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This study attempted to examine people’s perception of companion animals and investigate the factors affecting their intention to have such pets. For this, a questionnaire survey was performed against a total of 182 local residents from the highest and the lowest regions in Busan in terms of the number of companion animals. The collected data were analyzed by frequency analysis, cross-tabulation analysis, chi-squared test and regression analysis, using SPSS 23.0, and the results found the followings: Concerning demographic characteristics, ‘20s’, ‘2-membered household’ and ‘4-membered household’ were the highest in terms of age, type of household with a companion animal and type of household without a companion animal. When asked why they want to have a companion animal, ‘better communication among family members through a pet’ and ‘emotional stability’ were most responded in those with a pet and those without a pet respectively. When asked what kind of problem they have faced after having pet, ‘etiquette during dog walks, destruction of public facilities’ and ‘barking, noise’ were most responded in those with a pet and those without a pet each with statistical significance. When asked what should be done first for happy coexistence with companion animals, ‘improvement in people’s perception’ and ‘more responsibility for having a pet’ were responded in those with a pet and those without a pet respectively with statistically significant difference. When asked what facilities are needed for such happy coexistence, ‘companion animal training & culture center’ was most responded in both those with a pet and those without a pet. In addition, conflict resulting from having a companion animal had a positive influence on intention to having a companion animal and the companion animal training & culture center. This study is meaningful in that the results would be available as basic data needed to provide pet training and facilities and for happy coexistence between the locals and companion animals.

本研究旨在于比较社区居民对于是否饲养宠物的看法, 并确定其意愿的影响因素. 本 研究重点关注釜山市饲养宠物人口最多和最少的两个区域, 针对其182名当地居民进行了调查, 并采用SPSS v23.0统计程序进行了数据分析, 包括频数分析, 交叉分析, x2 检验, 回归分析􀕶 研究结果为如下, 人口统计特征显示, 年龄在20至29岁, 有宠物的二人家庭, 没有宠物的四人 家庭比例最高. 饲养宠物意愿调查研究表明, 养宠物的人群认为, 宠物主人家庭之间的沟通 因素是选择饲养宠物与否的最主要原因; 不养宠物的人群则认为, 情绪稳定因素是选择饲养 宠物与否的最主要原因􀕶此外, 因宠物的问题行为所引起的纠纷调查表明, 养宠物的人群认 为是散步礼节及公共设施的使用, 不养宠物的人群则认为是宠物叫声及噪音水平, 两者都呈 现出了显著差异, 针对与宠物幸福共处的首要任务调查研究表明, 养宠物的人群认为是公民 意识的提高, 不养宠物的人群则认为是对宠物主人责任强化, 两者都呈现出了显著差异. 针对与宠物和谐共存的必要设施调查研究表明, 两个群体都认为是宠物教育文化中心, 因饲养 宠物相关问题而发生的冲突对饲养宠物的意愿和宠物教育文化中心均有积极(+)影响􀕶因此, 本研究的意义在于系统地支持当地居民饲养宠物所需的教育和设施, 并为当地居民与宠物幸 福共处提供基础数据.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the motor skills and the behavior problems of students with intellectual disabilities. The study participants were 117 students with intellectual disabilities who were between 7 and 25 years old (male, n=79; female, n=38) and attending special education schools in South Korea. Motor skill abilities were assessed by using the second version of the Bru-ininks-Oseretsky test of motor proficiency, which includes subtests in fine motor control, manual coordination, body coordination, strength, and agility. Data were analyzed with SPSS IBM 21 by using correlation and regression analyses, and the significance level was set at P<0.05. The results showed that fine motor precision and integration had a sta-tistically significant influence on aggressive behavior. Manual dexterity showed a statistically significant influence on somatic complaint and anxiety/depression, and bilateral coordination had a statistically signifi-cant influence on social problems, attention problem, and aggressive behavior. Our results showed that balance had a statistically significant influence on social problems and aggressive behavior, and speed and agility had a statistically significant influence on social problems and aggressive behavior. Upper limb coordination and strength had a statis-tically significant influence on social problems.

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of Hapkido training on behavior problem (distraction, leaving seat, hyperactivity), body composition, and heart rate in elementary children suspected with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The subjects of the present study was 31, which were classified into 3 groups. One group was performed to Hapkido training with hypogastric breathing, another group was performed to Hapkido training without hypogastric breathing, the other group was not performed to Hapkido training during 8 weeks, respectively. They were suspected ADHD by an evaluation paper for ADHD to two examiners. Two examiners were parents and teacher, respectively. The research result as follows: There was significantly different among groups in ADHD evaluation parent-scales. In other words, Hapkido training with hypogastric breathing groups were significantly decreased in ADHD evaluation points after 8 weeks. There was a propensity to decrease body weight and fat mass in body composition of two Hapkido groups. There was also significantly decrease in heart rate of two Hapkido groups. In other words, Hapkido training with or without hypogastric breathing groups were significantly decreased in heart rates from resting, testing, and ending periods, respectively after 8 weeks. In conclusion, these results present that Hapkido training can improve ADHD behavior, fat mass, and heart rates. Furthermore, we can recognize that Hapkido training method with hypogastric breathing is better than Hapkido training method without hypogastric breathing in ADHD children.

Objective: The purposes of this study were to understand behavior problems of preschoolers and to investigate the relationship between behavior problems and the sensory processing skills. Participants: Parents of preschoolers between ages of 4 and 6 who attended D kindergarten or S nursery school in the national capital region. Method: Parents filled out the questionnaire at home from 12th to 14th of August in 2002. We used SSP (short sensory profile) which was used by Kim, Mi-Sun in 2001 to understand the sensory processing skills. We also used CBCL (child behavior checklist) which was reconstructed by Jung, Yeon-Woo in 2001 to understand behavior problems. The results were analyzed with SAS 6.12. Results: 1. The total incidents in behavior problems were 87 out of 200. And the total incidents in sensory processing were 164 out of 190. Among low-ranking patterns, the mark of overactivity was highest with 21.56 point and the mark of flinching activity was lowest with 13.97 point. 2. There was no significant difference in the gender comparison of sensory processing, but there were significant differences in gender comparison of aggressive behavior and flinching behavior in behavior problems. 3. There was no significant finding in age difference. 4. In correlation between behavior problems and sensory processing skills, as the incidents of hyperactivity rose the incidents of underresponsive/seeks sensation and auditory filtering decreased significantly. In relations, as the incidents of anxiety behavior rose the incidents of underresponsive/seeks sensation and auditory filtering decreased significantly. In relations, as the incidents of flinching behavior rose, incidents of movement sensitiveness, low energy and weakness decreased. In relations, as the children acted aggressively the incidents of sensitiveness, low energy, weakness and auditory filtering decreased. In relations, as children acted immaturely the incidents of sensitiveness, underresponsive/seeks sensation, auditory filtering, low energy and weakness decreased significantly. Conclusions: We hope that the children who have behavior problems with difficulties in sensory processing skills can be distinguished on the basis of this study. And we also hope the development of a study which can present the effectiveness of sensory integrative treatment for the children with behavior problems.

Pearlin 등(1990)은 치매 환자 보호자의 스트레스를 일차적 스트레스와 이로 인한 이차적 스트레스로 구분했으며, 일차적 스트레스를 또 다시 객관적 스트레스요인과 주관적 스트레스 요인으로 구분하였다. 기억 및 행동문제점검-개정판(Revised-Memory and Behavior Problem Checklist: R-MBPC)은 환자 보호자의 객관적 스트레스를, 부담조사(Burden Interview: BI)는 주관적 스트레스를 평가하는 척도이다. 본 연구에서는 두 척도를 한국 상황에 맞게 번안하여, 신뢰도 및 타당도를 검증하였으며, 이를 위해 치매 진단이 확정된 환자의 보호자 128명을 대상으로 하였다. 연구 결과, R-MBPC:빈도 및 반응, BI의 내적 일치도는 .90에서 .93까지 나타났고, 검사-재검사 신뢰도는 .91에서 .97로 양호하였으며, 환자의 인지 기능, 일상생활 기능, 보호자의 정서 등을 측정하는 척도들과의 수렴 타당도 및 변별 타당도도 대체로 우수하였다. 또한 R-MBPC:빈도의 요인분석을 통하여 원논문에서 제시된 3개의 요인 구조와 일치하는 결과를 얻었으나, BI의 경우에는 2개의 요인 구조를 확인하는데 제한점이 있었다. 이와 함께, 환자의 치매 정도에 따라 보호자의 객관적 스트레스와 주관적 스트레스를 분석한 결과, 경도 치매 환자 보호자의 스트레스는 중등도 이상의 치매 환자 보호자의 스트레스와 유의미한 차이가 있었다. 연구 결과 확인된 연구대상의 특성, 문화적 차이 등에 대해 논의하였으며, 본 연구를 기초로 치매 환자 보호자의 스트레스 과정에 대한 포괄적인 평가 모델에 대한 검증이 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각된다.

Primary stressors, core variable in the model of the stress process in dementia patients' caregivers that Pearlin et al.(1990) proposed, are divided into objective stressors and subjective stressors, which are distinct and hypothesized to be differently related to patients and/or caregivers variables. The Revised-Memory and Behavior Problem Checklist(R-MBPC) measures objective stressors and the Burden Interview(BI) evaluates subjective stressors in dementia patients' caregivers. In this study, we translated the R-MBPC and the BI according to the Korean situation and tested the reliability and validity of the two scales. For this, two scales were administered to 128 dementia patients' caregivers. As a result, the internal consistencies of the R-MBPC:Frequency, the R-MBPC:Reaction and the BI were from .90 to .93, and the test-retest reliability were from .91 to .97. In addition, the correlations between the two scales and scales that assess patients' cognitive abilities, daily living abilities, and caregivers' emotions were suitable. Through factor analysis, it was confirmed that the R-MBPC is composed of three factors as presented in the original article, but it was suggested that the two factors of the BI in the original article has limitations in the Korean situation. Lastly, in the analysis for the caregivers' objective and subjective stress according to dementia severity, the significant difference between the mild dementia patient group and the moderate or severe dementia patient group was remarkable. The influence between the caregivers' characteristics and cultural background was discussed, and in the future, a comprehensive model for the stress process in the caregivers of dementia patients should be investigated.

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the effects of intervention using the therapeutic robot, PARO, on the cognition, emotion, problem behavior, and social interaction of elderly people with dementia. Methods: A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. A total of 33 elderly people with dementia living in a nursing home facility participated in the study, with 17 in the experimental group and 16 in the control group. The intervention program with PARO was administered twice a week for 6 weeks, for a total of 12 sessions. Data were collected before and after intervention, using a questionnaire, direct observation, and video recording. Results: There were statistically significant differences in positive emotions and problem behaviors between the groups. The experimental group demonstrated a significant improvement in social interaction. Conclusion: PARO intervention can be utilized as an effective nursing intervention to increase positive emotions and social interaction, as well as decrease problem behaviors, in elderly people with dementia living in nursing home facilities.

This study investigates the longitudinal bidirectional process between interparental conflict and children’s negative emotionality, and examines whether they predict children’s later problem behaviors. The participants were 2,150 children (1,091 boys; 1,059 girls) and their parents who participated in a large longitudinal panel study on Korean families, the Panel Survey on Korean Children of the Korea Institute of Child Care and Education. In this study, data from children aged 0?9 years were included in the analysis, and the bidirectional process between interparental conflict and children’s negative emotionality was explored from 0 to 4 years of age. Statistical analysis was conducted using a non-recursive model within a structural equation modeling framework. Both interparental conflict and children’s negative emotionality positively predicted problem behaviors at nine years of age. However, the bidirectional relationship between interparental conflict and children’s negative emotionality appeared in the opposite direction to the hypothesis at age one and was not significant thereafter. In the Discussion section, suggestions for future studies along with the clinical significance of parental conflict as a target to consider in children’s interventions are addressed.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the construct equivalence of the general five factors of healthbehavior and to compare the latent means between adolescents with a health problem and those without in Korea. Methods: The 2009 KYRBS (Korean Youth Risk Behavior Survey) data were used for the analysis. Multi-groupconfirmatory factor analysis was performed to test whether the scale had configural, metric, and scalar invariancesacross the existence of health problems in adolescents. Results: Configural, metric, and factor invariances weresatisfied for the latent mean analysis (LMA) between adolescents with health problem and those without. Adolescents with health problem and those without were not different in the LMA of all factors. Conclusion: Healthproviders should give more interest to the group of adolescents with health problems and consider prudentialschool life to the same group.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the association among various adolescent prob- lem behaviors in South Korea, focusing on gender differences. Methods: This secondary analysis was conducted using cross-sectional data from the 19th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey, conducted in 2023 which included 52,880 mid- dle and high school students in South Korea. They completed an anonymous self-admin- istered survey regarding problem behaviors (drinking alcohol, smoking, drugs use, and sexual experiences). Data were analyzed using complex-samples chi-square and multiple logistic regression models. Results: Among the 52,880 adolescents, the prevalence rates of alcohol use, smoking, drug use, and sexual experiences were 32.6%, 8.6%, 1.7%, and 6.5%, respectively. Gender differences were observed in alcohol use complex-samples multiple logistic regression models. However, no significant gender difference was found in drug use (p=.250). Four problem behaviors were significantly associated with one other when analyzed as inde- pendent variables (odds ratio [OR], 1.33?10.85). The strongest associations were found between alcohol use and smoking (OR, 10.49?10.85), and between smoking and sexual experiences (OR, 4.91?4.96). Conclusion: This study found significant gender differences in adolescent problem be- haviors, with male adolescents exhibiting higher rates of alcohol use, smoking, and sexu- al experience. Strong associations were observed between alcohol use and smoking, as well as between smoking and sexual experience. These findings suggest the need for in- tegrated intervention strategies that target multiple co-occurring problem behaviors.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the problem drinking status of college students, and to verify the effect of the experience of school violence victimization on the suicidal behavior of college students and the moderating effect of problem drinking in the process Method: In order to achieve the purpose of the study, 338 college students were surveyed online and data of 330 researchers were analyzed. Results: The main results of this study are as follows. First, when examining the problem drinking status of college students, 72.0%(236) of normal drinking group and 28.0% (92) of problem drinking group showed. Second, the experience of school violence victimization had a positively significant effect on suicide behavior. Third, problem drinking, a moderator variable, was found to have a significant positive effect on suicidal behavior. Fourth, it was found that experience of school violence affected the problem drinking in the process of positively affecting suicidal behavior. Based on these results, we suggest practical and policy implications for enhancing suicide problems of college students and improving mental health.

연구목적: 본 연구는 유아교사의 문제행동지도전략에 영향을 미치는 심리적 요인을 이해하기 위해, 유아교사의 문제행동지도 자신감과 그릿 및 소진감이 문제행동지도전략에 어떠한 방식으로 영향을 미치는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 구체적으로 문제행동지도 자신감, 그릿이 문제행동지도전략에 미치는 영향에 대하여 소진감 변인이 조절 및 매개 역할을 하는지 살펴보았다. 연구방법: B지역의 유치원․어린이집 22곳에 근무하는 유아교사 223명을 대상으로 질문지 조사를 실시하였으며, 수집된 자료는 SPSS-WIN 25.0 프로그램을 이용하여 기술통계, Cronbach’s α, 적률상관분석, 위계적 회귀분석을 통해 분석하였다. 연구결과: 첫째, 유아교사의 문제행동지도전략에 대해 문제행동지도 자신감 및 그릿은 정적 상관관계를, 소진감은 부적 상관관계를 보였다. 둘째, 유아교사의 소진감은 문제행동지도 자신감이 문제행동지도전략에 미치는 영향을 조절하였다. 즉, 유아의 문제행동지도 자신감이 문제행동지도전략에 미치는 긍정적 영향력은 소진감이 낮은 경우에만 유의하였다. 마지막으로 유아교사의 그릿이 문제행동지도전략에 미치는 영향은 소진감 변인이 부분 매개하였다. 결론: 유아교사의 문제행동지도 자신감 및 그릿과 같은 심리적 요인은 문제행동지도전략에 긍정적 영향을 미치나, 이러한 영향력은 소진감 변인의 조절 및 매개적 역할을 통해 완화된다. 유아교사의 바람직한 문제행동지도전략 사용을 위해서 이들의 소진감을 줄이기 위한 다각적 노력이 필요함을 시사한다.

Objective: This study attempted to investigate the influence of problem behavior guidance confidence, grit and burnout on problem behavior guidance strategies in order to understand psychological factors that affect problem behavior guidance strategies of early childhood teachers. More specifically, this study investigated mediating and moderating role of burnout in the influence of problem behavior guidance confidence and grit on problem behavior guidance strategies. Methods: Two hundred twenty three early childhood teachers participated in this study. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Cronbach’s α, product moment correlation analysis and hierarchical multiple regression Results: First, problem behavior guidance strategies were significantly and positively correlated with problem behavior guidance confidence and grit, but negatively correlated with burnout. Second, early childhood teachers’ burnout moderated the influence of problem behavior guidance confidence on problem behavior guidance strategies. The positive influence of problem behavior guidance confidence on problem behavior guidance strategies was significant only when the level of burnout were low. Finally, burnout partially mediated the influence of early childhood teachers’ grit on problem behavior guidance strategies. Conclusions: Psychological factors such as problem behavior guidance confidence and grit have positively influenced on early childhood teachers’ problem behavior guidance strategies and this influence was alleviated through moderating and mediating role of burnout. This results suggest that every effort needs to be made to reduce burnout in order for early childhood teachers to use desirable problem behavior guidance strategies.

본 연구는 부모 참여 인지행동 미술치료프로그램이 정서․행동장애 위험군 아동의 문제행동, 사회적 기술및 부모의 양육행동의 긍정적 변화를 알아보고자 하는데 있다. 연구대상은 세 명의 초등생 남아로 K-CBCL에서임상범위에 해당하는 정서․행동 위험군 아동으로 문제행동과 사회적 기술의 부족으로 인해 어려움을 겪고 있는 대상이다. 부모 참여 인지행동 미술치료프로그램을 실시하여 중다 간헐기초선 설계와 사전․사후설계를 병행하여 실시하였으며 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 부모참여 인지행동미술치료 프로그램을 실시하여아동의 내재화 문제행동, 외현화 문제행동에 긍정적 변화가 나타났다. 둘째, 부모와 아동 상호간의 활동을 통해아동의 사회적 기술의 사전․사후 비교 결과 긍정적 변화를 나타내었다. 셋째, 부모교육상담과 부모 참여 인지행동미술치료프로그램에 부모가 직접 참여함으로써 부모의 양육행동에 긍정적 변화가 나타났다. 본 연구결과에의하면 부모 참여 인지행동 미술치료프로그램이 정서․행동장애 위험군 아동의 문제행동, 사회적 기술 및 부모의 양육행동에 긍정적 변화가 있음을 알 수 있다.

This research aimed to investigate the effect of parent participant cognitive behavior art therapy programs on positive change of problem behavior and social skills of emotional-behavioral disorder risk children on parental nurturing behavior. The research target was three elementary school male students, emotional? behavioral risk group children, who belong to the clinical scope of K-CBCL(Korean Child Behavior Checklist), and who were suffering difficulty due to lack of behavioral and social skills. This research combined multiple probe designs and preliminary-post designs by conducting a parent participant cognitive behavior art therapy program, and the research results are as follows. First, positive change appeared in children's internalized problem behavior and externalized problem behavior as a result of conducting the programs. Second, positive change appeared as the result of preliminary-post comparison of children's social skills through parent-child mutual activities. Third, positive change appeared in parental nurturing behavior by letting parents participate directly in parent education counseling the programs. Based on the research results, the programs led to positive changes in problem behavior and social skills of emotional-behavioral disorder risk children, and positive changes in parental nurturing behavior.

본 연구의 목적은 한국의 초등학교에서 실시한 학급차원의 보편적 긍정적 행동지원(Positive Behavior Support; PBS)이 학생들의 문제행동과 학업수행에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 2016년 3월부터 9월까지 D광역시의 한 일반 초등학교에서 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애와 우울증을 지닌 학생을 포함한 총 21명(남: 11명, 여: 10명)으로 구성된 6학년 한 학급을 대상으로 PBS의 1차 지원에 초점을 둔 보편적 PBS를 실시하였으며, 학급 담임은 5년 경력을 지닌 교사로 본 연구의 실행자로 참여하였다. 연구 설계는 단일 대상 연구 설계 중 반전설계를 이용하였으며, 문제행동의 변화는 비디오 촬영 후, 훈련된 관찰자들이 1분 단위로 전체 학생들의 문제행동발생 수를 체크하여 아동 당 평균문제행동 발생률을 계산하여 PBS 전후 비교를 통해 알아보았다. 학업수행결과는 PBS 전후의 학력평가에서 60점 미만의 수행을 보인 학생 수의 비율을 측정하여 알아보았으며, 학생과 학부모에게 사회적 타당도 검사를 실시하였다. 담임교사는 PBS워크샵과 PBS지원팀의 개별교육에 참가하였다. 학생들에 대한 보편적 PBS중재전략으로는 기대행동과 교실규칙 개발, 개별 및 집단강화를 통한 토큰체계 실시, 학급차원의 사회기술 훈련을 실시하였고, 동시에 학부모와 학교와의 협력체계를 유지하였다. 그 결과, 학생 당 평균 문제행동발생률과 학업성취가 낮은 학생비율이 감소하였다. 끝으로 본 연구의 의의와 한계점 및 제언을 논의하였다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of universal class-wide positive behavior support (PBS) implementation on student problem behavior and academic performance in a 6th-grade elementary school classroom. Participants were 21 students (11 boys and 10 girls) including a student with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and a student with depression, and the classroom teacher with 5 years of teaching experience. The study was conducted from March to September 2016, and the classroom outcomes were evaluated employing a reversal design, a type of single case experimental design. Data on problem behavior were collected using a 1-min momentary time sampling procedure, to obtain an estimate of class-wide problem behavior. The overall level of class-wide problem behavior was obtained as the average percentage of intervals with problem behavior per student. Academic performance was determined by measuring the change in the total number of students who performed at low levels on achievement tests. Social validity was assessed with both students and parents. The classroom teacher participated in a group PBS workshop and individual training provided by a PBS support team. During implementation, the classroom teacher developed and taught class-wide expectations and rules, implemented token economies to provide reinforcement at the individual student and classroom levels, and class-wide social skills training. Throughout the study, the teacher collaborated with other school personnel and the students’ parents. The results indicated decreases in both problem behavior and the number of low performing students. The implications, limitations, and future directions of the study are discussed.

이 연구는 우울한 어머니와 아동의 문제행동 관계에서 아버지의 양육행동이 아동의 문제행동에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하는 연구이다. 연구대상은 8차 한국아동패널연구에 참여한 1466명의 초등학교 1학년 아동으로 남아 740명, 여아 706명이었다. 자료는 Pearson상관과 중다회귀분석 방법으로 분석하였으며, SPSS 18.0 통계프로그램을 사용하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫 번째, 어머니 우울과 아버지의 양육행동은 아동 문제행동과 유의미한 상관을 나타냈다. 두 번째, 어머니의 우울은 아동의 문제행동에 예측변인으로 나타났다. 세 번째, 아버지의 통제적 양육행동은 우울한 어머니의 아동 문제행동에서 조절효과를 나타냈다. 이러한 결과는 어머니 우울과 아버지 양육행동이 아동 문제행동에 관련된 기제임을 나타낸다. 이는 아동문제행동을 감소시키기 위한 연구와 실제에 있어서 중요한 기여를 할 것으로 생각된다.

This study aims to examine the moderating effects of father’s parenting behavior on the effects of mother depression on child problem behavior. The study sample was 1466 elementary schools first graders (740 boys, 706 girls) who had participated in the eighth wave of the Panel Study on Korean Children (PSKC). For this, it carried out questionnaires, which was composed of mother depression scale, child behavior checklist and father parenting behavior scale. The data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlations and regression analysis with SPSS 18.0. The results are as follows. First, mother’s depression and father’s parenting behavior had a significant correlation on child problem behavior. Second, mother’s depression is predicting variables for child problem behavior. Third, father’s strict parenting behavior had moderating effects in mother’s depression on child problem behavior. These results add to a better understanding of the mechanism linking mother depression and father parenting behavior on children’s problem behavior. These findings can serve as an important contribution to future research and practices for reducing children’s problem behavior.

유아기의 문제 행동은 이후 아동기 및 청소년기, 성인기까지 지속되므로 향후 문제 행동의 예방 및 중재를 위해 유아기 문제 행동에 대한 연구가 절실하다. 이에 본 연구는 개인적 변인인 기질과 환경적 변인인 어머니의 양육행동이 유아의 문제 행동에 미치는 영향을 이해하고자 수행되었다. 본 연구에서는 부산의 유치원과 어린이집에 재학 중인 153명의 유아와 어머니, 9명의 담임교사를 연구대상으로 하였다. 어머니는 유아의 기질 및 어머니 양육행동에 대한 질문지에 답을 하였고, 교사는 질문지를 제출한 유아를 대상으로 유아의 문제 행동에 대한 질문지에 답을 하였다. 연구자는 얻어진 자료에 상관 및 회귀분석을 하였고 AMOS 프로그램을 이용해 자료에 대한 가설모형을 검증하였다. 연구를 통해 유아의 적대-공격 행동은 활동성과 적응성, 어머니의 통제적, 방임적 양육행동이 중요한 변인이며, 걱정-불안 행동은 활동성과 정서성, 어머니의 거부적 양육행동이, 유아의 과잉행동-산만은 활동성, 적응성, 통제적 양육행동이 중요한 변인이었다. 모형의 타당도 검증을 통해 기질은 어머니의 양육행동과 유아의 문제 행동 모두에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 중요한 변인임을 알게 되었다. 이에 기질에 대한 부모교육의 필요성과 함께 기질에 대한 심도 깊은 연구의 필요성이 논의되었다.

This study examined the effects of child's temperament and parenting behavior of mothers on child behavior problems. The subjects were 153 preschool children, their mother and 9 teacher. Mothers answered the Temperament Rating Scale and Mother's Child Rearing Behavior Scale. Teachers answered Preschool Behavior Questionnaire. The datas were analyzed Pearson's correlations, multiple regressions and structural equation modeling analysis. The results summarized as follows. First, This study said temperament was significantly associated with mother's parenting behavior and child's behavior problem. The children with high activity, low adaptability and high emotionality showed hositility and aggresiveness problem Child's activity and adaptability was associated with mother's controlling parenting behavior. When mother's controlling parenting behavior was higher, children showed increasing aggressive behavior. When mother's nonintervention was higher, children showed increasing worry-anxiety problem. Child's activity and mother's controlling behavior were associated with hyperactivity-distraction problem. Second, This study showed that partly-mediation model was more valid than totally-mediation model. Temperament(especially child's activity) had indirect and direct effects on child behavior problems. This study said parents have to know child's temperament by way of prevention of child behavior problem.

본 연구는 부모자녀관계가 청소년 자녀의 문제행동, 친사회적 행동 및 자아탄력성에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지 살펴보았다. 연구대상은 중·고등학교 총 1208명(남학생 675명, 여학생 533명)이었다. 연구결과, 여자 고등학생은 부모와 애착이 더 낮고, 관계좌절감은 더 높으며, 훈육과 애정은 덜 받게 될 때 품행문제를 더 많이 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 남자청소년은 부모와 관계좌절감과 과잉간섭을 더 많이 경험하며 자율성 존중을 덜 받게 될 때 정서문제를 더 많이 보였다. 여자 고등학생은 훈육과 애정을 덜 받으면서 과잉간섭은 더 많이 받게 될 때 또래문제를 더 많이 보였다. 남자 중학생은 부모로부터 훈육, 의사소통 및 애정을 더 많이 받게 되면 친사회적 행동을 더 많이 보인 반면, 여자 청소년은 관여와 자율성 존중을 더 많이 받으면서 과잉간섭은 덜 받게 되면 자아탄력성이 높아지게 되는 것으로 나타났다.

This study examined the effect of parent-adolescent relationship on adolescent's behavior problem, prosocial behavior and ego-resiliency. The subjects were 1208 adolescents(675 male, 533 female). The results were as followed; Female high school adolescents showed more conduct problems, when they experienced lower attachment, discipline, warmth and more relation frustration. Male adolescents showed more emotional problems when they experienced more relation frustration, intrusion and lower autonomy granting. Female high school adolescents showed more peer problems, when they experienced lower discipline, warmth and more intrusion. Male middle school adolescents showed more prosocial behaviors, when they experienced more discipline, communication and warmth, while female adolescents showed higher ego-resiliency, when they experienced more autonomy granting and lower intrusion.

본 연구는 어머니의 스마트폰 중독경향성과 양육행동이 유아의 내면화와 외현화 문제행동에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구대상은 충북, 충남, 경기지역의 만 3-5세 유아를 둔 어머니 225명을 대상으로 설문지를 통해 자료를 수집하고 자료에 대해 위계적 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과, 첫째, 어머니의 스마트폰 중독경향성과 양육행동이 유아의 내면화 문제행동에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과 어머니의 스마트폰에 대한 병적몰입이 높을수록, 통제적 양육행동이 많을수록, 어머니의 생활장애와 통제상실이 높을수록 유아의 내면화 문제행동이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 어머니의 스마트폰 중독경향성과 양육행동이 유아의 외현화 문제행동에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과 어머니의 통제적 양육행동이 많을수록, 어머니의 스마트폰 중독경향성 중 병적몰입과 생활장애가 높을수록 유아의 외현화 문제행동이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 어머니의 온정적 양육행동은 유아의 문제행동에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 이와 같은 결과는 유아의 문제행동을 예방하는데 있어서 어머니의 올바른 스마트폰 사용이 요구되며, 어머니의 통제적인 양육행동의 변화가 필요함을 시사한다.

The present study investigates the effect of mothers’ smart phone addiction tendency and parenting behavior on preschoolers’ internalized and externalized problem behavior. In order to carry out the study, 225 questionnaire were distributed to mothers of preschoolers aged 3-5 in Chungcheongbuk-do, Chungcheongnam-do, and Gyeonggi-do and the collected data were analyzed by hierarchial analysis. The result obtained were specified as follows. First, morbid immersion of mother's addiction tendency of smartphone, controlling parenting behavior, the living handicap and loss of control of mother's addiction tendency of smartphone increased with higher preschoolers’ internalized problem behavior. Second, controlling parenting behavior, morbid immersion, living handicap increased with higher preschoolers’ externalized problem behavior. On the other hand, compulsive symptoms of mother's addiction tendency of smartphone and warmth of parenting behavior did not have a significant effect on preschoolers’problem behavior. The significance of this study is how it shows mothers should use their smartphone appropriately and avoid using controlling parenting behavior to prevent behavior problem of preschoolers.

본 연구는 발달장애 자녀를 양육하는 어머니의 심리적 스트레스의 완화요인을 밝히기 위해 발달장애아의 3가지 문제행동(자해행동, 상동행동, 공격적/파괴적 행동)이 어머니의 양육스트레스에 영향을 미치는 과정에서 어머니의 낙관성과 가족건강성의 조절효과를 확인하였다. 발달장애아(지적장애, 자폐스펙트럼장애)의 어머니 203명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였고, 자녀의 문제행동이 어머니의 양육스트레스에 영향을 미치는 과정에서 낙관성과 가족건강성의 조절효과 검증 결과, 문제행동 중 자해행동이 조절효과가 유의하였다. 반면, 상동행동과 공격적/파괴적 행동은 양육스트레스에 영향을 미치는 과정에서 낙관성과 가족건강성의 조절 효과가 유의하지 않았다. 이는 문제행동 유형에 따라 양육스트레스에 미치는 영향을 조절하는 변인이 상이할 수 있음을 시사하며, 문제행동 중 양육스트레스에 영향을 미치는 태도 요인의 변화만으로도 유의한 영향을 미칠 수 있는 변인과 그렇지 않은 변인이 있음을 실증한 의의가 있다. 단, 본 연구 결과는 후속 연구에서 반복검증을 통해 확인할 필요가 있고, 문제행동의 유형과 심각성에 따라 양육자의 스트레스 양상을 파악하고 도움을 제공하기 위한 개입 방안에 관하여 다양한 연구가 필요함을 제기하였다고 할 수 있다.

This study aimed to explore the psychological stress and mitigating factors for mothers raising children with developmental disabilities. The moderating effects of optimism and family health were examined in the relationship between problem behaviors (Self-injurious behavior, Stereotyped Behavior, Aggressive/Disruptive Behavior) in children with developmental disabilities and maternal parenting stress. A survey was administered to 203 mothers of children with developmental disabilities. The results showed a significant moderating effect of optimism and family strength in the relationship between self-injurious behavior and maternal parenting stress. However, no moderating effect of optimism was found in the relationship between stereotyped behavior or aggressive/disruptive behavior and maternal parenting stress. This result suggests that variables influencing parenting stress may differ depending on the type of problem behavior, highlighting the importance of attitude factors in managing stress associated with different problem behaviors. Nevertheless, these results require further validation through repeated studies, and additional research is needed to identify caregiver stress patterns and to tailor interventions based on the type and severity of problematic behaviors.

=Sexual Problem Behavior in Primary School StudentsKim, Hyeon-Ok1)Park, Gwang Sug2)Jeon, Mi Suk3)1) Asociate Profesor, College of Nursing, Research Institute of Nursing Science, Chonbuk National University2) Health Teacher, Baeksuk Primary Schol, 3) Health Teacher, Gosan Primary School