Earticle

This paper discusses an optimal burn-in procedure to minimize total costs based on the assumption that the failure rate pattern follows a bimodal mixed Weibull distribution. The procedure will consider warranty period as a factor of the total expected bum-in cost. A cost model is formulated to find the optimal burn-in time that minimizes the expected burn-in cost. Conditional reliability for warranty period will be discussed. An illustrative example is included to show how to use the cost model in practice.

This paper discusses an optimal burn-in procedure to minimize total costs based on the assumption that the failure rate pattern follows a bimodal mixed Weibull distribution. The procedure will consider warranty period as a factor of the total expected burn-in cost. A cost model is formulated to find the optimal burn-in time that minimizes the expected burn-in cost. Conditional reliability for warranty period will be discussed. An illustrative example is included to show how to use the cost model in practice.

Objective To explore and determine the reorganizational changes in the cortical neural circuits associated with pruritis, this study was undertaken to compare the electroencephalography (EEG) changes in burn patients having primary symptoms of chronic itching (pruritis) and their paired healthy subjects. Methods Eight subjects were recruited for this exploratory pilot study: 4 patients with pruritus after burn injury matched by gender and age with 4 healthy subjects. EEG recordings were analyzed for absolute alpha, low beta, high beta, and theta power for both groups. Results The mean age of the burn patients was 41.75 years; while the mean age for the matched healthy subjects was 41.5 years. All subjects were male. A decreased alpha activity was observed in the occipital channels (0.82 vs. 1.4; p=0.01) and a decreased low beta activity in the frontal area (0.22 vs. 0.4; p=0.049) in eyes closed conditions. An overall decreased theta trend was observed in both the eyes open and eyes closed conditions in burn patients, compared to healthy individuals.Conclusion This preliminary study presents initial evidence that chronic pruritus in burn subjects may be associated with brain reorganizational changes at the cortical level characterized by an EEG pattern.

Background/Objectives: The fire related injuries such as burns are one of the main problems of the community. It is because of the insufficient ideas in wound healing and lack of financial capabilities resulting into self-medication. Methods/Statistical analysis: In this study, the researchers will prepare an ointment from milkfish skin and scale added to soft paraffin in 70 C until it congeals. The milkfish is known having high content of riboflavin and vitamin B complex that is a big impact to fasten the first-degree burn healing process. The milkfish skin and scales are also to be extracted using Gamma Irradiation as a manner of sterilization and for preservation of collagen and vitamin B content. The experimental rats will be induced of burn wounds by 5 seconds in the back part using cylindrical heat steel to be associated in 100C boiling water which will be treated with the prepared ointment. The epithelialization times, wound contraction and histological examination will be observed and the data recorded is to be analyzed using one-way ANOVA and repeated measures. Findings: This study deals with scientific experimentation to identify the potential of Milkfish skin and scale in wound healing. Improvements/Applications: If proven effective, it may be utilized as an alternative wound healing agent.

Fire-induced hydrophobic soil layers inhibit rainfall infiltration, increase surface runoff, and contribute to soil erosion and secondary disasters such as landslides. Understanding the spatiotemporal patterns of soil water repellency after wildfires is crucial. This study analyzed temporal changes in soil water repellency according to wildfire burn severity (severe, moderate, low) and slope steepness (steep, moderate, gentle) in wildfire-affected forests in South Korea (Yeongdeok, Uljin, and Hapcheon) between 2022 and 2023. Soil water repellency was assessed immediately after the fire and at 6, 12, and 24 months using the Molarity of Ethanol Droplet (MED) method, with measurements taken at 1-cm intervals down to 5 cm soil depth. Higher wildfire burn severity and steeper topography formed strong water-repellent layers (MED ≥5) down to 5 cm depth. In the Yeongdeok forest, strong repellency at the 0–1 cm depth was observed, representing 66% in severely burned moderately sloped and moderately burned gently sloped sites, and 100% in moderately burned steeply sloped sites, but fully recovered to hydrophilic soils by 12 months. In the Uljin forest, soil water repellency persisted down to 4 cm depth at 12 months but largely disappeared by 24 months. In the Hapcheon forest, hydrophobic soil characteristics extended to 5 cm soil depth and persisted at 2–4 cm depths even after 24 months in severely burned areas.

Burn is one of the serious injuries for all age groups however the younger the age is, the seriousness of the damage is larger. Children are vulnerable to burn injuries however the current Korean fire prevention content and education curriculum for children do not have specific burn prevention content. This paper is to examine the Learn Not To Burn (LNTB) program at the National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) in the United States and aims to extract implications towards the burn prevention program for children in Korea. In order to do so, we investigated the LNTB contents, compositions from LNTB textbooks, and LNTB teaching materials. Further, the development and operational process to maintain the LNTB content and the rollout process are also investigated. We also investigated the burn-related content and curriculum of the fire prevention from an elementary school in Korea. We extracted the implications from the LNTB program and described the need for burn prevention education for young children in Korea. Finally, we made suggestions for creating the LNTB program in Korea by collaborating with stakeholders for young children.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of quality of life in burn patients. The predictors of quality of life were the subject's characteristics(marriage, income, burn size, burn site, pain and functional limitation) and personal resources(self esteem and social support). Method: 96 burn subjects who were hospitalized participated in the study. The data analysed was with descriptive analysis, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression. Result: Burn patients who had a spouse and had higher levels of income, with smaller size of burn, no arm burn, with lower levels of pain and functional limitation, plus higher levels of self esteem and social support reported higher levels of quality of life(R2=0.5229). Conclusion: Based on the finding of this study, development of nursing intervention programs including reduction of pain and functional limitation, enhancing self esteem and social support can be suggested.

본 연구의 목적은 화상환자의 외상 경험과 외상 극복 과정에서 나타난 극복 요인과 결과를 심층 탐색하여, 화상환자의 외상 극복 경험에 대한 실체이론을 구축하고자 한다. 이를 위해 중증 화상에 속하는 화상 정도 3도 이상, 체포면적 20% 이상, 화상 후 2년 이상 외상 극복 과정을 경험한 대상 9명을 심층 면접하였고, Strauss와 Corbin(2001)이 제시한 근거이론 연구방법을 적용하여 면접 내용을 분석하였다. 분석 결과 개방코딩으로 126개의 개념이 생성되었고, 개념을 추상화하여 53개의 하위범주를 얻었으며, 최종적으로 19개의 범주가 도출되었다. 주요 연구 결과, 참여자들의 외상 극복 과정은 시간의 흐름에 따라 ‘한계상황 직면단계’, ‘자기 소외단계’, ‘삶의 의지 발현 단계’, ‘한계상황 수용단계’, ‘적극적 대처 도전단계’, ‘주체적 삶을 위한 자기 확장단계’인 6단계로 도출되었다. 중심현상은 ‘붕괴된 자기인식 속, 삶의 의지 발현’이며, 외상 극복 요인은 ‘내적 자원인 자아탄력성’, ‘삶의 버팀목이 된 가족’, ‘사회적지지 경험’, ‘실질적인 경제적 자원의 위력’이었다. 최종적으로 화상환자의 외상 극복 경험을 통합적으로 설명할 수 있는 핵심범주는 ‘한계상황을 끌어안은 채 주체적 삶을 위해 세상으로 나아가기’로 생성되었다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 화상환자의 외상경험, 외상 극복요인, 외상 극복 결과에 대하여 논의하였고, 제한점과 향후 연구를 위한 제언을 하였다.

The purpose of this study is to construct an actual theory of traumatic experience of burned patients by comprehensive exploration of overcoming factors and results in trauma experience and trauma coping process of burn patients. To this end, we conducted in-depth interviews of nine subjects who had more than 3 degrees of burns, 20% or more arrest area, and 2 or more years of trauma after burn. We, then, analyzed the interview using the theory suggested by Strauss and Corbin (2001). The analysis produced 126 concepts from open-coding, 53 sub-categories from abstracting the concept, and finally 19 categories were derived. The main findings of the study suggest that the process of overcoming traumas is divided into six phases over time: confrontation of the limit situation, self-alienation, manifestation of the will of life, acceptance of the limit situation, aggressive challenge with an active response, and self-expansion for the subjective life. The central phenomenon was the expression of the will of life in disintegrated self-awareness. And factors of overcoming trauma were the ‘self-resilience of internal resources’, ‘family that supports life’, ‘social support experience’ and ‘power of actual economic resources’. Finally, a key category that can collectively describe the experience of overcoming trauma of burn patients was created as ‘moving into the world for subjective life while embracing limitations’. Based on this result of this study, we discussed the trauma experience, trauma coping factors, and trauma coping results of burn patients, and suggested limitations and future research.

Purpose: This study was done to evaluate the effects of a recreation therapy program on burn rehabilitation patients to determine if the program is an effective nursing intervention which can affect mental health problems and heart rate variability. Methods: Subjects were 54 hospitalized burn rehabilitation patients (25 in the control group, 29 in the experimental group). The experimental group participated 6 times in a recreation therapy program led by a qualified instructor. Brief symptoms inventory-18 (somatization, anxiety, depression) questionnaire, and heart rate variability were checked before and after the recreation therapy program. Results: The mental health scale showed significant differences in somatization (p<.001), anxiety (p<.001) and depression (p<.001). There was no significant difference in heart rate variability (autonomic activity, autonomic balance, stress resistance, stress parameter and fatigue, mean heart rate, electro-cardiac stability). Conclusion: The findings from this study suggest that a recreation therapy program is an effective nursing intervention to decrease the level of mental health problems of burn rehabilitation patients. However, a subsequent study is needed to develop an intervention program that will induce the effect of physiological parameters like heart rate variability (HRV).

외상후스트레스장애를 가진 화상환아들을 대상으로 그림이야기(Draw a Story: DAS) 검사의 반응특성을 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해서 소아외상후스트레스장애(Child Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: CPTSD), 소아우울(Children’s Depression Inventory: CDI)와 DAS검사를 시행하였고, 외상후스트레스장애가 있는 환아의 자극이미지 선택과 DAS 구성(정서내용, 자기상)에서 어떠한 특이성이 있는지를 살펴보았다. 서울 H화상전문병원에 입원한 만 7세에서 만 12세 사이의 소아화상환자 35명을 대상으로 하였고 수집된 검사자료는 SPSS 18.0 통계프로그램을 이용하여 분석하였다. 첫째, CPTSD와 CDI 점수 간에는 유의한 정적(positive) 상관관계(r=.706, p<.001)를 보였다. 둘째, CPTSD와 DAS의 자기상(r=-.516, p<.01)과 정서내용(r=-.691, p<.001) 점수 간에는 모두 부적(negative) 상관관계를 보였다. 셋째, 외상후스트레스장애가 있는 환아와 그렇지 않은 환아에서 자극이미지 선택에 차이가 있었다. 넷째, 외상후스트레스장애가 있는 환아에서 성별에 따른 자기상의 선택에 차이가 있었다. 이상의 결과로 CPTSD 유무에 따라 DAS의 정서내용, 자기상 및 자극이미지에 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the reaction characteristics of the DAS test for children with post - traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD). For this purpose, CPTSD, Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), and DAS tests were performed. We examined the characteristics of stimulus image selection and DAS composition (emotional content, self-image) of children with PTSD. The subjects were thirty-five patients with pediatric burns between the ages of 7 and 12 years old who were admitted to Seoul H Imaging Hospital, and the collected data were analyzed using the SPSS 18.0 statistical program. First, there was a significant positive correlation between CPTSD and CDI scores (r = .706, p <.001). Second, there was a negative correlation between self-image (r = -. 516, p <.01) and emotional content (r = -. 691, p <.001) scores of CPTSD and DAS. Third, there was a difference in stimulus image selection of DAS in children with and without PTSD. Fourth, there was a difference in the self-image and stimulus image selection according to sex in CPTSD. As a result, it was found that there was a difference in the emotional content, self-image, and stimulation image of DAS depending on the presence or absence of CPTSD.

본 연구는 학교현장에서 근무하는 사회복지사들을 대상으로 이들의 소진정도와 소진에 영향을 미치는 위험요인과 보호요인을 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 서울, 부산, 대구, 경기, 전북 지역의 초․중․고등학교와 교육청에 근무하는 사회복지사 365명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였고 이 중 354부를 최종 자료분석에 활용하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS WIN 18.0 프로그램을 이용하여 빈도분석과 다중응답분석, 독립표본 t검정, 분산분석, 상관관계분석, 위계적 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 전체 소진과 소진 보호요인 수준은 양호한 것으로 나타났으나 소진 위험요인은 다른 현장에 비해 높은 수준인 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 학교현장에서 근무하는 사회복지사들의 소진에 미치는 주요 위험요인은 과업스트레스와 개인스트레스였고 소진에 미치는 주요 보호요인은 전문적 역량, 일에 대한 가치와 신념 및 개인적 자원인 것으로 나타났다. 이에 이러한 연구결과에 기초하여 학교 내 사회복지사의 소진을 예방하기 위해 확인된 위험요인을 감소시키고 보호요인을 증가시키는 개입방법을 고려할 필요가 있다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the risk factors and protective factors that contribute to the burn-out of social workers in schools. For these purposes, surveys were conducted 365 social workers from the elementary, middle, high schools and education offices in Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Gyeonggi, Jeonbuk province and was used to complete survey responses for the final analysis from 354 social workers in schools. The collected data were analyzed by a statistical package SPSS WIN 18.0, and frequency analysis, multiple response analysis, t-test, ANOVA, correlation analysis and hierarchical regression analysis were utilized. As a result of this study, First, social workers showed higher levels of burn-out risk in comparison with to the other practice settings but showed good levels of burn-out and burn-out risk. Second, risk factors are to affect burn-out of social workers in schools were confirmed the task stress, personal stress and protective factors of burn-out social workers in schools were confirmed the values and beliefs of work and personal resources for professional competence. Finally, based on these results, so to decrease the levels of burn-out of social workers in schools it must be considered how to intervene for decrease of the levels of risk factors and increase of the levels protective factors of social workers in schools.

Burn-in is a test procedure to find and eliminate the inherent initial failure of a product during or at the final stage of production process. Software testing is the validation and verification process which is used to cut off the faults from a software. The two have the common function and objective of "debugging". This article summarizes some significant models on the optimal hardware and software burn-in time, and provides the relevant paper lists. The need for the development of the unified burn-in policy of a hardware-software system is addressed.addressed.

ackgrounds: Burn of children and adolescents is an accident due to careless protector in many case. All the pediatric burns are preventable. We investigated the characteristics of pediatric burns. Such data can propose proper health educational program designs to suit the community. Purpose: This study aims to analyse the characteristics of pediatric burn patients and to discusses a possible prevention program for this population. Methods: The subjects were 77 patients reviewed burn injury in pediatric under 15 years old. Data were burn center of the B General Hospital from January 1 to December 31 2009 and a retrospective epidemiological study was collecting medical records. Results: seventy-seven children and adolescents with burn were admission treated for Burns and they were 54.5% boys and 45.5% girls. An incidence of age group with pediatric burn was less than one year of age(46.8%), 2-3 year(27.3%), 4∼7year(10.4%), over 8 years old(15.6). Length of stay hospitalization was 1∼2 week(32.9%) highest percentage and second-degree deep burns were 41.6% the highest percentage. Divided by the age of about 3, length of stay, ICU status, time of injury onset, cause, indication, place of accident, treatment, degree, region of burns had a statistically significant difference. Conclusion: Less than one year of age was the highest percentage. Divided by the age of about 3, Characteristics and factors affecting the range of burn were significant. Education and guide are necessary to reduce incidence of pediatric burns.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Block and burn®, a 4:1 mixture of Phaseolus vulgaris and Garcinia cambogia extracts, in reducing body weight, as the main outcome measure. Secondary measures of the study were body composition change in overweight human subjects. A randomized, double-blinded, placebocontrolled study was conducted on 52 pre-selected, slightly overweight volunteers, whose weight had been essentially stable for at least 2 weeks, The volunteers were divided into two groups, homogeneous for age, gender, and body weight. The test product (1.2 g) containing Phaseolus vulgaris (200 mg) and Garcinia cambogia (50 mg) and the placebo (1.2 g) were taken 6 tablets per day for 56 consecutive days, respectively. Each subject's body weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat, body fat ratio, and waist hip ratio (WHR) were measured. After 56 days (8 weeks), subjects receiving Block and burn ® had significantly greater reduction of body weight. Moreover, a significant changes of the BMI, body fat, and body fat ratio were observed in the test group compared to placebo. However, WHR was not statistically different between groups. These results indicated that Block and burn® produced significant decrements in body weight and suggested decrements in fat mass in the face of maintained lean body mass.

본 연구는 청소년 유도선수의 과훈련인식, 운동스트레스, 운동탈진의 관계를 규명하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 검증 하기 위해 2022년 3월 전국규모의 경기에 출전하고 있는 전국의 만 13세 이상~만 19세 이하 청소년 유도 선수를 모집단 으로 선정 후 편의표본추출법을 이용하여 총 400부의 설문지를 배포하였으며, 회수 된 자료 360부를 실제 분석에 사용하 였다. 따라서 개별 입력된 자료는 IBMSPSS 24.0 Ver을 이용하여 단순빈도ㆍ신뢰도ㆍ요인ㆍ 상관ㆍ 다중회귀 분석 등 의 통계기법을 이용하여 검증하였다. 첫째, 청소년 유도선수의 과훈련인식은 운동스트레스 전체에 정(+)적으로 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 청소년 유도선수의 과훈련인식은 운동탈진 전체에 정(+)적으로 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 청소년 유도선수의 지도자스트레스는 개인적성취도, 여가스트레스는 비인격화에 정(+)적으로 영향을 미쳤다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between overtraining recognition, exercise stress, and exercise burnout among adolescent judo athletes. To verify this, in March 2022, a total of 400 questionnaires were distributed using the convenience sampling method after selecting adolescent judo athletes aged 13 to 19 across the country as the population, and 360 copies of the recovered data were used for actual analysis. Therefore, the individually input data were verified using statistical techniques such as simple frequency, reliability, factor, correlation, and multiple regression analysis using IBMSPSS 24.0 Ver. First, the overtraining recognition of adolescent judo athletes had a positive (+) effect on the overall exercise stress (leader, training, leisure, career stress). Second, the overtraining recognition of adolescent judo athletes had a positive (+) effect on the overall exercise burnout Third, leader stress of adolescent judo athletes had a positive (+) effect on personal achievement and leisure stress on impersonalization.

본 연구는 소아화상환자의 통증색과 통증완화색을 조사하고 선호색과의 연관성을 알아보는데 목적이 있으며 이를 위해 일반아동과의 차이를 비교하였다. 이는 소아화상환자 대상 미술치료프로그램의 활용에 있어 기초자료로 제시하고자 함이다. 총 120명을 대상으로 하였고 S시 일개 화상전문병원에 입원한 8세 이상의 환아 60명과 W시 일개 학원에 수강중인 8세 이상의 일반아동 60명을 대상으로 비교연구 하였다. 두 그룹 모두에서 신체이미지 도안이 그려져 있는 설문지 한 장과 12색의 색연필이 제시되었다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 소아화상환자가 느끼는 통증 색으로는 빨강, 갈색 순이었고 통증을 완화 시켜줄 것 같은 색으로는 살구, 파랑, 노랑 순이었으며 선호색이 통증완화색과 일치하는 환아는 25명 그리고 선호색과 일치하지 않는 환아는 35명이었다. 일반아동은 통증색으로는 빨강, 검정, 파랑, 보라, 갈색, 주황 순이었고 통증완화색으로는 초록, 파랑, 하양, 노랑 순이었으며 선호색이 통증완화색과 일치하는 아동은 10명 그리고 선호색과 일치하지 않는 아동은 50명이었다. 두 그룹의 통증색은 빨강이 동일하게 가장 높게 나타났으며, 통증완화색은 상이 하게 나타났다. 그리고 두 그룹 모두 선호색이 통증을 완화시켜 주는 색은 아니었다.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between pain color, pain relief color and preferred color for pediatric burn patients and general children. The result will provide basic data in the use of art therapy for pediatric burn patients. Sixty hospitalized pediatric burn patients at a burn specialized hospital and 60 children enrolled in an academy, were compared. The 120 children were all over 7 years old. For pediatric burn patients, pain color was red and, brown. Pain relief color was apricot, blue, and, yellow. There were 25 and 35 pediatric burn patients whose pain relief color matched and did not match the preferred color, respectively. For general children, the pain color was red, black, blue, purple, brown, and, orange. Then, pain relief color was green, blue, white, and, yellow. There were 10 and 50 general children whose pain relief color did and did not match the preferred color, respectively. Pain color was red for both groups with equally high percentage. Pain relief colors differed. Also, pain relief color and preferred color did not match for both groups.