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由于现行中国宪法未规定有关国际法的国内地位和效力的一般规定，在实践中产生很多争议和混乱。本文通过研究发现在现行中国法制下国际法的地位和效力如下： 首先，中国在条约的国内适用方面采纳直接适用和转化适用两种方式。其中，根据国内法的规定允许条约的直接优先适用的情况大部分是在涉外案件中的。除此之外，其他不少的条约通过转化方式在国内被适用。一些学说主张有些被转化适用的条约也可以直接适用，但这种说法没有明确的法律依据。其次，关于条约与国内法间的效力等级问题，也没有明确的立法根据。中国学界大致认为宪法高于条约。但对条约与法律法规间的效力等级，学界存在较大的争论，即“条约与法律差等效力说”和“条约优先说”，其中条约优先说较有说服力，虽然该说本身具有一些限制。第三，中国政府和学界主流学说否定WTO协议的直接适用性和直接效力。因此，可以推定将来除非在法律法规明确予以规定WTO协议的直接适用和直接效力，中国法院或者私人在裁判中无法直接援用它。第四，关于国际习惯法的地位和效力，中国宪法也持沉默的态度。一些法律规定“可以适用国际惯例”，此时围绕“国际惯例”的含义存在，应该认为它不是包括国际习惯在内的国际惯例。 因此在目前阶段，很难判断在中国国际习惯法的地位和效力如何。鉴于以上研究，可以认为由于现行中国宪法未明确予以规定有关国际法在中国国内法中的地位和效力的规定，引起很大的混乱和争议，因此将来应该在宪法中予以明确相关规定。 最后，本文建议虽然现行中国法制下国际法在国内法上的地位和效力不太明确，但我国的企业在中国法院进行诉讼中值得试图积极援用相关国际法规定。

The supply chain management (SCM) systems have emerged as strong managerial tools for manufacturing firms in enhancing competitive strength. Despite of large investments in the SCM systems, many companies are not fully realizing the promised benefits from the systems. The purpose of this study is to find the determinants of SCM systems success in the perspective of vendor companies. In developing the research model, we have focused on selecting the success factors appropriate for the vendors through reviewing past researches and on developing more accurate success measures. The model consists of three independent variables (competition intensity, top management support, and information system maturity), one mediating variable (collaboration), one moderating variable (government support), and a dependent variable (system success). The systems success measures have been developed to reflect the operational benefits of the SCM systems; improvement in planning and analysis capabilities, faster throughput, cost reduction, task integration, and improved product and customer service. The model has been validated using the survey data collected from 122 vendors participating in the SCM systems in Korea. The result shows that information system maturity and top management support are the most important determinants of SCM system success. The quality of collaboration relationships also is positively related to outcome variable. Collaboration variable is found to have a mediation effect between on influencing factors and implementation success. Government support moderates the effect of the IS maturity, competitive intensity, top management support on collaboration.

SCM(Supply Chain Management) is one of the important issues in internet-based business environment. This study intends to suggest a research model to investigate the influence of environmental, organizational, technical factors on successful SCM system implementation. The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of the organizational characteristics of SCM adoption on successful implementation of SCM systems, including the moderating effects of competitiveness. 122 companies data were collected by survey. The results of hypothesis testing showed that project management is the most important determinants to influence successful SCM system implementation. In addition to that, top management support, IS maturity have positive influence to successful implementation of SCM systems in direct effect model. Also, the results of hypothesis testing in moderating effect model show that competitiveness has a positive impact to successful implementation of SCM systems.

Objective: The study aim was to assess the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on motor function enhancement in patients with stroke through a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Methods: We searched the PubMed and Scopus databases for relevant randomized controlled trials published before February 2023. The methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Fourteen studies were included in this meta-analysis. Results: The overall effect size was 0.370 (95% CI [0.268, 0.472], p < .05), indicating a small but significant improvement in motor function after tDCS. For activities of daily living (ADL), the effect size was 0.340 (95% CI [?0.099, 0.778], p > .05), indicating a nonsignificant impact. Lower limb motor function had an effect size of 0.171 (95% CI [?0.047, 0.390], p > .05), also nonsignificant. However, upper limb motor function showed a significant effect size of 0.431 (95% CI [0.312, 0.551], p < .05), indicating a significant improvement following tDCS. Conclusion: These results provide evidence that tDCS improved motor function in patients with stroke, particularly in the upper limbs. These findings support its potential role as a therapeutic intervention in stroke rehabilitation.

Objective To evaluate the effect of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the lesioned leg motor cortex, which can enhance the strength and coordination of the contralateral lower extremity and furthermore, enhance the postural stability of the hemiplegic subject.Methods Anodal or sham stimulation on the lesioned cortex of a lower extremity was delivered to 11 ambulatory hemiplegic patients. The stimulation intensity was 2 mA. All subjects took part in two 10-minute tDCS sessions consisting of anodal stimulation and sham stimulation. The interval period between real and sham stimulation was 48 hours. The order was counter-balanced among the subjects. Before and after each stimulation session, static postural stability was evaluated with eyes opened and closed. Also, the isometric strength of the hemiplegic side of the treated knee was measured before and after each stimulation session. Repeated measure ANOVA was used to determine the statistical significance of improvements in postural stability and strength.Results There was significant improvement for overall stability index with eyes opened and closed after anodal tDCS (p<0.05). Isometric strength of the lesioned quadriceps tended to increase after anodal tDCS (p<0.05). Postural stability and quadriceps strength were not changed after sham stimulation.Conclusion Anodal tDCS has potential value in hemiplegic stroke patients to improve balance and strengthen the affected lower extremity.

Objective To examine whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied over the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) improves visuospatial attention in stroke patients with left visuospatial neglect.Methods Patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: anodal tDCS over the right PPC, cathodal tDCS over the left PPC, or sham tDCS. Each patient underwent 15 sessions of tDCS (5 sessions per week for 3 weeks; 2 mA for 30 minutes in each session). Outcome measures were assessed before treatment and 1 week after completing the treatment.Results From pre- to post-treatment, there was an improvement in the motor-free visual perception test (MVPT), line bisection test (LBT), star cancellation test (SCT), Catherine Bergego Scale (CBS), Korean version of Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI), and Functional Ambulation Classification in all 3 groups. Improvements in the MVPT, SCT, and LBT were greater in the anodal and cathodal groups than in the sham group. However, improvements in other outcomes were not significantly different between the 3 groups, although there was a tendency for improved CBS or K-MBI scores in the anodal and cathodal groups, as compared with the sham group.Conclusion The study results indicated that the facilitatory effect of anodal tDCS applied over the right PPC, and the inhibitory effect of cathodal tDCS applied over the left PPC, improved symptoms of visuospatial neglect. Thus, tDCS could be a successful adjuvant therapeutic modality to recover neglect symptom, but this recovery might not lead to improvements in activities of daily living function and gait function.

Objective To evaluate motor excitability and hand function on the non-dominant side according to the polarity of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the motor cortex in a healthy person. Method tDCS was applied to the hand motor cortex for 15 minutes at an intensity of 1 mA in 28 healthy righthanded adults. Subjects were divided randomly into four groups: an anodal tDCS of the non-dominant hemisphere group, a cathodal tDCS of the non-dominant hemisphere group, an anodal tDCS of the dominant hemisphere group, and a sham group. We measured the motor evoked potential (MEP) in the abductor pollicis brevis and Jabsen-Taylor hand function test (JTT) in the non-dominant hand prior to and following tDCS. All study procedures were done under double-blind design. Results Th ere was a signifi cant increase in the MEP amplitude and a signifi cant improvement in the JTT in the non-dominant hand following anodal tDCS of the non-dominant hemisphere (p<0.05). But there was no change in JTT and a signifi cant decrease in the MEP amplitude in the non-dominant hand following cathodal tDCS on the non-dominant hemisphere and anodal tDCS of the dominant hemisphere. Conclusion Non-dominant hand function is improved by increased excitability of the motor cortex. Although motor cortex excitability is decreased in a healthy person, non-dominant hand function is maintained. A homeostatic mechanism in the brain might therefore be involved in preserving this function. Further studies are warranted to examine brain functions to clarify this mechanism.

Accurate channel modeling is crucial for optimizing direct-to-satellite Internet of things (DtS-IoT) communications via low Earth orbit (LEO) nanosatellites. Traditional channel models for land-mobile satellite systems often overlook the significant impact of shadowing at low elevation angles, limiting their applicability to DtS-IoT scenarios. This paper presents an enhanced finite-state Markov channel with two-sectors (FSMC-TS) model that integrates shadowing effects into the bad sector (B-Sector) by using the K-distribution for modeling. This enhancement captures the combined effects of multipath fading and shadowing, providing a more accurate representation of the channel conditions experienced in DtS-IoT applications. Simulation results show that the enhanced model aligns closely with analytical bit error rate (BER) predictions, particularly at higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), with less than 1% deviation from theoretical values. The Enhanced FSMC-TS model offers a valuable tool for reliable DtS-IoT communication systems, addressing a critical gap in existing channel modeling approaches.

Purpose: To investigate the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with robot-assisted gait training on gait, balance, and fall efficacy in patients after stroke. Methods: Twenty-four patients after stroke were selected as study participants and were randomly divided into a transcranial direct current stimulation combined robot-assisted gait training (experiment) group and robot-assisted gait training (control) group. All participants underwent general neurological physical therapy for 30 min, and robot-assisted gait training alone or combined with transcranial direct current stimulation according to the group, 5 times a week for 30 min for a total of 8 weeks. Gait, balance, and fall efficacy function was analyzed before the intervention, and analysis between groups was performed by re-measuring the above items equally after 8 weeks of intervention. Results: The transcranial direct current stimulation combined with robot-assisted gait training group showed significant differences in gait, balance, and fall efficacy function compared to the control group. Conclusion: Transcranial direct current stimulation combined robot-assisted gait training is more effective for gait, balance, and fall efficacy function . Based on this finding, this training can be proposed as an effective program not only for patients after stroke but also for patients with brain injury. Moreover, based on the study findings, future studies on muscle changes related to gait, balance, and function are warranted.

본 논문은 소비자의 해외직접구매 경험을 지각된 편익과 위험의 측면에서 재구매 의도에 미치 는 영향을 분석하고자 하였으며, 이러한 소비자의 구매 행동에 대하여 소비자가 인지한 COVID-19에 대한 우려감이 미치는 영향을 조절효과로 알아보았다. 해외직접구매 경험이 있는 국내 소비자를 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 193부의 설문을 사용하여 연구모형을 검증하였으며 분석결과, 소비자는 해외직접구매를 경험하며 경제적 효 용, 제품적효용, 편리적 효용을 통해 해외직접구매의 편익을 지각하였으며, 배송과 통관관련 위험, 결제 및 보안 관련된 위험으르 통해 해외직접구매의 위험을 지각하였다. 이는 소비자의 재구매 의도에 유의미한 영향을 미쳤다. 또한 COVID-19에 대한 우려감이 클수록 소비자의 해 외직구에 대한 편리적 효용을 해외직구에 대한 편익으로써 인식하는 것을 저해하였으며, 반면 에 지각된 위험이 재구매 행동에 미치는 영향을 부정적인 방향으로 강화하였다. 본 연구는 비대면 거래가 활발해지며 해외직접구매 시장도 활발해 지고 있는 현 상황에서 COVID-19가 소비자의 해외직접구매에 미치는 영향을 실증하고자 하였다. 이를 통해서 소비자 의 효용을 극대화하고 위험을 최소화하는 구매환경을 조성함으로써 지속적인 해외직접구매가 이루어지도록 할 수 있다.

Purpose : This study investigates the effect of consumers' overseas direct purchase experience on their repurchase intention in terms of perceived benefits and risks. The effect of consumers' perceived concern about COVID-19 on their purchasing behavior was investigated as a moderating effect. Research design, data, methodology : A survey was conducted on Korean consumers who had experience in overseas direct purchase. The research model was verified using 193 questionnaires. Results : The result suggests that consumers experienced of overseas direct purchase and perceived the benefits and risks of overseas direct purchase and had a significant effect on consumers' repurchase intention. As a result of the analysis of the moderating effect, it was confirmed that the greater the concern about COVID-19, the relatively inhibited consumers' perception of the convenient utility of overseas direct purchase as a benefit to overseas direct purchase. On the other hand, it was confirmed that the effect of perceived risk on repurchase was significantly strengthened in a negative direction. Conclusions : This study demonstrated the effect of COVID-19 on consumers' overseas direct purchase in the current situation where non-face-to-face transactions and the overseas direct purchase market are active. The study discussed ways to ensure continuous overseas direct purchase by creating a purchasing environment that maximizes consumer utility and minimizes risks.

본 연구에서는 최근 인지행동치료의 새로운 기법으로 활용되고 있는 심리적 수용의 개념을 우리나라 조직장면에 적용하여 스트레스의 일종인 직무탈진에 미치는 효과를 고찰해 보았다. Bond와 Bunce(2003)가 조직장면에서 일반인들에게 적용하기 위해 개발한 수용-행동질문지(AAQ) 16문항을 사용하여 우리나라 기업체 및 공공기관 직원 390명을 대상으로 연구를 실시했다. 우선 성격 5요인이 직무탈진에 영향을 미치는지를 검증한 결과 선행연구들처럼 신경증·성실성·외향성이 직무탈진을 유의하게 예측하고 있었다. 다음으로 성격 5요인이 직무탈진에 미치는 영향 이외에 심리적 수용이 추가적이고 차별적인 영향을 미치는지를 검증한 결과, 심리적 수용은 직무탈진에 추가적인 영향을 미치고 있었으며, 직무탈진의 3가지 하위요소별로도 심리적 수용이 영향을 미치고 있었다. 특히 심리적 수용의 구성개념 중 비판단적 노출은 정서적 소진과 직업효능감을, 목표추구행동은 냉소주의와 직업효능감을 유의하게 설명하고 있었다. 마지막으로 성격 5요인과 심리적 수용의 상호작용 효과를 분석한 결과, 외향성 및 성실성과는 상호작용 효과가 있었으나, 신경증과는 상호작용 효과 없이 추가적인 설명만 하고 있었다.

This research studied the effect in the work domain of psychological acceptance construct which is practiced as new cognitive behavior therapy, coming up to job burnout that is kind of stress. Using 16 items of acceptance and action questionnaire(AAQ) that Bond & Bunce(2003) developed to apply to normal workers in organization, this research was operated with 390 workers of Korean companies and official institutes. First of all, after examining whether Big Five affect burnout, like previous studies, neuroticism, conscientiousness and extraversion were predicting burnout significantly. Next, results indicated that besides Big 5's affecting burnout, psychological acceptance predicted job burnout additionally, and 3 sub-factors of burnout were also predicted significantly. Especially, willingness to experience which is one sub-factor of psychological acceptance explained emotional exhaustion and professional efficacy significantly, and goal-driven action which is the other sub-factor of psychological acceptance explained cynicism and also professional efficacy significantly. Lastly, analyzing moderating effect of Big Five and psychological acceptance to job burnout, conscientiousness and extraversion showed moderating effect with acceptance significantly , but with neuroticism there was only additional explanation without moderating effect.

본 연구는 묻지마 범죄가 주로 대인관계 문제에서 비롯되고 제3의 무고한 대상에 대한 보복행위라는 특징에 착안하여, 사회적 배제 경험과 전위된 공격성의 관계를 확인하고 두 변인의 관계에서 스트레스와 사회적지지 등 관련 요인의 역할을 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 만 19세 이상 49세 이하의 성인 남성 353명을 대상으로 사회적 배제 경험이 전위된 공격성에 미치는 영향에 대한 스트레스의 매개효과와 사회적지지의 매개효과 조절에 대한 가설을 세우고 이를 검증하였다. 주요 결과로는 첫째, 사회적 배제는 전위된 공격성에 정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 스트레스는 사회적 배제와 전위된 공격성의 관계에서 부분적으로 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 스트레스의 매개효과를 사회적지지가 조절할 것이라는 가설은 검증되지 않았으나, 매개모형에서 사회적지지의 조건부 직접효과가 확인되었다. 즉, 사회적지지는 스트레스를 매개한 간접효과에는 영향을 미치지 않았으나 사회적 배제와 전위된 공격성 간의 직접효과를 조절하는 것으로 나타났다. 사회적 배제가 전위된 공격성을 예측하는 것은 사회적 지지 평균집단(mean)과 고집단(M+1SD)에서만 유의했으며 고집단으로 갈수록 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 사회적 지지가 높은 집단에서 오히려 전위된 공격성을 스트레스 조절 전략으로 사용한다는 의미로, 사회적 지지가 공격성을 낮추는 역할을 한다는 선행 연구들과는 상이한 결과다. 사회적지지 수준이 낮은 사람들은 사회적 배제 경험에도 불구하고 전위된 공격성의 사용빈도가 낮다는 의외의 결과를 보여주었다. 논의에서는 이러한 결과의 사회적 의미를 해석하였으며, 사회적 배제와 전위된 공격성의 관계를 구체화할 추가적인 연구 아이디어를 제안하였다.

This study focused on the characteristics of motiveless crimes that mainly originated from interpersonal problems and were acts of revenge against innocent third parties. This study confirmed the relationship between the experience of social exclusion and displaced aggression and examined the relationship between the two variables. For this purpose, we established and tested hypotheses about the mediation effect of stress and the moderated mediation effect of social support on the effect of social exclusion experience on displaced aggression among 353 adult males aged between 19 and 49 years. The main results are that, first, social exclusion had a positive effect on displaced aggression. Second, stress was found to partially mediate the relationship between social exclusion and displaced aggression. Third, the hypothesis that social support would moderate the mediating effect of stress was not vaild, but the conditional direct effect of social support was confirmed in the mediation model. In other words, social support did not affect the indirect effect mediated by stress, but appeared to moderate the direct effect between social exclusion and displaced aggression. Social exclusion’s prediction of displaced aggression was significant only in the average social support group (mean) and the high group (M+1SD), and appeared to increase as the group increased. This means that in groups with high social support, displaced aggression is used as a stress control strategy, which is a different result from previous studies that found that social support lowers aggression. People with low levels of social support showed unexpected results in that they used displaced aggression less frequently despite their experience of social exclusion. In the discussion, the social implications of these results were interpreted, and additional research ideas were proposed to specify the relationship between social exclusion and displaced aggression.

본 연구에서는 음식의 시각적 노출이 아동의 채소 섭취량의 변화에 영향을 미치는 지 알아보고자 첫째, 시각적 노출 프로그램 전후의 채소 섭취량의 변화를 확인하고, 둘째, 집단 간의 노출 프로그램의 효과의 차이를 비교하였으며, 셋째, 아동의 기존 섭취 빈도에 따라 노출 프로그램의 효과 차이가 나타나는 지 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 본 연구에서는 어린이집에 재원중인 만 24개월에서 48개월 사이의 아동을 대상으로, 채소의 실물을 사용한 직접 노출과 사진을 사용한 간접 노출을 반복적으로 시행한 후, 두 경우의 채소 섭취량의 변화를 통제집단과 비교하였다. 연구 결과, 노출의 형태와 상관없이 직접적 및 간접적 시각적 노출의 두 집단 모두에서 노출된 채소의 실제 섭취량이 증가하였다. 또한 노출되지 않은 채소에서도 섭취량의 변화가 관찰되었는데, 직접 노출 집단의 증가량이 간접 노출 및 통제 집단에 비해 유의미하게 많았다. 기존의 섭취 빈도를 기준으로 노출 효과를 살펴보았을 때에는 기존 섭취 빈도가 낮은 집단에서 직접 노출 프로그램 전후의 섭취 변화가 유의미하였으나, 섭취빈도가 높은 집단에서는 유의한 수준의 변화가 관찰되지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 시각적 노출이 섭취 행동 증진을 위한 효과적인 방법이며, 아동의 실제적인 섭취량이 변화하기 위해서는 음식의 실물이 노출되는 것이 보다 효과적이고, 기존의 섭취 빈도에 따라 반복적 노출의 효과가 차이를 보일 수 있음을 시사한다. 이 같은 결과를 바탕으로 본 연구의 함의와 한계점에 대해 논의하였다.

The purpose of this study was to examine 1) the effectiveness of a visual exposure program to increase toddlers’ vegetable eating habits 2) the differences in the effectiveness between direct and indirect exposure groups, 3) the differences in the effectiveness according to the previous frequency of consumption. A total number of 104 children, aged 24 to 48 months old, participated in the exposure program in which the direct exposure used real vegetables and the indirect exposure used pictures of vegetables. The results showed that both the direct and the indirect exposure increased the amount of vegetable eating. The amount of vegetables not exposed during the experiment was increased in the case of direct exposure than in the indirect and the control groups. Based on the frequency of consumption, the effectiveness of a visual exposure was observed only in the direct and the low-frequency group. These results showed that the visual exposure was an effective method for improving vegetable consumption, and to change the children’s actual intake of food, real food exposure would be more effective. The clinical implications and limitations of the study were also discussed.

자기감시성향에 대한 기존 연구들에서는 자기감시성향이 높은 사람일수록 개인의 목표달성 측면에서는 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그럼에도 불구하고 높인 자기감시성향을 보이는 개인들이 조직이 원하는 바람직한 행동을 많이 하는지에 대해 직접적으로 실증 분석한 연구는 부족한 편이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 기존 연구의 한계점을 극복하고자 자기감시성향이 조직에 긍정적인 영향을 준다고 선행연구에서 밝혀진 조직몰입에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대해서 실증분석하였다. 그리고 상황변수인 거래적 계약과 자기효능감이 자기감시성향과 조직몰입간의 관계를 어떠한 방향으로 조절하는지에 대해 분석하였다. 연구문제를 검증하기 위해 경기북부 일대의 6개 병원, 500병상 이상의 종합병원에서 근무하고 있는 간호사를 대상으로 설문을 실시하였고, 회수된 총 254부를 횡단면 분석하였다. 회귀분석 결과 자기감시성향은 조직몰입과 정의 관계를 가지는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 조절효과를 분석한 결과 개인이 조직을 거래적 계약관계로 인식하는 수준이 높을수록 그리고 개인의 자기효능감이 높을수록 자기감시성향과 조직몰입간의 긍정적 관계는 약화되는 것으로 나타났다. 추가적으로 본 연구결과의 이론적 및 실무적 시사점을 기숳하였으며, 향후 연구 방향에 대해서 논의하였다.

Although extant researches on self-monitoring have revealed the positive direct relationship with individual career success, there has been a lack of research on the role of self-monitoring in relation to various performance dimensions such as organizational commitment which is perceived by organizations as desirable behaviors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the direct effect of self-monitoring on organizational commitment and the moderating effect of transactional contract and self-efficacy between them. To test our hypotheses, a cross sectional research design with data from a sample of 254 full-time nurses in 6 hospitals which is located in the northen part of kyunggi province was used. Results showed that self-monitoring was positively related to organizational commitment. Moreover, our study revealed that perceived level of transactional contract and self-efficacy alleviated the positive relationship between self-monitoring and organizational commitment. We explained the academic and practical implications of our study. Future research directions are also suggested.

위험에 대하여 다른 사람들에 비해 자신의 발생가능성을 낮게 지각하는 현상이 비현실적 낙관주의이다. 본 연구는 설문지를 사용하여 직접과 간접방법으로 측정한 비현실적 낙관주의에서 지각된 통제성과 사건 빈도 간의 상호작용효과를 검증하는 두 개의 실험을 수행하였다. 직접방법에서는 빈도가 높은 사건보다 낮은 사건에서 비현실적 낙관주의가 증가하는 빈도 효과가 발생하고, 지각된 통제성과 사건 빈도 간의 상호작용효과는 유의미하지 않아서 자기중심성 가설이 지지되었다. 간접방법의 경우, 낮은 통제성 사건에서는 자기중심성 가설의 예측대로 빈도 효과가 사라졌지만, 높은 통제성 사건에서는 낮은 빈도 사건보다 높은 빈도 사건에서 비현실적 낙관주의가 증가하는 역빈도 효과가 발견되었다. 이 역빈도 효과는 자신의 발생가능성은 사건 빈도에 상관없이 일정하게 낮게 평가하면서, 다른 사람의 발생가능성은 낮은 빈도에서는 낮게, 높은 빈도에서는 높게 평가하는 것 때문에 발생하고 있었다. 따라서 통제할 수 있다고 지각되는 사건에서 자신의 통제능력에 대한 과확신이 간접방법의 비현실적 낙관주의에서 역빈도 효과를 일으킨다고 할 수 있다. 위험 지각과 비현실적 낙관주의 연구에서 역빈도 효과의 의미에 대해 논의하였다.

Unrealistic optimism refers to people's tendency to consistently believe that risky events are less likely to happen to themselves than to others. Two experimental studies investigated the interaction between perceived controllability and event frequency of this unrealistic optimism by measuring it directly and indirectly using questionnaires. When using the direct method, unrealistic optimism was greater when an event frequency was low rather than high, and the interaction between perceived controllability and event frequency was not significant, which is consistent with the egocentrism account. On the other hand, when using the indirect method, the event frequency interacted with the perceived controllability. For uncontrollable events, the event frequency effect disappeared as the egocentrism account predicted, but for controllable events an opposite event frequency effect was found, which was that a greater rate of unrealistic optimism occurred when an event absolute frequency was high rather than low. This opposite event frequency effect occurred because the event frequency was considered lower for the subjects’ own likelihood estimates than others. Therefore, a kind of overconfidence of the subjects’ own control over risky events seems to produce the opposite event frequency effect on the unrealistic optimism when measuring with the indirect method. The importance of the opposite event frequency effect in risk perception and research of unrealistic optimism was discussed.

사람들은 자신이 부정적인 사건을 경험할 가능성은 평균의 다른 사람보다 더 적다고 믿는 경향이 있다. 이런 비현실적 낙관주의는 직접과 간접, 두 가지 방법으로 측정되고 있다. 본 연구는 다양한 위험사건들을 사용하여 직접과 간접방법으로 평가한 비현실적 낙관주의를 비교하기 위한 목적으로 수행되었다. 연구 1은 두 평가방법이 비현실적 낙관주의의 강도에서, 그리고 주요 위험특성들-빈도, 통제, 심각성, 가용성-과 비현실적 낙관주의 사이의 상관관계에서 차이가 있는지를 검증하였다. 직접과 간접방법으로 측정한 비현실적 낙관주의는 강도 뿐 아니라 위험특성들과의 상관관계에서도 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 연구 2는 사건의 빈도가 직접과 간접방법의 비현실적 낙관주의에 미치는 영향에서 차이가 있는지를 실험하였다. 직접방법에서는 빈도가 높은 사건보다 낮은 사건에서 더 강한 비현실적 낙관주의가 발생하는 빈도 효과가 나타나서 기존의 자기중심성 가설이 지지되었다. 또한 간접방법에서는 정반대의 빈도 효과가 발견되었는데, 즉, 빈도가 낮은 사건보다 높은 사건에서 더 강한 비현실적 낙관주의가 발생하는 새로운 결과가 나타났다. 직접과 간접방법의 비현실적 낙관주의에서 일어나는 사건 빈도 효과에 대하여 논의하였다.

People tend to believe that they are less likely than the average person to experience negative events. Such unrealistic optimism has been assessed in two ways, direct and indirect measures. Using various risky events, the present studies compared unrealistic optimism in these two methods. Study 1 investigated whether there is difference between these two methods in the magnitude of unrealistic optimism, and in the correlation between unrealistic optimism and major event characteristics-perceived frequency, controllability, severity, availability. The two measures showed significant difference not only in magnitude of unrealistic optimism but also in the correlation between unrealistic optimism and risk characteristics. Studey 2 tested empirically whether event frequency influenced differently in unrealistic optimism of direct and indirect method. The direct method produced stronger unrealistic optimism when an event absolute frequency is low rather than high, which supported the existing egocentrism account. In the indirect method, however, an opposite effect was found, namely, unrealistic optimism was significantly stronger when an event absolute frequency is high rather than low, which showed novel results. The effects of event frequency in direct and indirect method were discussed.

This study was performed to investigate the effects of sowing density and number of seeds sown on the emergencerate and growth characters of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer under direct sowing cultivation in a blue plastic greenhouse. Ginseng seedlings, derived from seeds sown directly at different densities (90, 108, 135, and 162 seeds per 1.62 ㎡), were cultivatedin sandy loam soil within a blue plastic greenhouse. In contrast to the emergence rate, which decreased with anincrease of sowing density, number of survival plant showed an increasing trend. Interestingly, the emergence and numberof survival plant were significantly enhanced when 2 or 3 seeds were sown per hole compared with when one seed was sownper hole. Growth of the aerial parts of ginseng were not markedly influenced by sowing density or the number of seeds sown. However, chlorophyll content (SPAD values) increased with an increase in sowing density. Root parameters, such as rootlength, diameter, and weight, and the number of lateral roots decreased with an increase in sowing density, but were notnoticeably influenced by the number of seeds sown. Total saponin content was the highest in the treatment plot containing135 seeds. Similarly, the content of each ginsenoside was also tended to be higher in this treatment than in other treatmentplots. On the basis of the results obtained in this study, it was possible to determine the optimal sowing density and seednumber for the direct sowing cultivation of ginseng in blue plastic greenhouse.

본 연구의 목적은 한국의 주요 사회적 위기사건들에 대한 개개인의 기억특성이 사건 중심성에 영향을 미치는 과정에 사회적 공유가 중요한 매개요인으로 기능하고 있음을 검증하고, 사회적 위기사건에 직접 노출된 집단과 간접 노출된 집단 간 차이를 분석하는데 있다. 이를 위해 전국 성인 1065명을 대상으로 제시한 한국의 주요 사회적 사건 목록 중 개인적으로 가장 기억에 남는 한 가지 사건을 정하도록 하고, 그 사건에 대한 기억특성 및 사회적 공유(Memory Experience Questionnaire), 사건 중심성(Centrality of Event Scale)을 측정 하였다. 본 연구에는 사회적 위기사건을 가장 기억에 남는 사건으로 선택한 818명의 자료만을 분석에 사용하였다. 이후 ‘자신이 선택한 사건을 직접 경험했는지’를 묻는 문항에 응답한 내용을 바탕으로 818명의 자료를 지각된 직접 노출집단(N=286)과 간접 노출집단(N=532)으로 구분하였다. 두 집단에서 연구모형에 유의한 경로계수 차이를 보이는지 검증한 결과, 지각된 직접 노출집단에서는 생생함과 사건 중심성 간 관계에서 사회적 공유가 유의한 매개효과를 가지지 않았다. 반면, 간접 노출집단에서는 생생함이 사회적 공유를 완전 매개하여 사건 중심성에 영향을 미쳤다. 정서강도는 두 집단 모두에서 사회적 공유의 부분 매개효과가 유의했으며, 지각된 직접 노출집단에서 정서강도와 사회적 공유의 직접 관계가 더욱 높았다. 부정정서의 경우, 지각된 직접 노출집단에서는 사회적 공유가 부정정서 수준과 사건 중심성 간의 관계를 완전 매개하고 있는 반면, 간접 노출집단에서는 사회적 공유의 매개효과가 유의하지 않았고, 직접 사건 중심성에 영향을 주고 있었다. 본 연구 결과를 토대로 연구의 의의와 제한점을 기술하고 후속 연구에 대한 제안을 논의하였다.

When societal crises occur(e.g., natural disasters, politically motivated assassination, or mass killings during anti-government movements), people express their thoughts and emotions with others in person or via social media. This is referred to as social sharing. Our study aimed to find out how social sharing mediates the memory of such major events and the individuals’ capacity to integrate those events into their personal identity(i.e., event centrality). Specifically, we explored the differences among memory characteristics (vividness, emotional intensity, and emotional valence) as they are mediated by social sharing which eventually may help or hinder the individual to integrate those events into their personal lives. We also hypothesized that there would be a difference between the individuals who perceive that they directly experienced the event (e.g., had be present at the scene, was a victim or knew the victim closely) versus those who were indirectly affected (e.g., watched on the news). We developed a questionnaire of Korean major societal events experience, and used the scales from Memory Experience Questionnaire (Sutin & Robins, 2007) and Central Event Scale (Bernsten & Rubin, 2006) to test for our hypotheses. A perceived direct exposure group was n=286, and indirect exposure group was n=532. Results from the multi-group analysis using structural equation modeling showed that social sharing fully mediated vividness and the event centrality in a indirect exposure group only. And social sharing partially mediated emotional intensity and event centrality in both groups. Especially, in a perceived direct exposure group, the effect of emotional intensity on social sharing is more high than a indirect exposure group. In the case of negative emotional valence, a perceived direct exposure group showed full mediation effect whereas indirect exposure group did not. Further discussion is included regarding.

본 연구는 우리나라 종합병원을 대상으로 직․간접보조금이 수익성에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고자 하였다. 자료는 의료기관 회계정보공시시스템을 이용하여 2016년부터 2018년까지 270개 종합병원 회계정보를 수집하였다. 분석지표는 수익성으로 사업 수익에 대한 순이익, 보조금지표는 사업수익에 대한 보조금(시설투자 목적의 국고보조금, 고유목적사업 관련 비용, 연구수익, 기부금수익) 비율을 사용하였다. 연구결과, 직접보조금인 국고보조금 비율은 공립기관이 57.30%로 매우 높았다. 간접보조금으 로 세금감면 효과인 고유목적사업 관련 비용 비율은 사립대학교병원이 6.69%로 가장 높았으며, 결손 또는 운영보조 목적인 연구 수익 비율은 국립대학교병원이 2.8%로 가장 높았고 기부금수익 비율은 공립기관이 36.4%로 가장 높았다. 보조금이 수익성에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과, 국립대학교병원은 사업수익 대비 고유목적사업 관련 비용의 비율과 연구수익 비율이 낮을수록 사업 수익 순이익율이 높았으며, 의료법인과 재단법인은 사업수익 대비 고유목적사업 관련 비용 비율이 높을수록 사업수익 순이익율 이 높았다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 고유목적사업과 관련된 자금의 활용에 따라 수익성이 변동될 수 있다는 것을 의미한다.

This study analyzed the impact of direct and indirect subsidies on profitability in general hospitals in Korea. The data were collected from medical institution accounting information disclosure system of 270 general hospitals from 2016 to 2018. The analysis index used the ratio of net profit to business revenue for profitability, and Subsidies index the ratio of subsidies to business revenue(state subsidies for facility investment purposes, Fund related to essential business, research revenue and contribution revenue). According to the study, the ratio of state subsidies, which are direct subsidies, was very high at 57.30 percent for public institution hospitals. ratio of Fund related to essential business, which is a tax reduction effect with indirect subsidies, had the highest at 6.69 percent for Private University Hospitals. which are Indirect subsidies for deficit or operational assistance, research revenue ratio had the highest 2.8 percent for National University Hospitals, contribution revenue ratio had the highest 36.4 percent for public institutions. As a result of looking at the impact of subsidies on profitability, Nation University Hospitals had the lower the ratio of Fund related to essential business and the ratio of research revenue, the higher the net profit ratio of Business revenue. Medical Corporation Hospitals and Foundation Hospitals had the higher the ratio of Fund related to essential business to business revenues, the higher the net profit ratio of business revenue. These results mean that profitability may fluctuate depending on the utilization of funds related to essential business.