Earticle

Now, Goral is classified into 4 subspecies, level I Vulnerable species, inhabitat rocky region and timberland, and because of heavy snow in winter, they move lower areas, and do not leave main habitats. To make an effective defence from threat of predators, Gorals prefer steep slope-land and rocky region. In Korea, except for 4 area(Soeraksan, DMZ, Yanggu·Hwacheon, and Uljin·Samcheok), there is just little populations remained in other area, so without human's support, Gorals will go extinct by inbreeding, etc. Species Survival Commission(SSC) of International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN) noticed necessity of protecting goral, so they registered goral as level I Vulnerable species and Appendices Ⅰ in CITES, Endangered Animal I and goral is protected by the National Treasure Act no. 217 in Korea. The reasons of decrease in Gorals are habitat destruction by development of forests and poaching. Therefore, although, for protection and conservation of Korean gorals, elemental ecology and behavioristic such as home range, habitat use, diet characteristics, behavioral ecology should be precede, it is very difficult to study ecology and behavior of gorals in the wild. With data from GPS collars, we analyzed the behavioral characteristics of the endangered Long-tailed goral (n=10) in three locations (Seoraksan and Woraksan National Park, and the Uljin area), from March 2007 to May 2014. We found significant differences in the home range size of males and females. Females and Males significantly differed in their habitat altitudes depending. We examined significant differences in the habitat use of Long-tailed gorals, and provide elementary data for habitat stabilization goral restoration has advanced. Thus, our findings will contribute to a better understanding of Long-tailed goral restoration ecology.

동물의 분포는 서식지선택에 영향을 받으며, 서식지의 특성과 먹이자원은 종의 생존에 중요한 요인으로 작용한다. 본 연구는 천마산에 서식하는 쇠살모사(Gloydius ussuriensis)의 분포 패턴 특성을 파악하고자 고도,서식지 특성, 잠재적 먹이자원인 양서류의 분포에 초점을 맞추어 수행되었다. 서식하는 고도범위에서 선호하는 서식지 타입을 알아보고자 고도를 3개의 범주(저고도, 중고도, 고고도)로 분류하였고, 서식지는 수생태계의 존재 유무에 따라 분류하였다. 쇠살모사의 경우, 고도와 서식지 타입에 따른 분포 모두 유의한 차이를 보였으며, 저고도와 물이 있는 계곡에서 주로 분포하였다. 양서류의 경우도 고도와 서식지에 따라 쇠살모사와동일한 분포패턴을 보였다. 물이 있는 계곡의 쇠살모사와 양서류에 대한 미소서식지 분석결과는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결과적으로 쇠살모사가 저고도에 위치한 물이 있는 계곡주변에서 대부분 분포하고 있었던 이유는 양서류의 분포가 그 원인으로 판단된다. 이러한 이유는 천마산에 서식하는 쇠살모사가 비교적 사냥하기 쉬운 먹이자원인 양서류를 선호했기 때문이라고 판단된다.

The distribution of animals is affected by habitat selection, and habitat type and prey resource are importantfactors affecting their survival. This study was conducted to investigate the distribution pattern of theRed-tongue viper snake (Gloydius ussuriensis) with respect to altitude, habitat type and distribution of potentialprey resource in Cheon-ma mountain, Korea. The study area of Cheon-ma mountain was separated into threealtitude categories (low, middle, and high altitude) and the habitat types were categorized according topresence or absence of aquatic ecosystem and the preferred habitat in relation to altitude was determined. Thedistribution pattern of Red-tongue viper snakes was significantly different according to altitude and habitattype: they were mainly distributed at low altitude and in the water valleys. The distribution pattern of theRed-tongue viper snake correlated with that of amphibians. The analyses of microhabitat use of theRed-tongue viper snake and amphibians showed that their microhabitat types were not different significantly inwater valleys. In conclusion, Red-tongue viper snakes were mainly distributed in the water valleys at lowaltitude and this is because amphibians are important as potential prey of the Red-tongue viper snake inCheon-ma mountain.

본 연구에서는 강우관측소의 고도별 공간분포의 적정성을 평가하기 위한 방안으로 고도별 강우관측소의 최근린지수를 산정하고, 현재 강우관측소 공간분포의 적정성을 평가하였다. 등면적비를 이용하여 고도를 구분하고, 고도마다 다른 지형적인 조건을 고려하기 위하여 주어진 지형조건내에서 가능한 최대 NNI을 최적화 기법의 하나인 화음탐색법을 이용하여 산정하였다. 이와 같이 고도별로 현재 상태 및 최대 NNI를 산정한 후 이 두 값의 차이를 바탕으로 고도별로 강우관측소 분포를 평가하였다. 그 결과 고도가 높아질수록 공간분포가 상대적으로 취약함을 확인하였다. 추후 강우관측망을 신설할 경우 고도별 특성을 반영한 다면 보다 효율적인 강우관측망의 구축이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

In this study, we estimate the NNI(Nearest Neighbor Index) which is considered altitude of rain gauge network as a method for evaluating appropriateness of spatial distribution and the current rain gauge network is evaluated. The altitude is divided by equal-area-ratio and optimal NNI within given basin condition is estimated using harmony search method for considering geographical conditions that vary from altitude to altitude. After calculating current state and optimal NNI for each altitude, the distribution of the rain gauge network is evaluated based on the difference between the two NNIs. As a result, it founds that the density of rain gauge networks is relatively thin as the altitude increases. Furthermore, it will be possible to construct an efficient rain gauge network if the characteristics of different altitudes are considered when a new rain gauge network is newly constructed.

마이크로 모빌리티 시장 규모가 성장함에 따라 오르막길 정보를 포함한 경로 안내에 대한 수요가 증가하고 있다. 전동모터에 따라 등판 각도가 다르므로 임계치 기준별 오르막길 정보 구축이 필요하다. 도로의 선형정보는 주행의 안전성과 쾌적성을 좌우하는 매우 중요한 요소임 에도 전자지도에 종단 경사도에 대한 정보는 부재하다. 자율주행차 시대를 대비하여 구축 중 인 정밀도로지도는 기존 국가표준 노드링크와는 달리 고도정보를 추가 생성하였으나 일부 구 간에만 고도정보가 있고 도로의 종단경사를 생성할 수 있는 정보는 여전히 부족한 실정이다. 이 연구에서는 현재 활용할 수 있는 데이터를 이용하여 도로의 종단 경사도를 산출하는 방안 으로 국내 수치표고모델의 고도정보를 도로의 링크 정보와 매칭하는 방법을 제시하였다. 서울 시 표준링크를 기준으로 4m 단위의 고도를 생성한 후 단위 거리당 개별 경사도를 산출하였다. 이를 활용하여 도로 링크 별로 대표 경사도를 부여한 후 마이크로 모빌리티가 운행할 수 없는 도로와 폭설시 노면이 미끄러워 운행할 수 없는 도로를 선정하였다. 또한, 도로 기반정보로 활 용하는 수치표고모델의 한계점과 이슈를 설명하여 실제 활용 시 주의할 사항들을 기술하였다. 향후에는 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 기존에 부재했던 도로의 종단 경사 정보를 활용하여 다 양한 융합 분석을 할 수 있기를 기대한다.

As the micro-mobility market grows, the demand for route guidance, that includes uphill information as well, is increasing. Since the climbing angle depends on the electric motor uesed, it is necessary to establish an uphill road DB according to the threshold standard. Although road alignment information is a very important element in the basic information of the roads, there is no information currently on the longitudinal slope in the road digital map. The High Definition(HD) map which is being built as a preparation for the era of autonomous vehicles has the altitude value, unlike the existing standard node link system. However, the HD map is very insufficient because it has the altitude value only for some sections of the road network. This paper, hence, intends to propose a method to generate the road longitudinal slope using currently available data. We developed a method of computing the longitudinal slope by combining the digital elevation model and the standard link system. After creating an altitude at the road link point divided by 4m based on the Seoul road network, we calculated individual slope per unit distance of the road. After designating a representative slope for each road link, we have extracted the very steep road that cannot be climbed with personal mobility and the slippery roads that cannot be used during heavy snowfall. We additionally described errors in the altitude values due to surrounding terrain and the issues related to the slope calculation method. In the future, we expect that the road longitudinal slope information will be used as basic data that can be used for various convergence analyses.

미국이 운영하는 GPS를 비롯하여 러시아의 GLONASS, 중국의 BEIDOU, 일본의 QZSS, 유럽 연합의 GALILEO등 수 많은 위성들이 지구 중심으로 떠다니고 있다. 이러한 위성들은 각각의 위성 궤도를 가지고 있으며 그 궤도에 고도와 입사각이 존재한다. 정지궤도 급의 고도를 가진 위성은 그 위성이 커버하는 지역 은 작지만 입사각이 높고 매 시간 관측 가능하다. 본 연구는 고도가 다른 두 위성 집단을 선정하여 초고 층 밀집 지역인 테헤란에서의 측위 정확도를 테스트 하였다.

Body size is an important issue in ecological studies because it affects not only the structure and dynamics of food webs but also the spatial distribution and life history traits of animals. Previous studies have showed that body size of animals varies along latitudes and altitudes (i.e. Bergmann’s rule), but the patterns in ectotherms (e.g. amphibians and reptiles) show ambiguous results and thus deserve further attention. I investigated the body size variation of three ranid frogs and revealed possible mechanism causing the differences. I sampled frogs from different altitudes (low: 0-800 m, mid: 1000-1800, and high: >2000 m), measured body length and clipped a toe for skeletochronology which revealed the life-history traits of each individual. Results showed that in R. latouhii (distributes 151-1130 m), there was no significant difference of body size and life-history traits along altitude gradients. However, the body size of R. swinhoana (distributes 151-1797 m) increased with altitude, which fits the Bergmann’s rule. In this species, age is the main factors affecting body size. On the other hand, the male and female R. sauteri (distributes 408-2546 m) showed different body size patterns. Body size of males and females showed negative and no correlation with altitudes, respectively, and the different patterns can be explained by the growth rate and sex-specific longevity. Overall, results indicate body size variation along altitudes varied among species, which can probably be explained by the species or sex-specific life history traits. A model with ultimate and proximate mechanisms has been proposed to explain body size variation of animals across altitudes and even latitudes

The aim of the present study was to assess the variation in species composition and diversity of woody species at different altitudes (900 to 2600 m asl) in Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary (KWLS) and its adjoining areas in Garhwal Himalaya, India. A total of 94 woody plant species (including 44 tree and 50 shrub species) belonging to 72 genera and 44 families were reported. Density varied from 235±9 to 505±21 trees ha−1 and 4,730±474 to 9,530± 700 shrubs ha−1. Total basal cover varied from 10.49±0.66 to 42.92±2.57 m2 ha−1 (trees) and 0.36±0.024 to 0.62± 0.047 m2 ha−1 (shrubs). Shannon-Wiener Index fluctuated between 2.30 to 3.53 (trees) and 2.74 to 3.78 (shrubs). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that altitude and aspect had significant effect on the distribution of woody species. Taxonomically, Rosaceae with 15 species emerged as the dominant family. Low value of maturity index and contiguous distribution of species denoted the early successional status of the studied forests. The conservation assessment based on altitudinal regimes and the information on species structure and function can provide baseline information for monitoring and sustaining the biodiversity.

The present study was undertaken in middle altitudinal (1500 to 2500 masl) moist temperate forest of Mandal-Chopta area in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand, India. The aim of the present study was to assess the variation in species composition and diversity in different vegetation layers viz. herb, shrub and tree, at different altitudes. Shannon-Wiener diversity index ( H ), Nha-1, total basal cover per hectare (G), Simpson concentration of dominance, Pielou Equitability, species richness (SR), Margalef index, Menheink index of species richness and β-diversity were calculated to understand community composition. Tree G ranged from 84.25 to 35.08 m2ha-1 and total stem density varied from 990 to 1470 Nha-1. Total SR (herb, shrub and trees) among different forest types ranged between 31 and 58. Maximum G of herb and shrub layers was recorded at lower altitudes between 1500 and 1650 masl. β-diversity was higher in herb layers as compared to tree and shrub layers. Dominance-diversity curves were also drawn to ascertain resource apportionment among various species in different forest types. Values of species diversity, H, Nha-1 and G were higher in the study area as compared to similar forests growing in other parts of Uttarakhand Himalaya.

This paper develops a new technique for generating sweeping beams that originated from low-altitude drone platform to improve the communications performance and energy consumption at sensor nodes. The proposed technique uses two-dimensional array weighted by cosine-square amplitude profile with linear phase shift to enhance the received signal strength from sensors which reduces the energy consumption compared with continuous transmission in conventional wireless sensor networks. The analysis of the proposed technique shows that a sweeping area of 200-meter diameter can be served at the sub-drone point using an array of 14 × 14 elements with the proposed amplitude feeding.

Raksi, a fermented distilled alcoholic beverage, is an ethnic drink consumed in high altitude regions of Singalila Ridge of the Himalayas and in adjoining high altitude places in Nepal, northern and north eastern part of India and Tibetan plateau. Like jaanr, tongba, nigar, chhyang, and other fermented ethnic beverages, raksi is considered as an element of ethnopharmacology of high altitude with claims of medicinal properties. An ethnobiological survey was done in the study area prior to collection and identification of raksi samples. In this research, two raksi samples (khokim raksi and chimphing raksi) of Singalila Ridge of the Himalayas were investigated by metabolite profiling using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Results of the experiment showed presence of several respiratory protective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant components which have properties to prevent various high altitude illnesses. Moreover, large quantities of bioactive terpenoids, fatty acid derivatives, coumarins, and peptides were detected whose chemotaxonomy and biosynthesis pathways were further studied. This metabolomics investigation not only affirmed Raksi as a remedy for high-altitude sickness but also helped in understanding the importance of this type of ethnic foods in high altitude ethnoecology. This research on raksi in the fields of ethnobiology and metabolomics is a cumulative approach which has opened the door for in-depth investigations on similar ethnic foods. However, further experiments on raksi are surely needed in ethnobiology, microbiology, biochemistry, and food technology.

This study investigated the effect of simulated altitude training on the changes of small intestinal mucosa barrier, bacterial overgrowth and inflammatory response in the small intestine of rat. Male 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal oxygen sedentary group (n=30), normal oxygen exercise group (n=30), low oxygen sedentary group (n=30) and low oxygen exercise group (n=30). Exercise training was on a treadmill for 1 hr per day on days 3, 6, and 9 in the hypoxia condition. Hematological profiles, hematolxylin and eosin staining, fluorescence in situ hybridization, reverse transcrip-tion-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were used to analyze the effect of simulated altitude training on the amount of bacteria, and expression of mRNA and protein. Simulated exercise training signifi-cantly increased red blood cells and hematocrit. The small intestinal mucosa barrier was significantly injured by the simulated altitude exer-cise training. Comparatively more bacterial growth was evident in the small intestine by the simulated altitude exercise training. mRNA levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and pro-tein expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) were significantly el-evated by simulated altitude exercise training. These results suggest that the simulated altitude exercise training may impair the small intes-tinal mucosa barrier via elevation of bacterial growth and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α) and the up-regulation of NF-κB in the rats.

식물 유래 기능성 성분은 화장품 원료의 중요한 부분으로 업계에서 점차적으로 인정받고 중요시하고 있다. 그 중에서 고지대 식물 은 고유한 성장 환경으로 인해 역전 방지, 산화 방지 및 자외선 차단과 같은 생물학적 특성이 부여되며 노화 방지 화장품 원료의 개 발에 응용될 수 있다. 본 연구는 Rhodiola rosea, Polygonatum kingianum, Camellia reticulata 및 Anthriscus sylvestris를 포함한 21 개 종류의 고지대 식물을 요약했으며, 고지대식물의 원천 식물, 서식지 특성 및 지리적 분포, 주요 기능성 물질 성분 및 생물 활 성 효능을 요약하였고, 또한 화장품 시장에의 응용현황 등을 요약하였다. 또한 노화 방지 화장품 개발에 고지대식물의 잠재력에 대 한 전망을 요약하였다.

Plant-originated functional ingredients are important parts of cosmetic raw materials. Due to their unique growth environment, high-altitude plants be given biological characteristics such as anti-reverse, anti-oxidation and anti-ultraviolet radiation, and their effective material basis can be applied to the development of anti-aging cosmetic raw materials. This article summarized 21 high-altitude plants including Rhodiola rosea , Polygonatum kingianum , Camellia reticulata and Anthriscus sylvestris , including their source plants, habitat characteristics and geographical distribution, main functional substance components and bioactive effects, and review their cosmetics market performance. We also prospects for the potential of high-altitude plants in anti-aging cosmetics development.

从天然植物中提取有效功效成分作为化妆品原料已经越发得到业内认可和重视。其中，高海拔植物因其独特的 生长环境形成了抗逆、抗氧化和抗紫外辐射等生物特性，其有效物质基础能够运用于延缓衰老类化妆品功效原 料的开发当中。本文通过对大花红景天、滇黄精、滇山茶、峨参在内的21种高海拔植物进行综述，归纳总结其 基源植物、生境特征和地理分布、主要功效物质成分及其作用，化妆品市场应用现状；并对高海拔植物来源的 功效性成分在延缓衰老化妆品开发中的发展前景做出了展望。

Altitude measurement in fields, forestry and engineering remain essential but still conventional methods of altitude measurement remain challenging. Present altitude measurement methods include height poles for trees and photogrammetric instruments. Both methods remain arduous as either process is both time and money consuming or susceptible to large parallax errors. In this innovative work an altitude and distance calculating device out of potentiometers based on trigonometry was developed. A laser diode was attached to a potentiometer, and the other components were soldered together in a circuit board. Device accuracy and precision was determined. User satisfaction survey was also noted. For the altimeter testing, the lasers were pointed at the top of the object and the device was placed at a 1-meter distance from the base of the object. The device was set to measure different heights from 0.5 m to 2.5m. For the distance sensor, the lasers were pointed at a 1-meter height and the device was set to measure different distances from 0.5m to 2.5m. Three replicates for each trial were performed and device readings were then compared to actual measurements to determine accuracy. Standard deviations of reading were then computed to determine precision. Net Promoter Score was used in order to assess external evaluator feedback. An Arduino based altimeter and distance sensor was successfully fabricated with 94.2 percent degree of accuracy and 95.4 percent precision for height measurement. For the distance sensor, a 91.4% accuracy, and 95.4% precision was determined. The device garnered a net promoter score of 66%.

The effect of different environmental conditions and altitudes on the growth and reproductive characteristics in 12 teak plantations at 4 different blocks (Cauvery canal bank, Topslip and Parambikulam (Tamil Nadu), Nilambur and Wayanad (Kerala) of Southern India was investigated. The annual rainfall and mean monthly temperature of the study areas varied significantly from 1390 to 3188 mm and 16 to 38oC respectively. The teak plantations in Cauvery canal bank which grow in continuous moisture condition (8-10 months) retain the leaf for longer period due to moisture resulting continuous supply of photosynthates leads to fast and outstanding growth. The girth at breast height (GBH) of 34-years-old tree in canal area was similar to that of 40 to 49-years-old trees in other locations, indicating that teak plantations with regular watering and silvicultural practices may be harvested at the age of 30 years. The leaf fall, flowering and fruiting showed significant variations in different teak plantations due to environmental factors and altitudes. It was found that increase of rainfall enhances number of flowers in the inflorescence in teak. Tholpatty (block-IV) showed more flowering in a inflorescence (3,734-3,744) compared to other plantations (1,678-3,307). Flowering in Nilambur and Wayanad coincided with heavy rainfall resulting low fruitset (1.1-2.3%) probably heavy rainfall ensuing restriction of pollinators for effective pollination. On the other hand, flowering in Cauvery canal bank (Block-I) was not coincided with high rainfall exhibited high fruitset (2-3%). About 66 to 76% of the fruits in different plantations were empty, and it is one of the main reasons for poor germination in teak. The seeds of Topslip and Parambikulam (Block-II) showed higher seed weight, maximum seed filling and good germination indicating that the environmental factors and altitude play significant role in fruit setting and seed filling in teak. In addition, the teak plantations in Topslip and Parambikulam showed good growth suggesting that plantations in the altitude range of approximately 550-700 m may be suitable for converting into seed production areas for production of quality seeds.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the chemical properties of soil in relation to forest structure and composition at different altitudes (900-2,600 m asl) in a part of Western Himalaya. The composite soil samples were taken from three (viz. upper, middle and lower) depths. The soils of the whole study area were acidic in nature (pH=4.90-5.51). Contents of Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Carbon (C) and soil organic matter (SOM) showed much fluctuation during different seasons of year. Nitrogen content showed significant positive correlations with altitude (r=0.924, p＜0.05) and different community parameters like species diversity (r=0.892, p＜0.01) and species richness (r=0.941, p＜0.05). Phosphorus exhibited direct correlations with carbon (r=0.637) while weak negative correlations with different community parameters like species richness & diversity, total basal cover (TBC), density and canopy cover. Carbon content and hence SOM showed direct correlations with Nitrogen (r=0.821, p＜0.01); Phosphorus (r=0.637, ns) and Potassium (r=0.540, ns). But no significant relationship was observed between K content and species richness (p=0.30, r=-0.504); between K content and species diversity (p=0.14, r=-0.672); between P content and species diversity (p=0.29, r=-0.513) and species richness (p=0.23, r=-0.575). Among the different soil nutrients, only N showed a significant positive correlation with altitude while all others exhibited negative (but non-significant) correlation with it. The study revealed that the chemical properties affect and are reciprocally affected by forest structure and composition and that N rich soils of higher altitudes are best for the growth and development of forests.

Against the backdrop of the rapid development of the global economy and technology, the low-altitude economy, as an emerging economic form, holds great significance for development. This paper first elaborates on the origin of the low-altitude economy, which is the result of reflecting on the scientific allocation of low-altitude airspace resources and management reforms, and is closely related to the general aviation industry. Then, it reviews the policy support during the development of China's low-altitude economy. The continuous introduction of national and local policies has promoted its vigorous development. Subsequently, it provides a detailed introduction to the development of the drone industry, covering aspects such as technological improvement, intelligent development, expansion of application fields, and growth of the industrial scale. Moreover, drones and the low-altitude economy are highly integrated in terms of airspace utilization, technology, and industrial demand. The research shows that although China's low-altitude economy and drone development face challenges, with the impetus of policies and their own advantages, they have broad prospects for development and are of great significance for promoting high-quality economic development.

This study was created to resolve the problems embedded in the formal measuring experiments to determine the earth’s size in the current curriculum, to develop an updated measuring experiment to determine the earth’s size and to establish its effect. For this study, pre-service elementary teachers, who had attempted the experiment of measuring the size of the earth when they were in middle school, performed the experiments in the existing national curriculum, and their responses, collected through in-depth interviews, were examined. To begin with, the pre-service elementary teachers conducted the experiment of measuring the earth size and they recorded the problems while performing it. At the end, an in-depth interview was administered. Based on the problems, an updated measuring experiment to determine the earth’s size was suggested to be applied to the same contents and be analyzed through the in-depth interviews. Common themes which were mutually categorized and analyzed by the two researchers were obtained based on the records produced while conducting the experiment and the in-depth interview data. The teachers mentioned that the experiments for measuring the size of the earth in the current curriculum gave rise to difficulties in measuring precisely the angles between the string and the post. Also, there has been a scientific contradiction that solar altitudes were increased in a high latitude region, instead of decreased. For this reason, an alternative method has been developed to measure the earth’s size using the distance and the solar altitude difference of two places. The teachers all agreed that by using the updated measuring experiment, they can acquire more precise measurements and it is easier, faster and consequently more effective than the existing methods. Through the results of this study, I suggest that the newly developed experiment by the researchers can overhaul the problems of the current experiments and it can be an effective alternative to the current experiment.

The emergence of the low-altitude economy has promoted the rapid expansion of innovative sectors, including unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) logistics, Urban Air Mobility (UAM), and low-altitude tourism. This growth has generated a critical and urgent demand for the allocation of designated low-altitude airspace above terrestrial surfaces. However, the traditional real right law system, which is centered on land rights and adheres to the principle of “cujus est solum, ejus est usque ad coelum et ad inferos” (whoever owns the land owns it up to the heavens and down to the depths), struggles to accommodate and regulate the independent, stratified utilization of three-dimensional space above land-particularly low-altitude airspace. Against this background, it becomes both feasible and necessary to deconstruct the traditional conception of land rights and to justify the recognition of specific low-altitude airspace as an independent object of real rights in the form of a usufructuary right to low-altitude airspace. Within the framework of the Book on Real Rights of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China, it is essential to examine the doctrinal structure and regulatory mechanisms of such a right to promote and ensure the safe and orderly development of the low-altitude economy.

The plant growth and yield of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. were studied by altitude and tuber weight. The emergence rates in low land area were not different by tuber weights, but it showed earlier emergence date in heavier weight of seed-tuber and low land area. The higher aerial growth such as plant height and number of leaves per plant was the heavier tuber weight in a planting year, but the growth was not different by the weight of tuber at second year after planting. The distribution pattern of tuber size per ㎡ was not influenced by different seed-tuber weight. The number of harvested tuber was highest at more than 1 g of tuber weight, and followed 1 ~ 2 g and less than 2 g. The distribution pattern of fresh tuber yield was not influenced by different altitude and seed-tuber weight. The marketable tuber, 2 g or more, tends to be produced with more than 0.6 g seed-tuber. As the results above-mentioned, it was thought that the high yield was supposed to use seed-tuber over 0.6 g in the fertile soil.

The contents of index components in 5 medicinal crops cultivated at different heights in Andong area. Thecontents of allantoin in Dioscorea batatas Decne and catalpol in Rehmannia glutinosa Liboschitz were not differentby cultivation heights (100 ~ 200m). But the contents of index components in Astragalus membranaceus and Angelica acutilobaKitagawa were higher in samples cultivated at elevated heights. At 700 m of heights, the contents of formononetin andastragaloside I in Astragalus membranaceus were 1.20 and 201.2㎍/g, respectively. The contents of decursin and nodakeninin Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa were 68.3 and 4.20 ㎎/g, respectively. Thus Astragalus membranaceus and Angelica acutilobaKitagawa are recommended to be cultivated in higher altitude.