Earticle

The aim of this study is to present a methodology with which a semantic prosody from a diachronic perspective can be analyzed. To achieve this goal, the analysis period was divided into the late Middle Korean, the Modern Korean, and the Contemporary Korean. It also revealed what criteria ‘더욱(Deouk)’ and ‘점점(Jeomjeom)’ were selected as research subjects, and how they were refined. Furthermore, the predicates collocated with the two nodes were divided into the form of ‘Verb, Adjective, Noun+is’, and the semantic prosody was analyzed in a context-dependent method. As a result, it was confirmed that the semantic prosody of the words is changing over time. In the late Middle Korean period and the Modern Korean period, there was no significant difference in the proportions of positive and negative semantic prosody of ‘더욱(Deouk)’, but it was found that the use of positive semantic prosody of ‘더욱 (Deouk)’ increased in the Modern Korean period. On the other hand, ‘점점(Jeomjeom)’ had a strong positive semantic prosody in the late Middle Korean period, but the ratio used as a negative semantic prosody gradually increased. Furthermore, in the Contemporary Korean period, it could be seen that the semantic prosody of ‘점점 (Jeomjeom)’ was reversed with a strong negative semantic prosody. Finally, it was also possible to confirm the difference in the detailed usage patterns of ‘더욱(Deouk)’ and ‘점점(Jeomjeom)’. These analysis results show that the semantic prosody, which has been mainly studied only from a synchronic perspective, can be sufficiently analyzed from a diachronic perspective, and as such produce results of significance and insight.

This paper deals with semantic changes of the derivative words with the alternation of yura and yuru from the perspective of cognitive semantics. This paper suggests a new interpretation of the derivatives of an adjectival base of yura, in the Ancient Japanese, which has been interpreted as expressive of ‘the sound of shaking’ in prior studies, but thus meaning not only ‘shaking’ but also ‘relaxing sound’. This can be inferred from the fact that yuru, which shows vowel alternation of yura, means ‘relaxing’. However, the auditory meaning of yura, an adjectival base, disappears in the Early middle Japanese literature. Afterwards, yura not only evoked the visual image of ‘shaking’, but also included the meaning of ‘relaxation’ stemming from that in the Ancient Japanese literature. Especially during the Late middle era, yurari strongly conveyed the meaning of ‘relaxation’ but not ‘shaking’, but during the Early modern era, the image of ‘shaking’ has been restored, and while the meaning of ‘relaxation’ did not disappear, it has become less common. That is, yura has connotations of ‘relaxation’ beside its main meaning of ‘shaking’. Meanwhile, the objective base yuru has always conveyed ‘relaxation’ and its meaning has not changed much from this image. In the literature of the Late middle era to the Edo Era, it is possible to observe the onomatopoeia yuru-yuru, which expresses ‘shaking’. As this is also derived from the verb yuru (=shaking) derived from yura, it has no direct relationship with the yuru attested in Ancient Japanese literature. It is possible to observe yoro-yoro, a vowel gradation of yuru-yuru in medieval literature, whose principal meaning is ‘shaking’ from yura.

The purpose of this study is to examine the morphological and semantic changes of the Onomatopoée with the alternation of hara and horo from the Early Modern Japanese through the Late Modern Japanese. We have already reported that the adjectival base hara was productively derivational as shown in the alternation of hara and horo in the Ancient Japanese. Since the late 8th century, morphologically and semantically diverse forms have been derived from hara, whose core meaning was assumed to be san (to scatter). During its derivational process, its auditory sense became a fossilized form in the Middle Japanese. In the morphological aspect, the Late Modern Japanese has gradually lost a variety of forms of Onomatopoée with the alternation found in the Early Modern Japanese literature, which mainly comprises a lot of spoken materials such as playscripts. Meanwhile the Onomatopoée with voiced consonants such as bara-bara and boro-boro has increased, reaching up to 90% of all the hara-horo type of Onomatopoée in the Late Modern Japanese. In the semantic aspect, the Onomatopoée has acquired a new meaning, viz. psychological situation, from its original literal meaning. horori, originally depicting a situation in which tears fall, was seantically extended to cover a poor, pitiful situation where one may cry. As the Onomatopoée with bara gained a sense of something scattered, its voiceless counterpart—i.e. the Onomatopoée with hara-hara—began to be extended to mean a psychologically and emotionally messy situation.

Two factors contributed to the emergence of mei 沒 in the course of diachronicdevelopment of Chinese. The first factor is semantic and functional in its nature. Bythe mechanism of metonymy, the meaning of mei 沒 as a main predicate wasextended from “to sink” and “to disappear” to “not to exist.” The second factor isphonological. Wu 無 and wei 未, which had been used as an existential negative anda perfective negative respectively, lost the [m]-initial, and consequently their status asm-negatives as well. This caused mei 沒, which semantically was undergoinggrammaticalization into an existential negative, to substitute for the pre-existingexistential negative wu 無 first. After the property of boundedness is firmlyestablished in Chinese predicates later on, mei 沒 extended its meaning and functionto become a perfective negative, finally attaining the status as a new m-negative. However, the substitution of existential and perfective negatives by mei 沒 mainlyoccurred in the Northern dialects only. In many of the Southern dialects in which the[m]-initial of wu 無 and wei 未 was retained, an existential negative and a perfectivenegative are still distinct, and no substitution by mei 沒 has occurred. Another noteworthy aspect of the development of the negatives in Chinese is thatit reflects the development of Chinese from a synthetic to analytic language. Anegative with a complex function developed into a negative with the sole function ofnegating, as illustrated by the development of mei 沒, meiyou 沒有, and mei 沒 V. The development of the negative pairs such as wei 未 vs. weiceng 未曾, wu 無 vs. wuyou 無有, fei 非 vs. feishi 非是 can be viewed in the same vein. Theanalyticization process resulted in the reduction of the multitude of negatives to justtwo, namely, bu 不 and mei 沒.

While the use of metadiscourse in L2 writing has received considerable attention in the past, little effort has been made to examine how L2 writers’ use of metadiscourse in academic writing has evolved over time. In addressing this, the present study explored a diachronic evolution of interactional metadiscourse in research articles (RAs) published across a span of 40 years (1980-2021) in English Teaching. Based on 931 articles consisting of 6.4 million words, we examined whether the use of interactional metadiscourse has changed over the past 40 years. Our findings revealed that there was a global decrease in interactional metadiscourse over the past 40 years. While the frequency and diversity of interactional metadiscourse have slightly decreased over time, the proportion of each metadiscourse category remained consistent. The study further suggests that Korean L2 scholars who publish in English Teaching tend to hedge more than they boost or use attitude markers compared to those who publish in global journals.

One may assume a common origin of prepositions and verbal prefixes. The problems are associated with the relations among homonymous particles which have already become the subject of a quite voluminous literature, as far as their history and modernity are concerned. This study focuses on the doubling of these elements in syntactic structures such as przeszedł przez most ‘he went through the bridge’. The author suggests examining the relations in Polish from a slightly different perspective. The relations between particles are genetic i.e. being associated with their origin but one may also discuss the development of secondary relations. In the previous studies, greater attention is devoted to the duplication of a prefix by a preposition (doj?? matki > doj?? do matki ‘to reach [one’s] mother’. One of the problems which should be examined in a more comprehensive manner has to do with a reverse situation: the influence of the form of the preposition upon the form of the prefixed verb, cf. zar?czy? < r?czy? za ‘to vouch for’ +Acc.

This paper proposes to account for the asymmetry of wh-movement from a non- subject versus subject position in root versus embedded clauses from a diachronic perspective. The feature Agree of non-subject wh-interrogatives in root clauses is undergone between an indicative mood feature including an underspecified force feature in M(ood) and a tense verb in terms of obligatory V-2 in OE, but between an interrogative force feature in C and auxiliary do in terms of residual V-2 in PDE. The feature Agree of subject wh-interrogatives in root clauses is satisfied by obligatory V-2 in OE, but it is satisfied by residual V-2 without overt verb movement or do-support in PDE. As for the feature Agree of non-subject wh- interrogatives from embedded clauses, there arises no feature conflict between þæt denoting an indicative mood feature including an underspecified force feature and the embedded clause that is specified as the clause type with declarative force feature in OE, and there also arises no feature conflict between that denoting a declarative force feature and the embedded clause that is specified as the clause type with declarative force feature in PDE. As for the feature Agree of subject wh-interrogatives from embedded clauses, it is the same as that of non-subject wh-interrogatives from embedded clauses in OE. By contrast, there arises feature conflict between a declarative force feature in that and an a wh-subject carrying an interrogative force feature from an embedded clause in PDE. This means that a wh-subject which is externally merged in an embedded clause is not compatible with that and resultantly bears out that-trace effect.

Basic syntactic order constitutes one of the basic linguistic categories, having its correspondences first of all with areal linguistics and typology ? categories much more challenging for the Japanese language than for many others. It therefore seems logical to begin with the theoretical background for this question, before continuing with the analysis of Modern Japanese syntactic structure, in order to move to the goal of our study ? verbal prefixes, their grammatical functions and influence on the basic word order in the history of Japanese language. Since the question of genetic relations of Old Japanese strongly tends towards the rhetorical, typological study of the material seems to be an adequate answer to the diachronic cross-linguistic studies of world languages. Here I will begin with a brief theoretical description of the phenomenon under the consideration continuing with the analysis of Old Japanese syntax structure and the description of the morphology of some basic elements. At the conclusion typological characteristics of Old Japanese syntax will be given.

본고는 통시적 관점을 도입한 연어 교육의 필요성을 밝히고, 구체적인 교수･학습 내용 및 방법을 제안하였다. 모국어 화자를 대상으로 하는 국어교육에서 연어는 학습 및 암기의 대상이 아니라 의식 및 사고의 대상이다. 학습자는 일상적으로 사용해 온 연어를 객관적으로 바라보고, 어휘의 결합 관계에 대해 사고해봄으로써 국어적 사고력을 신장할 수 있다. 특히 통시적 관점을 도입한다면 언어를 낯설게 보는 계기를 제공할 수 있고, 구체적으로 문증되는 언어적 증거를 확보할 수 있으며, 국어의 특수성이 담긴 연어에 주목할 수 있다는 이점이 있다. 본고는 통시적 관점을 적용한 연어 교육의 내용으로 ‘사진(寫眞)’ 관련 연어 표현의 통시적 변화를 제시하였다. 오늘날 ‘사진’은 ‘사진 찍다’와 같은 구성으로만 사용되지만, 사진이 처음 유입된 개화기에는 ‘사진 박다’의 구성이 훨씬 빈번하였다. 이러한 표현은 ‘대상을 똑같이 옮겨 냄’이라는 사진의 속성에서 기인했을 가능성이 높다. 본고는 ‘사진’ 관련 연어 표현의 변화가 언중의 사고방식을 담고 있는 흥미로운 교육 내용이라 보고, ‘집단 탐구법(GI)’의 틀에 맞추어 구체적인 교수･학습 방법을 제시하였다.

This paper proposes the need for collocation education, especially in a diachronic perspective. As far as Korean education for native speakers of Korean is concerned, collocations are not something to be memorized. Rather, they are something to think about. Students can improve their thinking skills by thinking about collocations. Especially, taking a diachronic perspective has special merits: It can show students unfamiliar collocations, giving them a chance to have interest in familiar ones. Through this, specific linguistic evidence that shows the realistic change of certain collocations can be collected. It can show some examples that have distinct characteristics of Korean. This paper shows a diachronic change of Korean lexical collocation regarding 'photography' as an example of collocation education. Nowadays in Korea, 'to take a photography' is expressed as ‘sajin jjikda’. However, 100 years ago, ‘sajin bakda’ was a frequently used expression. This expression reflects how Korean speakers then considered photography. This paper proposes a specific way to teach the change of collocation regarding photography, using the frame of a teaching method called 'Group Investigation (GI)'.

이 글은 KBS의 간판 드라마로 장기 흥행했던 <김삿갓 북한 방랑기> 외에 알려지지않은 ‘북한 방랑기’를 미 소장처(Hoover Institution Archives)의 자료를 통해 확인했다. 이 글은 이에 대한 소개와 개관을 겸한다. 먼저 2장에서는 식민지 시기를 이어 해방직후인 1946년 영화 <똘똘이의 모험>에서 대중적 아동 캐릭터로 자리 잡은 똘똘이의‘북한 방랑기’가 처음으로 다뤄진다. 첫 국제적 열전/내전의 현장이던 한국전쟁은, 양진영을 대리한 치열한 심리전장으로 화했다. 이 과정에서 뉴스형 전단이 재고안되었는데, 한국어판과 중국어판이 동시 발행된 『주간신보 자유세계(Free world Weekly Digest)』가 그것이었다. 1951년 10월 19일 참전한 중국(인민지원)군을 주 타깃으로 했던 중국어판의 ｢아명 유랑기(阿明流浪記)｣와 함께 ｢똘똘이｣라는 제하의 ‘북한 방랑기’가바로 이 한국어판의 지면을 장식했다. 이는 똘똘이의 모험+반공 서사에 유랑+반공을덧입히는 지역적 냉전 서사의 출현이기도 했다. 3장은 5분 방송극의 새 차원을 열었다고 흔히 평가되는 <김삿갓 북한 방랑기>에 앞서 전파 냉전의 한 축을 담당했던 ‘유엔군 총사령부의 소리(Voice of United Nations Command/ VUNC)’에서 방송된 <김 선생(Teacher Kim)>의 존재를 되짚고 있다. 현대판 봉이 김선달이라 할 ‘김 선생’을 통해 북한 꼭두각시들의 위선과 모순을 꼬집고 조롱하는 15분가량의 라디오 방송극이었다. 심리전단과 전파 속 ‘북한 방랑기’를 거쳐 1964 년 <김삿갓 북한 방랑기>가 구체화될 수 있었음을 이 글의 2장과 3장은 드러내준다. 이 같은 전사(前史)는 <김삿갓 북한 방랑기>가 심리전의 자장에서 결코 자유롭지 못했던 이유의 일단을 말해주기에 충분하다. 이 글은 한국전쟁 직전 월남(귀순)자들이 유포한 기존 (유사) 체험담의 레퍼토리가 ‘북한 방랑기’로 변주되었음을 논하는 한편, ‘김삿갓 북한 방랑기’가 대중 심리전의 차원에서 멀티미디어화되었음을 아울러 지적했다. 전선과 전시뿐만 아니라 평시와 일상의 삶마저 심리전(장)화했던 우리 안의 냉전이 ‘북한 방랑기’라는 특정 산물과 계열을 정초했음을 이 글은 비판적으로 문제 삼고있다 하겠다.

이 글은 상상의 제국의 개념을 통해 근대 중국을 보는 통시적 시각을 모색하는 것이다. 서구 중심의 세계질서 속에 편입된 근대 중국은 청 제국의 판도를 통합하여 일체화된 통일국가를 만들려고 했는데, 이는 종래에 존재하지 않았던 국가 개념이다. 한족 국가의 측면에서 보면 그 판도를 초월한 광대한 제국이 되고, 전통 제국의 측면에서 보면 제 민족과 지역으로 분리되어 있던 내부가 일체화된 통일국가가 된다. 이러한 국가는 청 제국에서 한족 국가로 분리되는 것이 아니라, 청 제국의 판도를 계승하려 한 한족 엘리트들이 서구 민족국가의 방식으로 근대 중국을 재건하는 과정에서 탄생한 개념이었다. 이는 중국 역사 속에 실재했거나 타국의 모델 사례가 있는 게 아니며, 청 제국의 천하 서사와 서구 민족국가의 서사가 결합되어 주창된 상상의 제국이라고 할 수 있다. 상상의 제국으로서 근대 중국은 현실 속의 국가라기보다는 앞으로 건설해야 할 국가의 비전에 가깝다.

This article seeks a diachronic perspective of modern China through the concept of Imagined Empire. Modern China, which was incorporated into the western-centered world order, tried to create a unified nation by integrating the dominance of the Qing empire, which is a national concept that did not exist in the past. In terms of the Han Chinese nation, it becomes a vast empire that transcends its dominance, and in terms of the traditional empire, it becomes a unified nation that has been separated into nations and regions. This state was not a separation from the Qing Empire to the Han Chinese state, but a concept born in the process of rebuilding modern China in the way of the Western nation state by the Han elites who succeeded the dominance of the Qing empire. This is not a real or model case in Chinese history, but an Imagined Empire advocated by combining the narrative of the Qing Empire`s Tianxia and the narrative of the Western nation state. As an Imagined Empire, modern China is more like a vision of a nation to be built in the future than a nation in reality.

본 연구에서는 중국의 언어학적 번역연구의 흐름을 통시적으로 분석하여 언어학적 접근 방식의 학술적인 가치를 재조명하고자 한다. 이를 위해 먼저 언어학적 번역연구의 분류틀을 제시하고 이에 따라 『中国翻译』, 『上海翻译』, 『中国科技翻译』 3개 학술지의 창간호부터 2023년 2월까지 게재된 논문을 대상으로 언어학적 번역연구 관련 논문을 모두 추출한다. 최종 선별된 논문을 대상으로 게재량 추이 분석, 키워드 분석, 피인용 분석을 진행한다. 1) 게재량 추이 분석은 4년 간격으로 하되, 연도별로 전체 논문과 소분류별 논문 게재량을 정리한 후 게재량의 변화 추이를 살핀다. 2) CiteSpace의 키워드 분석 기능을 활용하여 분류별로 출현빈도가 높은 키워드와 키워드 공현 현황을 파악한다. 3) 마지막으로 CNKI에서 제공한 피인용 정보를 활용해서 언어학적 번역연구에서 가장 많이 인용된 20편의 논문을 추린 후, 이들 논문의 내용을 분석한다. 본 연구는 실제 연구 문헌을 바탕으로 양적분석을 통해 중국의 언어학적 번역연구 흐름을 통시적으로 정리했다는 데 의미가 있다.

Hyerim Kim (2023). Linguistic translation studies in China as examined from a diachronic perspective. The purpose of this study is to re-examine the academic value of a linguistic approach through a diachronic analysis of trends in China’s linguistic translation studies. To this end, the study first presents the classification frame of linguistic translation studies, then compiles existing studies on linguistic translation studies among those published in three Chinese journals, i.e. Chinese Translators Journal, Shanghai Journal of Translators, and Chinese Science & Technology Translators Journal, from their first issues up to February 2023. It then conducts a trend analysis of publication volume, keyword analysis, and citation analysis of the finally-selected papers: i) trends in publication volume is analyzed every four years to examine changes in the publication volume after adding up the total number of papers by year and the publication volume by sub-classification; ii) using the keyword analysis function of CiteSpace, keywords and co-occurrence of keywords that frequently appear by classification are identified; and iii) employing citation information provided by China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), a private publisher in China, the 20 most frequently-cited papers on linguistic translation studies are selected for their content analysis. This study is significant for examining trends in China’s linguistic translation studies from a diachronic perspective through the quantitative analysis of actually published research literature. (Ewha Womans University, Korea)

이 연구는 통시적 관점에서 품사 통용을 해석하려는 것이다. 이전 연구들에서는 품사 통용을 문법화와 역문법화로 해석하였는데, 이는 두 품사 통용에 한한 것이다. 여기서는 세 품사 이상 통용되는 단어들에서 확인되는 통시적 변화 양상을 살펴본다. 세 품사 이상 통용되는 단어들에서의 통시적 변화 양상을 추론하기 위해서는 문법화와 역문법화뿐만 아니라 이 둘의 혼합형까지 고려해야 하며, 나아가 분화의 가능성도 열어 두어야 한다. 먼저 세 품사 통용부터 살피면, 그 유형에는 ‘수사-관형사-명사’ 통용, ‘명사-수사-관형사’ 통용, ‘명사-부사-감탄사’ 통용, ‘명사-부사-관형사’ 통용 등이 있다. 이들에서 확인되는 통시적 변화 양상을 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, ‘수사-관형사-명사’ 통용에는 ‘-째’ 파생어가 포함되며, 이 경우 ‘(수사>관형사)+(명사<관형사)’, ‘명사<수사>관형사’ 등의 변화 양상이 추측된다. 둘째, ‘명사-수사-관형사’ 통용에는 복잡한 수를 나타내는 말이 포함되며, 이 경우 ‘명사>수사>관형사’의 변화 양상이 추측된다. 셋째, ‘명사-부사-감탄사’ 통용에는 ‘바로2’, ‘정말1(正말)’, ‘참1’, ‘참말’ 등이 포함되는데, 이때 ‘바로’는 ‘(명사<부사)+(명사>감탄사)’의 변화 양상으로, ‘정말’, ‘참’, ‘참말’ 등은 ‘명사>부사>감탄사’의 변화 양상으로 설명된다. 넷째, ‘명사-부사-관형사’ 통용에는 ‘비교적’이 유일하며, 이 경우 ‘명사>부사/관형사’의 변화 양상이 추측된다. 한편 네 품사 통용에는 ‘수사-관형사-명사-부사’ 통용, ‘명사-수사-관형사-부사’ 통용 등의 유형이 존재한다. 여기에는 각각 ‘천만1(千萬)’과 ‘만만2(萬萬)’이 포함되며, 이들은 ‘(수사>관형사)+(명사<관형사)+(명사>부사)’ 혹은 ‘(명사<수사>관형사)+(명사>부사)’ 등의 변화 양상을 겪었을 것으로 추측된다.

This study is to interpret multi-part-of-speech from a diachronic perspective. Previous studies have interpreted multi-part-of-speech as (de)grammaticalization, but this has been limited to words used as two parts of speech. This study examines diachronic changes observed in words used as three or more parts of speech. In order to infer diachronic changes in words used in three or more parts of speech, it must consider not only grammaticalization and degrammaticalization, but also their mixed forms, and furthermore, the possibility of divergence. First of all, types of words used as three parts of speech includes ‘numeral ? determiner - noun’, ‘noun ? numeral - determiner’, ‘noun ? adverb - interjection’, ‘noun ? adverb - determiner’. First, ‘numeral ? determiner - noun’ includes derivatives of ‘-jjae’. In this case, the change pattern is assumed to be ‘( numeral > determiner ) + ( noun < determiner )’, ‘noun < numeral > determiner’. Second, ‘noun ? numeral - determiner’ includes words expressing complex numbers. In this case, the change pattern is assumed to be ‘noun > numeral > determiner’. Third, ‘noun ? adverb - interjection’ includes ‘ba-ro’, ‘jeong-mal’, ‘cham’, ‘cham-mal’. ‘Ba-ro’ is assumed to follow the change process of ‘( noun < adverb ) + ( noun > interjection )’, and ‘jeong-mal’, ‘cham’, ‘cham-mal’ are assumed to follow the change process of ‘noun > adverb > interjection’. Fourth, ‘noun ? adverb - determiner’ includes only ‘bi-gyo-jeok’. In this case, the change pattern is assumed to be ‘noun > adverb / determiner’. Meanwhile, type of words used as four parts of speech includes ‘numeral ? determiner ? noun - adverb’, ‘noun ? numeral ? determiner - adverb’. this types include ‘cheon-man’, ‘man-man’. Also these two went through the change process of ‘( numeral > determiner ) + ( noun < determiner ) + ( noun > adverb )’, ‘( noun < numeral > determiner ) + ( noun > adverb )’.

이 연구는 통시적 관점에서 품사 통용을 해석하려는 것이다. 이전 연구에서는 통시적 관점의 일환으로써 문법화 현상을 통한 품사 통용의 해석을 시도했다면, 여기서는 역문법화 현상을 중심으로 품사 통용을 해석한다. 2장에서는 품사 통용의 통시적 연구에 대한 성과와 한계를 조명한다. 허원영⋅최대희(2022)에서는 문법화를 통해 품사 통용의 통시적 해석을 시도했다. 그 주된 논의는 문법성의 정도에 따라 품사의 위계를 나누고, 품사 통용의 원인을 “문법화에 놓인 단어의 탈범주화”로 설명하는 것이다. 물론 허원영⋅최대희(2022)에서는 품사 통용의 모든 사례를 문법화로 설명할 수 없다는 사실도 언급한다. 아울러 ‘부사-대명사’ 통용어 ‘언제’, ‘수사-명사’ 통용어 ‘하나’, ‘조사-부사’ 통용어 ‘보다’를 역문법화에 의한 품사 통용의 사례로 보았다. 이들은 어원, 연속된 단어들과의 관계, 문헌에서의 등장 시기라는 세 가지 근거를 통해 역문법화가 증명된다. 3장에서는 역문법화에 의한 품사 통용의 사례들을 구체적으로 기술한다. 역문법화에 의한 품사 통용의 사례로는 ‘부사-대명사’ 통용어 ‘언제’, ‘수사-명사’ 통용어 ‘하나’, ‘조사-부사’ 통용어 ‘보다’가 있다. 우선 ‘부사-대명사’ 통용어 ‘언제’는 그 어원을 따짐으로써 역문법화를 증명할 수 있다. ‘언제’는 ‘어느 + 적 + -의’의 구성이 한 단어로 준 것이다. 이때의 ‘-의’는 부사격조사이므로 ‘언제’의 기본 품사는 부사이다. 즉 대명사 ‘언제’는 부사 ‘언제’가 역문법화된 것이다. 또한 ‘수사-명사’ 통용어 ‘하나’는 연속된 단어들과의 관계 속에서 역문법화를 증명할 수 있다. ‘하나’의 경우 ‘하나, 둘, 셋, 넷, …’의 연속적인 양수사 관계를 갖는다. 이때 같은 양수사인 ‘둘, 셋, 넷, …’ 등은 모두 명사로 쓰이지 않는다. 이들의 연속적인 관계를 고려한다면, ‘하나’의 기본 품사는 ‘수사’로 봐야 한다. 즉 명사 ‘하나’는 수사 ‘하나’가 역문법화된 것이다. 한편 ‘조사-부사’ 통용어 ‘보다’는 문헌에서의 등장 시기로 역문법화를 증명할 수 있다. ‘보다’는 18세기 문헌에서부터 조사로 쓰이기 시작하는데, 부사의 쓰임새는 20세기에 와서야 확인된다. 이는 ‘보다’의 기본 품사를 조사로 봐야 하는 근거이다. 즉 부사 ‘보다’는 조사 ‘보다’가 역문법화된 것이다.

This study is to interpret multi-part-of-speech from a diachronic perspective. In previous study attempted to interpret multi-part-of-speech through grammaticalization as part of a diachronic perspective. On the other hand, in this study, multi-part-of-speech is interpreted focusing on the degrammaticalization. In chapter 2, reviews the achievements and limitations of diachronic research on multi-part-of-speech. Heo, Won-young?Choi, Dae-hee(2022) attempted a diachronic study of multi-part-of-speech through grammaticalization. The main discussion is to classify part-of-speech according to the grammatical level, and explain the cause of multi-part-of-speech as “decategorialization of grammaticalized words.”. Of course, Heo, Won-young?Choi, Dae-hee(2022) also mentions that all cases of multi-part-of-speech can not be explained by grammaticalization. In addition, the three cases of ‘eon-je’ in ‘adverb-pronoun’, ‘ha-na’ in ‘numerals-noun’ and ‘bo-da’ in ‘postposition-adverb’ are considered to be due to degrammaticalization. These three cases prove degrammaticalization through three grounds: etymology, relationship to a series of words and time of appearance in the literature. In chapter 3, Describe the cases of multi-part-of-speech by degrammaticalization in detail. Examples of multi-part-of-speech by degrammaticalization include ‘eon-je’ in ‘adverb-pronoun’, ‘ha-na’ in ‘numerals-noun’ and ‘bo-da’ in ‘postposition-adverb’. First of all, It is confirmed that ‘eon-je’ in ‘adverb-pronoun’ is due to degrammaticalization through the etymology. ‘eon-je’ is the composition of ‘eoneu + jeok + -ui’ reduced to a single word. At this time, ‘-ui’ is an adverbial postposition, so it is natural to see the basic part-of-speech of ‘eon-je’ as an adverb. As a result, ‘eon-je’ of a pronoun is the degrammaticalization of an adverb. Also, it is confirmed that ‘ha-na’ in ‘numerals-noun’ is due to degrammaticalization through the relationship with series of words. ‘ha-na’ has a continuous numerals relationship ‘ha-na, dul, set, net, …’. At this time, ‘dul, set, net, …’ are all used only as numerals. Considering their continuous relationship, It is reasonable to view the basic part-of-speech of ‘ha-na’ as a numerals. As a result, ‘ha-na’ of a noun is the degrammaticalization of a numerals. On the other hands, it is confirmed that ‘bo-da’ in ‘postposition-adverb’ is due to degrammaticalization through the time of its appearance in the literature. ‘bo-da’ began to be used as a postposition from the 18th century literature, but the use of the adverb was confirmed in the 20th century. This is the basis for considering the basic part-of-speech of ‘bo-da’ as a postposition. As a result, ‘bo-da’ of an adverb is the degrammaticalization of a postposition.

이 연구는 통시적 관점에서 품사 통용을 해석하려는 것이다. 이때 통시적 관점의 해석이라는 것은 언어 변화의 과정 혹은 결과의 추론을 말한다. 여기서는 언어 변화 이론 중 문법화론에 입각하여 품사 통용을 해석한다. 2장에서는 품사 통용의 앞선 연구들을 검토한다. 품사 통용은 한 단어에 둘 이상의 품사가 포함되는 현상이다. 기존의 논의에서는 해당 현상을 공시적으로 기술하고, [-방향성]의 개념으로 정의한다. 다만 품사 통용은 현상에 대한 해석 자체를 유보하는 것이므로, 이를 [-방향성]이라 정의하는 것은 문제이다. 또한 품사 통용은 주로 품사 분류에서 비롯된다고 여겨지는데, 이 역시 공시적인 해석이다. 품사 통용에 해당하는 대다수의 유형에서는 통시적 변화가 확인된다. 결국 품사 통용은 [+방향성]으로도 설명될 수 있는 것이다. 이에 따라 품사 통용은 기존의 공시적 해석뿐만 아니라 통시적 관점에서의 해석도 필요하다. 3장에서는 문법화에 의한 품사 통용을 기술한다. 통시적 변화는 다양한 유형의 이론들로 설명되지만, 품사 통용과 관련해서는 문법화가 참고된다. 이때 문법화란 덜 문법적인 것이 더 문법적인 것으로 변화하는 현상을 뜻한다. 문법화에서는 의미, 음운, 범주 세 영역의 변화가 단일방향적으로 나타나는데, 특히 품사 통용은 범주의 문법화와 관련된다. 국어의 품사 범주는 그 문법성의 정도에 따라 ‘명사/동사/형용사 > 대명사/수사 > 부사 > 관형사 > 감탄사 > 조사’의 경로로 문법화된다. 이처럼 문법화 과정에서 품사 범주가 이동하는 현상을 탈범주화라고 한다. 즉 품사 통용은 문법화 과정에 놓인 단어가 탈범주화되면서 발생하는 것이다. 물론 품사 통용의 모든 유형을 문법화로 설명할 수 있는 것은 아니다. 더불어 같은 유형 내에서도 문법화로 설명되는 경우가 있는가 하면, 그렇지 않은 경우도 있다. 이에 따라 본문에서는 문법화에 의한 품사 통용의 사례들만을 분류하여 제시한다.

This study is to interpret Multi-part-of-speech from a diachronic perspective. In this case, the interpretation of the diachronic perspective refers to the inference of the process or result of language change. Here, Multi-part-of-speech is interpreted based on the grammaticalization theory among the language change theories. In Chapter 2, Reviews the previous studies of Multi-part-of-speech. Multi-part-of-speech is a phenomenon in which more than one part-of-speech is included in one word. In the existing discussion, the phenomenon is described synchrony and defined as the concept of [-directionality]. However, since Multi-part-of-speech is withholding the interpretation of the phenomenon itself, defining it as [-directionality] is problematic. Also, it is believed that Multi-part-of-speech is mainly derived from part-of-speech classification, which is also a synchrony interpretation. In most types corresponding to Multi-part-of-speech, diachronic change is confirmed. After all, Multi-part-of-speech can also be described as [+directionality]. Accordingly, Multi-part-of-speech requires an interpretation from a diachronic perspective as well as the existing synchrony interpretation. In Chapter 3, Multi-part-of-speech was described by grammaticalization. Although diachronic change is explained by various types of theories, grammaticalization is referenced in relation to Multi-part-of-speech. In this case, grammaticalization refers to a phenomenon in which a less grammatical thing is transformed into a more grammatical one. In grammaticalization, changes in the three domains of meaning, phonology, and category appear in a single direction. In particular, Multi-part-of-speech is related to the grammaticalization of categories. The part-of-speech category of the Korean language is grammaticalized according to the grammatical level in the following way : ‘noun/verb/adjective > pronoun/numerals > adverb > determiner > interjection > postposition’. In this way, the movement of the parts-of-speech category in the process of grammaticalization is called decategorialization. That is, Multi-part-of-speech occurs as the word placed in the grammaticalization process is decategorialization. Of course, not all types of Multi-part-of-speech can be explained by grammaticalization. In addition, even within the same type, there are cases where it is explained by grammaticalization, and there are cases where it is not. Accordingly, in the text, cases of Multi-part-of-speech by grammaticalization are classified and organized.