Earticle

[목적] 본 연구는 골프수업의 응용과제로서 스내그 골프를 적용하여 그 가능성을 탐색하는 데 목적이 있다. [방 법] 연구목적을 위해 경남 소재의 S중학교 1학년 남학생 6명을 체육수업평가(골프 스윙의 자세 등의 수행평가)를 통해 운동수행능력별(상중하)로 선정하였다. 자료수집은 참여관찰, 심층면담과 개방형 질문지를 활용하여 이루어 졌다. 자료분석은 귀납적 범주 분석과 다각도 검증법을 통해 분석 및 자료의 진실성을 확보하였다. [결과] 이에 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 스내그 골프를 통해 기존의 수업과는 다른 확장된 공간, 그리고 경기를 하면서 골프 경기규칙의 필요성을 느끼게 되면서 학생들은 스내그 골프를 ‘외적측면의 골프’로 인식하였다. 둘째, 스내그 골프는 기능향상을 위해 연습의 필요성을 느끼게 하고, 기능향상을 통해 골프에서 느낄 수 있는 것과 같은 재미 를 느끼게 하였다. 이를 통해 학생들은 ‘내적측면의 골프’로 인식하였다. [결론] 따라서 스내그 골프는 학교현장의 제한된 물리적 환경 내에서 골프수업의 응용과제로 효과적임을 알 수 있었다.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study is to explore the possibility of SNAG Golf applied as application task of golf class. [Method] For research objective, this study was to choose 6 male students of first grade of 'S' middle school located in Gyeongnam as by exercise accomplishment ability through the physical education evaluation. Data collection has been conducted by suing the participant observation, in-depth interview and open-ended questionnaires. For data analysis, the integrity of data was secured by the inductive categorical system and triangulation. [Result] From the result of this research above, it may be summed up as follows. First, the students could recognize SNAG Golf as 'external aspect of golf' in the expanded space different from the existing class through SNAG Golf while they felt the necessity of golf game rule. Second, SNAG Golf made them feel the necessity of practice for the improvement in functionality and had fun like feeling in the golf through the improvement in functionality. In this way, the students recognized it as 'internal aspect of golf'. [Conclusion] To conclude, this study has found out that SNAG Golf was effective as application task of golf class in the limited physical environment of school field.

Objective : This study aimed to investigate the effect of simultaneous application of peripheral nerve sensory stimulation and task-oriented training on the improvement of upper extremity motor function after stroke. Methods : This study included 29 patients with hemiplegia. The 14 subjects were in the peripheral nerve sensory stimulation and task-oriented training group for 4 weeks (30 min/d, 5 d/wk), while the 15 control group subjects underwent only task-oriented training for the same duration. The outcome measures were the percentage of voluntary baseline muscle contractions of the wrist and shoulder and Box and Block Test, grip and pinch strength, and Action Research Arm Test. Results : After 4 weeks, muscle activity of extensor carpi radialis, flexor carpi radialis and grip strength and Action Research Arm Test were significantly higher in the experimental group. Conclusion : Simultaneous application of the peripheral nerve sensory stimulation and task-oriented training was found to be superior to task-oriented training for improving upper extremity motor function of adults with stroke.

Mind-wandering consists of the process of thinking task-unrelated thoughts (TUT) during task performance. In a task-oriented group, the subject and the subject matter of team members’ mindwandering episodes are of critical interest to the team's performance. However, many writers suggested that mind-wandering may be more common in some circumstances than others. Understanding the social-psychological factors that precipitate mind-wandering in a technological setting is necessary because mind-wandering influences numerous outcomes connected with taskoriented groups. Therefore, this paper aims to explore whether certain social-psychological factors predict self-reported engagement behavior in a number of TUT in the assessment of attitudes. Specifically, our objectives are to put in place behavioral experience sampling methodologies and probe-caught methodologies for measuring online mind-wandering. We intend to design a set of virtual teams using laboratory experiments followed by survey. Our study aims to add to the body of research on virtual teams and mind-wandering by determining the relation between attitude, social factors, and emotions of team members and self-reported engagement in TUT.

메타데이터 표준은 디지털 정보자원의 기록생애주기를 기술하는 데 있어 매우 중요한 요소이다. 메타데이터 표준은 정보자원에 행해지는 업무의 목적과 내용에 영향을 받고 있으나, 일반적으로 정보자원의 관점을 중심으로 정의 및 설계되었기 때문에 기록생애주기 전체를 보는 업무의 관점은 반영되어 있지 않다. 그래서 정보자원의 기록생애주기 전체를 커버하기 위해서는 정보자원의 업무 관점에서 메타데이터 속성을 적절하게 선택하고 조합하는 것이 필요하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 기록생애주기를 커버하고 정보자원에서 실행되는 업무와 요구조건에 따라 적절한 메타데이터 속성을 선택하여 조합할 수 있는 업무중심의 어플리케이션 프로파일을 작성하여 제안하였다.

Metadata standard is very important element to describe a digital resource in the records lifecycle. Metadata standard is influenced by the purpose and content of tasks that are performed to a resource. But it does not reflect a task-centric viewpoint to cover the whole records-lifecycle because metadata is defined and designed from a resource-centric viewpoint. In other words, to cover the whole records-lifecycle using metadata, it is necessary to properly select and combine metadata property from a task-centric viewpoint. Therefore, we proposed a task-centric metadata application profile that can combine and select appropriate metadata properties according to requirements and tasks performed on resource.

본 연구는 태스크 온톨로지를 이용한 자동차부품 추천시스템 개발 방법을 제안하였다. 제안한 지능형 추천 시스템은 자동차 부품 조립과정을 학습하도록 하였으며, 자동차부품 추천을 위하여 부품들을 온톨로지 방법으로 구축하였다. is-a Relationship 기반 hierarchical Taxonomy를 이용하여 자동차 엔진을 구성하고 있는 각각의 부품들 사이의 관계를 설정하였다. 각각의 부품은 자동차 전문가의 지식에 의해 각기 다른 가중치 값을 가지고 있게 된다. 가중치는 자동차 추천시스템의 사용자들이 직접 사용하면서 선택한 횟수와 가중치의 곱 연산을 이용한 결과 값을 시스템 내에서 기록하여 순서를 작성하고 결과적으로 우선순위(priority)가 높은 순서부터 사용자에게 출력함으로써 어느 부품의 어느 요소가 중요한지 쉽게 파악할 수 있도록 하였다. 자동차부품 지능형 추천시스템은 사용자가 쉽게 접근하기 어려운 자동차 부품관련 부분을 생성된 데이터를 바탕으로 임의의 부품을 선택했을 때 해당 부품과 밀접한 관계를 가진 부품을 표현하여 특별히 전문적인 지식 없이도 손쉽게 자동차 부품의 조립 및 쓰임새와 중요성을 알 수 있게 해주는 시스템이다.

This research proposes the method to develop the recommendation system of automobile parts using task ontology technology. The proposed intelligent recommendation system is designed to learn the assembly process of automobile parts and the automobile parts are composed by ontology method for the recommendation of the parts. Using hierarchical taxonomy based on is-a relationship, the relationship between each part that makes up automotive engine was set. Each part has each different weighted value according to the knowledge of automobile experts. The weighted value is created by the number of selection that the users of the automobile recommendation system select while using the system and the final value calculated by the multiplication of the weighted value, which is ​​recorded within the system. As a result, the users can easily identify which factor in which part is important by the output in the order of the priority. The intelligent recommendation system for automobile parts is a system to inform of the assembly, the usage and the importance of automobile parts without any specialized knowledge by expressing the parts that are closely related with the applicable parts when selecting any part on the basis of the generated data for the automobile parts that are difficult to access by users.

수학적 모델링은 수학과 현실의 연계성, 수학 문제 해결 등의 측면에서 중요시되면 서 다수의 연구가 진행되어 왔다. 수학적 모델링 지도와 관련된 선행 연구는 중고 등학생을 대상으로 한 것이 대부분이고 초등학교의 경우에는 그 대상이 고학년에 국한되어 왔다는 점에서 초등학교 저학년을 대상으로 수학적 모델링 수업을 하는 것이 사실상 어렵다는 것에 대한 암묵적인 공감이 있어왔다고 볼 수 있다. 이와 같 은 경향과 달리 본 연구는 수학적 모델링 지도가 모든 학령층에 가능하다는 주장 에 근거하여 초등학교 저학년을 대상으로 한 수학적 모델링의 적용 가능성을 탐색 하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 모델링 지도를 위한 과제 특성 및 초등학교 저학년 학생들의 인지적 특성을 반영하여 수학적 모델링 과제를 개발하고, 이를 초 등학교 2학년 한 학급을 대상으로 적용하였다. 수업 관찰 및 교사 성찰을 통해 파 악한 학생 활동 특성 및 과제 적용 시 나타난 지도상의 어려움에 근거하여 초등학 교 저학년 대상의 수학적 모델링 수업을 위한 교수학적 시사점을 제시하였다.

Considering precedent studies in which research subjects are mainly confined to secondary school students or higher grade students of elementary schools, we can notice that there has been implicit agreement that instruction of mathematical modeling is quite difficult to lower grade students of elementary schools. Compared to this tendency, this study aims to examine the possibility of instruction of mathematical modeling for all of school ages, and more specifically, the applicability of mathematical modeling tasks to lower graders. To do this, we developed a mathematical modeling task proper to cognitive characteristics of lower graders and applied this task to the second graders. Based on the research results by lesson observation and the teacher’s reflection, some didactical suggestions were induced for teaching the lower grade elementary school students mathematical modeling.

본 연구는 초등학교 체조수업에서 활동과제평가지의 적용효과를 분석하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 2019년 8월부 터 2020년 2월까지 G도에 소재한 공립 S초등학교 4학년을 대상으로 한 체조수업에서 활동과제평가지를 적용한 질 적 사례연구를 설계하였다. 연구참여자는 수업자인 연구자와 주요제보자 4명으로 구성되었으며, 매트와 뜀틀 종목 을 중심으로 7가지의 활동주제를 총 12차시로 진행하였다. 본 연구를 위해 참여관찰 및 포토에세이, 면담 및 토론, 활동과제평가지 학생기록물, 수업자 관찰 및 반성 일지 자료를 수집했으며, 발전식 연구절차(D.R.S. method)에 따 라 영역분석, 분류분석, 성분분석의 순으로 분석되었다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 활동과제평가지의 활용은 평가의 성격 및 방향과 관련하여 연계성, 과정성, 통합성, 다양성을 담보하고 있다. 둘째, 활동과제평가지의 활용은 학습과제에 대한 과정적 분석력과 자신감을 향상시킨다. 셋째, 활동과제평가지의 활용은 과제 집중력 및 수업의 효 율성을 향상시킨다. 이와 같은 연구결과는 과정중심 평가가 강조되고 있는 현시점에서 안전하고 성공적인 초등학교 체조수업 및 평가에 시사하는 바가 크다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of applying the actual task assessment sheet(ATAS) in elementary gymnastics classes. For this analysis, a qualitative case study was designed to apply the actual task assessment sheet in gymnastics classes for fourth graders of public S Elementary School located in G-province from August 2019 to Feubrary 2020. The research participants consisted of a researcher and four key informants, and the study conducted a total of 12 lessons about 7 themes of activities, focusing on floor exercise(mat) and vaulting horse. For this study, participant observation and photo essay, interview and discussion, and student’s activity records of ATAS, physical education speacialist’s observation and reflection records were collected. The analysis based on D.R.S. method, conducted in order of domain analysis, taxonomic analysis, and componential analysis. The main conclusions of from this study are as follows: First, the utilization of ATAS can be retained the articualtion, process, integration, and diversity in relation to the nature and direction of evaluation. Second, the utilization of ATAS improves the ablity of processing analysis and confidence in learning tasks. Third, the utilization of ATAS improves student’s task concentration and efficient teaching. In conclusion, at this time when process-based assessment is being emphasized, these results have great implications for safe and successful gymnastics classes and assessments in elementary gymnastics classes.

목적: 본 연구는 인지기능 저하를 예방 및 관리하기 위한 이중과제(Dual-task) 기반의 인지훈련 프로그램을 어플리케이션으로 구현하고자 하였다. 이중과제는 집행기능의 하위 영역과 운동기능을 동시에 수행할 수 있도록 설계하였으며, 일상의 사회적 상황이 반영된 결합방식으로 인지훈련 프로그램 '두뇌차차(Cheer Up, Brain Up!)'를 개발하고자 하였다.연구방법: 프로그램은 하나 이상의 인지능력을 목표로 하는 인지훈련과 일상의 사회적 상황을 반영하는 인지자극을 결합한 접근방식을 계획하였다. 인지훈련 프로그램에서 이중과제 구현을 위해 소프트웨어와 운동기능을 위해 하드웨어를 개발하고, 시스템 간의 상호 연결성을 구현하였다. 이중과제 기반 인지훈련 프로그램은 Unity3D를 활용하여 Android 기기에서 실행될 수 있도록 어플리케이션 개발을 개발하였다. 결과: 개발된 어플리케이션은 '두뇌차차'로 명명하였으며, 집행기능 및 운동기능을 동시에 수행하는 이중과제를 기반으로 설계하였다. 이중과제는 '뇌 반짝훈련(Brain Twinkle Training)'으로 집행기능의 작업기억, 억제기능, 문제해결능력에 대한 콘텐츠를 구현하였으며, 동시에 제자리걸음을 수행할 수 있도록 하였다. 또한, 일상의 사회적 상황은 '동네마실(Neighborhood Ramble)'로 집안 과제, 지도이동(동네), 상점, 대중교통, 상점에서 문제를 구현하였다. 결론: 노인 인구의 인지건강을 지원을 지원하기 위해 인지능력을 위한 인지훈련과 일상의 사회적 상황에 대한 인지자극을 결합한 접근 방식으로 이중과제 기반의 인지훈련 프로그램 '두뇌차차'를 개발하였다. '두뇌차차'를 통해 인지건강을 위한 접근방식의 기술적 진보를 제시하였으며, 이를 통해 고령화 사회에서의 건강한 노화와 기능적 독립성을 촉진할 수 있는 중요한 발판을 마련할 것으로 기대된다.

Purpose : A dual-task-based mobile application for cognitive training was developed to prevent and manage cognitive decline. The application seeks to integrate executive and motor skills within everyday social contexts. Methods : A dual-task-based cognitive training application was designed to integrate cognitive training and stimulation based on everyday social situations. The software was developed to enable dual-tasking, with additional hardware for supporting motor functions. This application was built in Unity3D and is compatible with Android devices, ensuring system interoperability. Results : The developed application, named “Cheer Up, Brain Up!,” incorporates a dual-task framework that concurrently activates executive and motor functions. The dual-task module, Brain Twinkle Training, includes tasks targeting working memory, inhibitory control, and problem solving, combined with stationary walking as a motor component. Additionally, the Neighborhood Ramble module simulates real-life social situations through tasks involving household activities, neighborhood navigation, shopping, and public transportation. Conclusion : This study demonstrates the practical potential of individualized interventions and cognitive monitoring in older adults through incorporating scenario-based tasks that mirror real-life contexts

본 연구는 청소년의 충동성과 스마트폰 중독 간의 관계에서 충동성 측정을 위한 행동과제 도구인 지연 할인 과제(MCQ)의 활용 가능성을 탐색하고자 하였다. 또한 기존에 충동성을 측정하는 자기보고식 설문 도구(BIS-11)와의 상대적 유용성도 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 스마트폰 중독 수준에 따라 지연 할인 값에 차이가 있는지 확인하였으며 지연 할인 과제 및 자기보고식으로 측정된 충동성, 스마트폰 중독 간의 상관 관계를 탐색하였다. 끝으로 스마트폰 중독에 대한 지연 할인 과제의 독립적인 설명력을 살펴보았다. P시 소재 중학교 4곳과 고등학교 6곳에 재학 중인 남여 청소년 342명에게 자기보고식 설문조사 및 지연 할인 과제를 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 스마트폰 중독 수준이 높은 집단이 낮은 집단에 비해 통계적으로 유의하게 높은 지연 할인 값을 보고하여 더 높은 충동성을 보여주었다. 지연 할인 과제와 자기보고식 설문 모두 스마트폰 중독과 유의한 상관을 보였으나 두 도구 간의 상관은 유의하지 않았다. 또한, 스마트폰 사용 시간 및 자기보고식 설문 변인과 독립적으로 지연 할인 과제가 스마트폰 중독을 유의미하게 예측하는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과는 지연 할인 과제가 스마트폰 중독에서의 충동성을 측정하는 데 유용한 도구임을 나타낸다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 스마트폰 중독에 있어 충동성 측정 시 지연 할인 과제를 사용할 수 있음을 제안하였고 한계점 및 추후 제언을 논의하였다.

This study aims to investigate the possible application of the delay discounting task, a behavioral task that measures impulsiveness, on the relationship between impulsiveness and smartphone addiction among adolescents. The relative utility of the delay discounting task was also examined and compared to the utility of a self-report questionnaire. In order to do this, it was necessary to examine whether there were differences in the values of delay discounting by smartphone addiction level. The correlation between the delay discounting task, the self-report questionnaire of impulsiveness, and smartphone addiction were also investigated. Lastly, the independent explanation power of the delay discounting task on smartphone addiction was examined. The self-report surveys and the delay discounting tasks were conducted with 342 male and female adolescents in four middle schools and six high schools in an urban city in the southern part of Korea. As a result, students in the group with the highest level of smartphone addiction showed statistically significant higher values in the delay discounting task. This indicated they have higher impulsiveness than the group of students with a low level of smartphone addiction. In addition, both the delay discounting task and the self-report questionnaire showed a statistically significant correlation with smartphone addiction, although the correlation between the two instruments was not statistically significant. Finally, the delay discounting task significantly predicted the smartphone addiction while controlling the smartphone using time and the variables of the self-report questionnaire. These results show that the delay discounting task is an appropriate tool for measuring impulsiveness related to smartphone addiction. Limitations and implications for future research on the delay discounting task are discussed.

이 연구는 문화 예술 분야의 기술융합 사례 가운데 최근 큰 이슈가 되고 있는 NFT 관련하여 NFT 디지털 아트를 중심으로 기존 문헌연구 및 최근 관련 기사를 통해 이론적 배경 및 사례를 분석하였다. 사례 분석을 통해 알 수 있었던 긍정적인 측면으로는 첫째, NFT 기술을 통해 기존 미술계에 존재해왔던 문제들, 작품의 진위성, 고유성, 거래의 투명성 등을 해결할수 있다는것 둘째, NFT아트 플랫폼을 통해 누구나 자유롭게 작품을 거래할 수있 게 되었다는 점 셋째, NFT 디지털 아트가 코로나 19로 인해 위축되었던 문화 예술 분야에 새로운 형태의 대안점으로 떠올랐고 작가들에게 기회의 장이 확장되었다는 점이다. 반면 부정적인 측면으로는 디지털 작품의 저작권 및 소유권에 관한 법적 다툼 및 논쟁이 지속적으로 발생하고 있고, 디지털 취약계통에게는 NFT 플랫폼 이용방법에 있어 새로운 기술에 대한 접근성이 상대적으로 낮은 점, 그리고 플랫폼에 해킹과 같은 피해 발생 시 복구 및 보상이 어려울 수 있는 점 등 해결해야 할 문제점들이 발견되었다. 이러한 쟁점들을 통해 그에 따른 시사점을 알아보았고 향후과제는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 현행 저작권법과 구분하여 NFT관련 저작권 및 소유권에 관한 기술적,제도적 규정이 필요하다, 둘째, 점점 늘어나고 있는 NFT 거래 플랫폼의 경우, 이용 시 발생할 수 있는 소비자의 및 원작자의 피해를 최소화하기 위한 정부의 법적 규제 및 가이드라인이 필요하다. 셋째, 작품의 예술적 가치에 대한 객관적 기준 없이‘화제성’에 의해 일부 고액에 거래되어 지고 있는 거품성 ‘거래가격’에 관해 적정 가치에 대한 재고와 신뢰성에 대한 대안이 필요하다. 앞으로 이러한 과제들을 통해 NFT 관련 피해 방지를 위한 다양한 관점에서의 기술적, 제도적 법령이 필요할 것으로 보인다.

This study analyzed the theoretical background and case through existing literature research and recent related articles, focusing on NFT digital art, which has recently become a big issue among technology convergence cases in the field of culture and arts. The positive aspects that could be found through case analysis are as follows. First, NFT technology can solve problems that have existed in the existing art world, the authenticity, uniqueness, and transparency of transactions. Second, through the NFT art platform, anyone can freely trade works. Third, NFT digital art has emerged as a new type of alternative to the field of culture and arts, which has been dampened by COVID-19, and the field of opportunity has expanded for writers. On the other hand, on the other hand, legal disputes and disputes over the copyright and ownership of digital works continue to occur, and the access to new technologies in how to use the NFT platform for digital vulnerable systems is relatively low, and recovery and compensation are difficult in case of hacking. Through these issues, the implications were examined, and future tasks are as follows. First, technical and institutional regulations on copyright and ownership related to NFT are needed separately from the current copyright law. Second, in the case of the increasing NFT trading platform, the government's legal regulations and guidelines are needed to minimize damage to consumers and original authors. Third, it is necessary to reconsider the appropriate value and alternative to the reliability of the bubble 'transaction price' that is traded at some high prices by 'topicity' without objective standards for the artistic value of the work. In the future, technical and institutional laws and regulations from various perspectives are expected to be needed to prevent NFT-related damage through these tasks.

범죄 목격자가 목격 단서와 목격하지 않은 단서를 재인하는 과정에서 회상이나 원정보 탐색과 같은 정보처리 방식에는 차이가 있을 것이다. 본 연구는 인출 처리를 반영하는 사건관련전위 성분을 분석한다면, 목격 여부를 변별할 수 있을 것으로 가정했다. 구체적으로 두정 중심 부근의 영역(Pz)에서 목격한 자극을 탐침자극으로 제시했을 때 목격하지 않았던 무관련자극보다 400∼600ms 구간의 late positive component(LPC)는 더 크게, 1200∼1400ms 구간의 late posterior negativity(LPN)는 더 낮게 나타날 것으로 보고, 이 두 사건관련전위 성분의 차이(LPC-LPN)를 부트스트랩 방법(peak-to-peak boostrapped amplitude difference)으로 분석하여 목격 여부를 변별하고자 했다. 참여자 25명은 범죄 동영상을 목격하고 1시간 후 과제를 수행했다. 재인 프로토콜 집단(n=13)은 물건 사진에 반응하는 과제 후 앞서 제시된 물건을 동영상에서 봤는지, 못 봤는지를 판단하는 재인 과제를 수행했으며, Target/Non-target(T/NT) 프로토콜 집단(n=12)은 물건 사진에 반응한 후, 물건의 배경색을 보고 목표 배경색에 반응하는 oddball 과제를 수행했다. 물건 자극을 처리할 때 발생한 사건관련전위를 분석했을 때 재인 프로토콜 집단에서만 동영상에서 목격했었던 탐침자극과 목격하지 못한 자극(변형자극, 무관련자극) 간 LPC와 LPN의 차이가 유의했다. 부트스트랩 방법을 이용하여 목격 여부를 변별했을 때, 재인 프로토콜 집단의 경우 13명 중 11명(84.6%)이 목격 여부를 정확하게 변별한 것으로 나타났다. T/NT 프로토콜 집단의 정확한 변별은 12명 중 2명(16.7%)에 불과했다. 이런 결과는 목격자들을 대상으로 기억 단서에 대한 재인 처리를 반영하는 사건관련전위를 분석하여 목격 여부를 조사할 수 있다는 것을 보여주며, 재인을 이끌어내는 과제의 속성이 중요하다는 것을 시사한다.

Some event-related potentials (ERPs) components reflect recognition information processes. In this study, we tested the accuracy of ERP-based memory classification using peak-to-peak bootstrapped amplitude difference (BAD) method. Participants (N=25) watched a mock-crime video and performed task about 1 hour later. One group (n=13) performed recognition protocol which a response was selected from seen or unseen responses after probe presentation. The other group (n=12) performed Target/Non-target (T/NT) protocol which a response was selected from target or non-target responses based on the color of background behind the memory cue. We analyzed cue-evoked ERP and the bootstrapped differences in recollection-related ERP components (late positive complex, LPC; late posterior negativity, LPN) at Pz site were used for classification (observed vs. unobserved). Analyzing ERP differences in recognition protocol group were highly effective in distinguishing between probe and the other type of stimulus (ACC = .85). On the other hands, analyzing ERP differences in T/NT task protocol group were useless for eyewitness memory Identification (ACC = .17). These results indicate neural activity evoked by recognition cue could be used for eyewitness investigation, and suggest the property of the task is important.

The purpose of this article is to describe the views that teachers are interested in the pattern drill and the task activity as a teaching method of Korean grammar. For this purpose we investigated the aspects of appling the two methods in Korean classroom by means of a survey on the scene of teachers. In Korean grammar education, traditional grammar-translation and audio-lingual method which have the teacher-centered and result-centered attitudes are put to practical use widely. And traditional pattern drill and input enhancement are used widely as a teaching technique of Korean classroom. But the task activity is not applied to the face of awareness of the effectiveness and practical application. In conclusion, according to the survey analysis, the pattern drill is applied more widely than the task activity, teachers’ preference and the educational conditions of applying the task activity fall below the average. These aspects reflect the problems of the structure of textbooks and the curriculum of the institutions which are restricted by time and space. Korean is very complex language for foreign students because of agglutinative morphs, but the monotonous teaching methods are applicated in a lot of classes of Korean grammar. Consequently, it is necessary to merge the pattern drill and the task activity eclectically and yield a synergetic and meaningful result in Korean grammar education.

본 연구에서는 사용의도에 영향을 미치는 요인을 SNS의 컨설팅 활용과 주관적 규범, 과업매체 적합 요인들이 사용의도에 미치는 영향력을 살펴보았다. 이 과정에서 특히 주관적 규범과 과업매체 적합 각 차원들이 사용의도에 미치는 영향에 대한 컨설팅 활용의 매개효과를 검정하고자 하였다. 실증결과 본 연구에서 사용된 SNS의 주관적 규범, 과업매체 적합과 컨설팅 활용이 사용의도에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미침을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 컨설팅 활용의 매개효과를 검증한 결과, 주관적 규범과 과업매체 적합 모두 매개효과가 있는 것으로 검증되었다. 이와 같은 결과는 개인이나 기업들의 SNS의 컨설팅 활용이 주관적 규범과 과업매체 적합에 영향을 미침을 인지하여 SNS를 통해 업무적으로 도움이 되는 대응전략 시사점을 제공한다.

In this study, User intention also factors that Consulting application and Subjective norm, Task media fit factors also impact on User intention was examined. In this process, especially Subjective norm and Task media fit of SNS in each dimension to User intention about the impact of Consulting application was in each carried out to examine the mediating effect. The test result used in this study the Subjective norm, Task media fit and Consulting application in a significant positive(+) User intention also was effective. And verifying the results of the mediating effect of Consulting application, Subjective norm and Task media fit has proven to be effective in all parameters. The results of such individuals or companies with Consulting application of SNS. SNS Subjective norm and Task media fit are aware of the factors influencing the Strategy envisions an appropriate response, such as to provide Suggestions.

Hadoop uses a reliable, efficient and scalable way to process data. It provides a good solution for dealing with big data. The task scheduler is the core component of Hadoop, and it is responsible for the managing and allocating the cluster resources. Therefore, scheduling algorithm directly affects the overall performance of Hadoop platform and utilization of cluster resource. Based on this, the improved accelerate particle swarm algorithm (IAPSO) is introduced to the cloud environment, and to solve the cloud task scheduling problem in this article. When we use particle swarm algorithm for task scheduling, the tasks are considered as particles, the resource pool is seen as the search space, and the process of finding the optimal solution is considered as a process of task scheduling. If all the sub tasks find the appropriate resources, then stop the iteration and allocate sub asks to the resource nodes. Finally, we simulate the experiment by using CloudSim software. When a single type of task is committed, our algorithm and the other three algorithms can also be used to complete the task scheduling process, and our algorithm is more efficient. But in practice, the cloud computing environment is facing multiuser, and the types of tasks are also varied. With the increase in the number of tasks, the advantage of the other three algorithms decreases gradually, but algorithm in this paper has been exhibited higher efficiency. In addition, with the increase of the number of nodes, task completed time of the algorithm in this paper is significantly less than the other three algorithms, and it has a steady downward trend. Therefore, IAPSO algorithm which is proposed in this paper is applied to solve task scheduling problem in the cloud environment, and it can effectively improve the efficiency of task scheduling.

The Classifier Integration Model (CIM) with Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) as its local classifiers is applied to an object classification task for vehicle safety system in this paper. The Convolutional Neural Networks adopted in this paper has a very unique advantage when compared with conventional neural network models because CNNs do not require any feature extraction procedure prior to the classification process while other existing classification methods require rather very complex feature extraction process. Several CNN models are first designed as local classifiers and these models are then combined to make a decision in Classifier Integration Model for our classification task. Experiments on real data sets obtained for our experiments show that the CNN-based CIM scheme gives a promising performance in terms of training speed and classification accuracy.

Purpose: This study aimed to propose an effective end-to-end process in medical imaging using an independent task learning (ITL) algorithm and to evaluate its performance in maxillary sinusitis applications. Materials and Methods: For the internal dataset, 2122 Waters’ view X-ray images, which included 1376 normal and 746 sinusitis images, were divided into training (n=1824) and test (n=298) datasets. For external validation, 700 images, including 379 normal and 321 sinusitis images, from three different institutions were evaluated. To develop the automatic diagnosis system algorithm, four processing steps were performed: 1) preprocessing for ITL, 2) facial patch detection, 3) maxillary sinusitis detection, and 4) a localization report with the sinusitis detector. Results: The accuracy of facial patch detection, which was the first step in the end-to-end algorithm, was 100%, 100%, 99.5%, and 97.5% for the internal set and external validation sets #1, #2, and #3, respectively. The accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of maxillary sinusitis detection were 88.93% (0.89), 91.67% (0.90), 90.45% (0.86), and 85.13% (0.85) for the internal set and external validation sets #1, #2, and #3, respectively. The accuracy and AUC of the fully automatic sinusitis diagnosis system, including site localization, were 79.87% (0.80), 84.67% (0.82), 83.92% (0.82), and 73.85% (0.74) for the internal set and external validation sets #1, #2, and #3, respectively. Conclusion: ITL application for maxillary sinusitis showed reasonable performance in internal and external validation tests, compared with applications used in previous studies.

In the present study, types of listening errors and self-annotations produced by Korean L2 learners of English were investigated in order to gain valuable insight not only into the problems they commonly experience during listening but also into the decoding processes they go through in a more comprehensive way. Twenty undergraduate students participated in a uniquely developed ‘self-annotated transcription (SAT) task’ in which they were asked to transcribe English sentences and note any difficulties they faced during listening. The results suggest that the L2 listeners’ errors can be categorized into 6 types (i.e., segmentation, substitution, omission, spelling, insertion and blank). Moreover, the results from an analysis of the self-annotation types demonstrate that the L2 learners in the present study resolved difficulties using a combination of both bottom-up and topdown information more often than either of these two types of information alone. The viability of this particular task in an EFL listening context was further explored by means of a post-task questionnaire with the students and an in-depth interview with the teacher, and the results indicate that the SAT task is readily applicable to L2 listening classes and can benefit both students and teachers.

Teach pendant is the most widely used means of robot teaching at present. Despite the difficulties of using the motion command buttons on the teach pendant, it is an economical, robust, and effective device for robot teaching task. This paper presents the development of a force/moment direction sensor named COSMO that can improve the teach pendant based robot teaching. Robot teaching experiment of a six axis commercial robot using the sensor is described where operator holds the sensor with a hand, and move the robot by pushing, pulling, and twisting the sensor in the direction of the desired motion. No prior knowledge of the coordinate system is required. The function of the COSMO sensor is to detect the presence f force and moment along the principal axes of the sensor coordinate system. The transducer used in the sensor is micro-switch, and this intuitive robot teaching can be implemented at a very low cost.

Objectives: Mobile health applications that are designed without considering usability criteria can lead to cognitive overload,resulting in the rejection of these apps. To avoid this problem, the user interface of mobile health applications should be evaluatedfor cognitive load. This evaluation can contribute to the improvement of the user interface and help prevent cognitiveoverload for the user. Methods: In this study, we evaluated a mobile personal health records application using the cognitivetask analysis method, specifically the goals, operators, methods, and selection rules (GOMS) approach, along with the relatedupdated GOMS model and gesture-level model techniques. The GOMS method allowed us to determine the steps of the tasksand categorize them as physical or cognitive tasks. We then estimated the completion times of these tasks using the updatedGOMS model and gesture-level model. Results: All 10 identified tasks were split into 398 steps consisting of mental andphysical operators. The time to complete all the tasks was 5.70 minutes and 5.45 minutes according to the updated GOMSmodel and gesture-level model, respectively. Mental operators covered 73% of the total fulfillment time of the tasks accordingto the updated GOMS model and 76% according to the gesture-level model. The inter-rater reliability analysis yielded anaverage of 0.80, indicating good reliability for the evaluation method. Conclusions: The majority of the task execution timescomprised mental operators, suggesting that the cognitive load on users is high. To enhance the application's implementation,the number of mental operators should be reduced.