thereby modulate bovine endometrial cell functions during gestation.

This study was conducted to examine the mRNA expression of apoptosis-related and imprinted genes and methylation pattern of the differentially methylated region (DMR) of H19 gene in day 35 of SCNT pig fetuses. The day 35 of natural mating (control) or cloned (clone) pig fetuses were recovered from uterus. Endometrium from dam and liver from fetus were obtained, respectively. mRNA expression was evaluated by real-time PCR and methylation pattern was analyzed by bisulfite sequencing method. The Bcl-2 mRNA expression in clone was significantly lower than that of control (p<0.05). The mRNA expression of H19 gene in both endometrium and liver was significantly higher in clone than that of control, respectively (p<0.05). The level of IGF-2 mRNA in liver of clone was significantly lower than that of control (p<0.05), whereas the mRNA expression of IGF2-R gene in liver of clone was significantly higher than that of control (p<0.05). The DMR of H19 was lower methylation pattern in clone than that of control. These results suggest that the aberrant mRNA expression of apoptosis-related and imprinted genes and the lower DMR methylation pattern of imprinted gene may be closely related to the inadequate fetal development of cloned fetus.

Identification of specific marker proteins in cells is useful for isolating cells and determining their cellular characteristics and functions. Based on our previous study showing that matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) can be used as a marker for porcine spermatogonia, the expression pattern of MMP-9 was determined in both pre- (5-month old) and post-pubertal (11–month old) bovine testes. Histological analysis revealed that spermatogonia were located near the basement membrane in both testes, while spermatozoa were not detected in the 5-month old pre-pubertal bovine testes and epididymides. Mature spermatozoa were observed in the 11-month bovine testes and epididymides, and MMP-9 expression in 11-month old bovine testes was lower than 5-month old testes, according to reverse transcription-PCR and real-time-PCR data. To determine the specific expression sites of MMP-9 in the bovine testes, immunohistochemistry was performed. Expression of MMP-9 was observed in cells near the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules in both 5- and 11-month old testes. Furthermore, MMP-9 positive cells expressed protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) and deleted in azoospermia (DAZL) that are already known as bovine spermatogonial stem cells markers. In the present study, MMP-9 expression was identified in both pre- and post-pubertal bovine spermatogonia expressing PGP9.5 and DAZL, and located near the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules. Thus, MMP-9 can be used as a marker for bovine spermatogonia, and may provide useful platforms for understanding the interaction between germ cells and extracellular matrix during spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules.

본 연구는 안구운동 추적장비를 사용하여 사회불안자의 정서(행복 및 분노) 몸짓 인식과정에서의 주의 특징을 규명하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 사회적 회피 및 불편감 점수를 기준으로 높은 사회불안 집단(19명)과 낮은 사회불안 집단(19명)을 선발하여 행복 및 분노몸짓을 각각 중립몸짓과 짝지어 제시한 후 안구운동을 측정하였다. 안구운동 측정 후에는 실험자극으로 사용된 사진 속 인물에 대해 정서 종류 및 강도, 악의, 위협 수준을 평정하였다. 실험 결과, 높은 사회불안 집단은 자극제시 직후 중립몸짓보다는 분노와 행복몸짓에 주의를 기울였다가 바로 회피하는 전형적인 경계-회피 반응을 보인 반면, 낮은 사회불안 집단은 분노몸짓에 대한 회피반응만을 보였다. 또한, 높은 사회불안 집단은 낮은 집단보다 행복몸짓을 더 위협적으로 평정하며 정서몸짓, 특히 분노몸짓의 강도를 강하고 위협적으로 지각할수록 더 강한 회피반응을 보였다. 이를 통해 높은 사회불안자가 분노와 행복몸짓에 대해 경계-회피반응을 보이며, 정서몸짓을 실제보다 더 위협적으로 지각하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

The aim of the current study was to investigate the attentional process of emotional (happy and angry) bodily expression recognition of a group of individuals with social anxiety. We presented pairs of emotional (angry or happy) and neutral bodily expressions to 17 individuals with high social anxiety (HSA) and 19 individuals with low social anxiety (LSA) and measured eye-movement. Categorization of emotion and rating for emotional intensity, malice, and threatening level of bodily expression was performed after measurement of eye movement. According to the results, participants in the HSA group were initially fixated and immediately avoided to happy and angry body compared to neutral body. However, participants in the LSA group showed avoidance toward angry body only. In the subjective rating and categorization, participants in the HSA group perceived happy bodily expression as more threatening than those in the LSA group. In addition, participants perceived emotional bodily expression as more intense and threatening, they showed greater avoidance of staring at emotional bodily expression. These results imply that participants in the HSA group showed a vigilance-avoidance pattern toward emotional bodily expression and perceived emotional bodily expression as more intensive and threatening.

『만요슈(萬葉集)』와 『고킨슈(古今集)』이후의 칙찬집･『산카슈(山家集)』･무사들의 임종가･근대의 창가 를 중심으로 벚꽃이 어떤 과정을 거쳐 일본을 대표하는 상징물로 자리 잡게 되었는지 시대에 따라 벚꽃을 어 떻게 받아들이고 표현했는지 그 변화에 관해 고찰해 살펴보았다.그 결과 얻은 결론은 다음과 같다. 『만요슈(萬葉集)』에서 벚꽃은 산벚꽃을 소재로 한 경우가 많으며 표현도 소박하고 대자연 속에 피어 있는 경물로서 읊고 있는 경우가 많다. 노래 수도 싸리꽃 141수 매화꽃 119수 벚꽃 43수로 매화꽃의 1/3수준이다. 만요 후기에 들어서면서부터는 귀족 정원이나 궁궐로 벚꽃이 옮겨 심어져 대자연 속의 원경뿐만 아니라 근경 에서 바라본 벚꽃을 미적 대상으로 하여 읊은 노래가 등장해 표현이 더욱 다양해진다. ･『고킨슈』이후 벚꽃에 관한 노래는 급증하고 꽃이라고 하면 벚꽃을 지칭하게 된다. 일본을 대표하는 꽃으 로 자리 잡은 것도 『슈이슈』의 노래를 통해 확인할 수 있다. ･『고킨슈』이후 경물로 읊어지는 경우도 미적 대상으로서의 위치를 확보하며, 벚꽃에 대한 애착이나 집착을 읊은 새로운 표현이 현저히 증가한다. ･벚꽃을 소재로 한 노래들은 비유나 ‘미타테’를 이용하여 발상과 표현의 영역이 확장되어 읊어지고 있음을 알 수 있다. ･벚꽃은 부귀영화와 미인, 영원과 소멸, 무상감을 상징하는 소재로 사용되고 있다. ･무사들은 임종가에서 미련 없이 깨끗하게 죽음을 맞이하는 자신들의 모습을 벚꽃이 지는 모습과 결부시켜 벚 꽃을 ‘죽음’의 상징으로 사용하고 있다. ･무사들의 죽음의 상징적 이념이 된 벚꽃은 군국주의 하의 창가 속에서는 ‘전쟁 중의 이상적인 여성상’을, 군 가 속에서는 ‘군인들의 죽음’을 의미한다. 역사적으로 일본인의 사랑과 관심을 받은 벚꽃은 미적 대상으로서의 아름다움은 면면히 읊어지고 있지만 한 편에서는 이와 같이 시대의 흐름에 따라 다르게 인식되었고 표현되었음을 알 수 있다.

The writer of this thesis considered the fact how the cherry blossoms became the symbolic icon which represents Japan and how they were accepted and expressed mainly with the eight collections of writings which were written under the orders of the Japanese emperor after the Man'yōshū and the Kokinshū, the death bed songs and the modern school songs(modern Shouka). The research results are as follows. In the Man'yōshū, the cherry blossoms are based on the wild cherry blossoms, and its expressions are simple and are frequently about the scenery of the seasons. The Songs, whose number is 141 of Bunge Rehder, 119 of plum blossoms, are about one-third of the number of songs about cherry blossomsFrom the latter part Man'yō, expressions got much more various as the cherry blossoms were transplanted to the nobility's gardens or to palaces and its songs which treat the cherry blossoms of a close range view as well as a distant view as aesthetical objects were sung. After the Kokinshū, as the Songs of the cherry blossoms increased dramatically, the cherry blossoms are designated as a flower of Japan, which we can confirm them by the Shūisū. After the Kokinshū, the Songs of the cherry blossoms secured its position as the aesthetical objects, and at the same time, new songs which treat the attachment and obsession increased dramatically. We can know that the songs about cherry blossoms are sung using ‘Mitate' with increased domain of the ideas and expressions. The Cherry blossoms are used as materials which represents wealth and prosperity, the beauty, eternity and extinction, meaninglessness. ‘Samurai' used cherry blossoms as ‘The symbol of death' which is associated with themselves who take on the death gracefully in the death bed songs. The cherry blossoms which became symbolic ideology of death means ‘ideal images of women in war', ‘soldier's death' in the modern school songs(modern Shouka). In Japanese history, we can know the cherry blossoms which is loved by Japanese is treated as aesthetical objects, on the other hand, considered, expressed with the flows of times as above.

본 논문에서는 얼굴 표정 인식을 위한 지역미세패턴(local micro pattern)의 하나인 LBP(Local Binary Pattern) 코드의 잡음에 대한 단점을 해결하기위하여 새로운 미세패턴 방법인 LDP(Local Directional Pattern)를 제안한다. 제안된방법은 LBP의 문제점을 해결하기 위해 m × m 마스크를 이용하여 8개의 방향 성분을 구하고, 이를 크기에 따라서 정렬한 후 상위 k개를 선정하여 해당 방향을 나타내는 비트를 1로 설정한다. 그리고 8개의 방향 비트를 순차적으로 연결하여 최종 패턴 코드를 생성한다. 실험결과, 제안된 방법은 기존 방법에 비해 회전에 대한 영향이 적으며, 잡음에 대한적응력이 현저히 높았다. 또한, 제안된 방법을 기반으로 얼굴의 영구적인 특징과 일시적인 특징을 함께 표현하는 새로운 지역미세패턴의 개발이 가능함을 확인하였다.

This study proposed LDP (Local Directional Pattern) as a new local micro pattern for facial expressionrecognition to solve noise sensitive problem of LBP (Local Binary Pattern). The proposed method extracts8-directional components using m × m mask to solve LBP's problem and choose biggest k components, eachchosen component marked with 1 as a bit, otherwise 0. Finally, generates a pattern code with bit sequence as8-directional components. The result shows better performance of rotation and noise adaptation. Also, a new localfacial feature can be developed to present both PFF (permanent Facial Feature) and TFF (Transient Facial Feature)based on the proposed method.

본 연구는 한국어 표현문형 ‘-어/아/여 보다’의 의미 기능을 유형화하고 그 사용 양상을 밝히는 데 목적 이 있다. 이를 위하여 한국어 구어 말뭉치에서 ‘-어/아/여 보다’를 검색하여 그 용례를 검토하는 방식으로 연구를 진행하였다. 우선, ‘-어/아/여 보다’의 의미 기능을 크게 ‘관념적 범주’, ‘관계적 범주’, ‘화행적 범주’로 구분하였다. 그 후 관념적 범주는 ‘시도’와 ‘경험’으로 하위 범주를 구분하였고 관계적 범주는 ‘직접’와 ‘완곡’으로, 화행적 범주 는 ‘가정’, ‘기회’, ‘부질없음’, ‘사유’, ‘성취’, ‘시행’, ‘제한’, ‘집중 및 강조’로 그 하위 범주를 설정하였다. 이 연구에 서는 ‘어/아/여 보다’가 복잡하고 다양한 의미 기능을 지녔음을 밝혔고 그 사용 양상 역시 다양하게 나타났다. 전 체 담화 상황이나 어조 등을 확인하지 못한 한계가 있으나 이를 보완하면 한국어교육의 교수‧학습 자료의 기초 자료로서 활용될 수 있으리라 생각한다.

The purpose of this study is to categorize the semantic function of the Korean expression sentence type ‘-uh/ah/yeo boda’ and to clarify its usage pattern. To this end, the study is conducted by searching for ‘-uh/ah/yeo boda’ in the Korean colloquial corpus and reviewing its use. First of all, the semantic function of ‘-uh/ah/yeo boda’ is largely divided into ‘ideational function’, ‘interpersonal function’, ‘textual function’. After that, the ‘ideational function’ is divided into 'attempt' and 'experience', ‘interpersonal function’ is 'direct' and 'completion', and the ‘textual function’ is set as 'assumptions', 'opportunities', 'intention', 'reason', 'implementation', 'concentration and emphasis'. In this study, it is revealed that ‘-uh/ah/yeo boda’ had a complex and diverse semantic function, and its usage patterns were also diverse.Although there are limitations in not confirming the overall discourse situation or tone, I think that if this is supplemented, it can be used as basic data for teaching and learning materials for Korean language education.