Earticle

본 연구에서는 담수거북에 대한 목견조사와 eDNA 메타 바코딩 분석 결과를 비교하여 국내 외래거북 모니터링 적용 가능성을 평가하였다. 연구 결과, 강원대학교 연적지에서 수 행한 목견조사로는 3종(Pseudemys concinna, Trachemys scripta elegans, Chrysemys dorsalis), eDNA 메타바코딩으 로는 2분류군(Pseudemys sp., T. scripta)의 외래거북이 확인 되었다. 따라서 eDNA 방법을 이용한 외래거북 모니터링은 담수거북 데이터베이스 보완 및 다중 마커를 활용하였을 때, 모니터링 방법의 하나로 활용될 수 있을 것이라 판단된다.

In this study, we compared the traditional survey and metabarcoding analysis of freshwater turtles to determine the possibility of monitoring alien turtles in Republic of Korea. By using environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding at Yeon-juk pond in the Kangwon National University, we found three alien turtle species (Pseudemys concinna, Trachemys scripta elegans, and Chrysemys dorsalis) in traditional surveys and two taxa (Pseudemys sp. and T. scripta) in eDNA metabarcoding. As a result, it is thought that monitoring of alien turtles using the eDNA metabarcoding method can be applied as one of the monitoring strategies when supplementing the freshwater turtle database and utilizing multiple markers.

이 연구는 현재까지 국내 야생에서 확인되지 않았던 외래종 견목거북과(Podocnemididae) 아마존노란점거북(Yellow-spotted Amazon River Turtle, Podocnemis unifilis)을 처음으로 관찰한 사실을 학술적으로 보고하고자 한다. 2020년 7월 24일 제 주특별자치도 제주시 조천읍 와흘리 33°30'20.08"N 126°38'0.23"E 지점에서 아마존노란점거북 2개체가 바위에서 일광욕 하고 있는 것이 관찰되었다. 1개체는 머리에 노란색 반점이 있었고, 다른 1개체는 흑화되어 검은색을 띠었다. 관찰된 장소 는 도로와 인접해 있고, 사람들의 출입이 잦은 곳으로, 애완용으로 사육되던 개체가 연못으로 방사된 것으로 추측된다. 최근 호수, 저수지 등 국내 야생에서 확인되는 외래거북이 증가하고 있으며, 외래거북 유입으로 인한 수생태계의 피해가 예상되 는 만큼, 외래생물에 대한 시민과학 프로젝트와 환경교육을 통한 대중들의 인식 개선이 필요하다. 향후 발견된 개체에 대하 여 지속적인 모니터링을 통한 야생 적응 여부, 번식과 관련된 추가 연구가 수행되어야 할 것이다.

This study is the first official report on the wild habitats of alien species, Yellow-spotted Amazon River Turtle (Podocnemis unifilis) in Republic of Korea. On July 24, 2020, two P.unifilis were observed basking on rocks at 33°30'20.08"N 126°38'0.23"E, Waheul-ri, Jocheon-eup, Jeju-si, Jeju. One individual had a yellow spots on the head where as the other contains black spot. Our observatory site is close to road and easy access to people. Thus, these individuals were believed to be released in the pond after raising as pets. Recently, the number of alien turtles identified in wild(etc. lake, resevoir) is increasing, which is predicted to damage the aquatic ecosystem due to the inflow of exotic turtles. So, it is necessary to improve the people's awareness of alien species through citizen science projects and environmental education. We suggest that research on habitat adaptation, reproduction and management through continuous monitoring is needed in the future.

환경부는 외래생물의 유입을 사전 예방하고 효과적으로 관리하기 위해 위해우려종을 지정하고 관리 정책 을 추진하고 있다. 이 연구는 위해우려종 중 생물기후에 민감한 양서류를 대상으로 종분포모형을 활용하여 현재 및 미래 기후의 국립공원 서식 가능성을 예측하였다. 연구 대상종은 6개 종이며, 현재 및 RCP4.5, RCP8.5 기후 조건 의 서식 가능성을 7개 Case로 구분하였다. 예측 결과 위해우려종의 자생지 위도(latitude) 범위가 한반도의 위도 범 위와 유사한 Japanese common toad, Japanese brown frog는 대부분이 국립공원에서 서식 가능할 것으로 예측되었 고 Marsh frog, Pool frog, African clawed frog는 기후의 극한지수 차이로 국립공원의 서식 가능성이 낮았다.

The Ministry of Environment has designated potential risk species to prevent and effectively manage the alien species. This study predicted the potential habitat possibilities of the Korea national park for amphibians sensitive to climate change, present and future climate and used species distribution models for prediction. There are six amphibians for predicting habitat potential, and seven cases are classified according to climate change scenarios (present, RCP 4.5, RCP 8.5). According to the prediction results, Japanese common toad and Japanese brown frog were predicted to be inhabitable in most national parks. The reason may be that the bio-climate was also similar, because their latitude of native distributions area were similar to that of the Korean Peninsula. On the other hand, Marsh frog, Pool frog and African clawed frog are less habitat possibilities, due to differences in the extreme bio-climate between the native distributions area and the Korean peninsula.

The characteristics of 124 Phytolacca americana present areas and 88 surrounding absent areas over the country were investigated and compared from July 2016 to Sept 2017. The Phytolacca americana was confirmed as having been nationally distributed and is usually found in roadsides at an altitude of 380 m (26%), forest edges (24%), forests (19%), sunny spots (60%), dry soils (53%), sandy loams (31%) and sand＋gravel soils (22%). 321 taxons consisting of 79 families, 209 genera, 289 species, 2 subspecies, 26 varieties and 4 cultivars and 286 taxons consisting of 76 families, 195 genera, 256 species, 2 subspecies, 24 varieties and 4 cultivars were found in the Phytolacca americana present areas and the absent areas, respectively. The relative net contribution degree was found highest in the Phytolacca americana (100) followed by Robinia pseudoacacia (29.4), Humulus japonicus (8.8) and Artemisia princeps (6.0) in the present areas, while it was found highest in Robinia pseudoacacia (100) followed by Humulus japonicus (44.4), Artemisia princeps (35.9), Pueraria lobata (18.6) and Setaria viridis (12.3) in the absent areas. The Raunkier’s life form in the present/absent areas was found highest in the therophytes (34%/34%), followed by hemicryptophytes (17%/18%), megaphanerophytes and mesophanerophytes (18%/17%), nanophanerophytes (11%/11%) and geophytes (9%/11%). There was no significant difference in the species diversity between the present (2.141) and the absent (2.124) areas. However, the allelopathic agent and light blocked-out by the Phytolacca americana could possibly inhibit germination and the development of other species; especially, where a difference in species diversity was found high in forests, compared to other habitats (p=0.0605). Accordingly, it is suggested to review possible disturbances of native species habitats in shady spots including forest gaps, although the effect of Phytolacca americana on the ecological system in the suburban open and disturbed areas is not large.

본 조사는 2013년 봄(4~5월)과 여름(7월) 2회에 걸쳐 변산반도국립공원 내 개설된 10개 임도주변의 식물 상과 생태계교란정도를 파악하여 효율적인 임도의 관리방안을 마련하기 위해 실시하였다. 조사한 10개 임도에서 확 인된 식물상은 41목 97과 353종 68변종 13품종 3아종으로 총 437분류군(taxa)이 조사되었다. 이중 환경부지정 멸종 위기생물 II급인 노랑붓꽃(Iris koreana Nakai) 1종이 조사되었으며, 귀화식물은 44종이며 그 중 환경부지정 생태계 교란생물은 돼지풀, 도깨비가지, 애기수영, 서양금혼초 등 4종이 확인되었다. 전체에 대한 도시화지수(UI: Urbanization Index)는 14.24%이고, 귀화율(NI, Naturalization Index)은 10.07%로 나타났으며 개별 임도의 경우 도시화지수가 가 장 낮은 곳이 2.27%이고 가장 높은 곳은 7.77%로 나타났다. 귀화율의 경우 4.46%에서 11.86%을 나타냈다. 도시화 지수와 귀화율에 대한 개별 임도 간 차이는 인위적 간섭정도, 즉, 임도의 주기적 관리와 차량 출입의 빈도에 따라 차이가 나는 것으로 판단된다.

This study was carried out to prepare the effective forest road management plan by examining the flora and ecosystem disturbance status around 10 forest roads opened in Byeonsan Peninsula National Park 2 times in the spring (April to May) of 2013 and summer (July). Flora identified at 10 forest roads examined were found out to be a total of 437 taxonomic groups including 41 orders, 97 families, 353 species, 68 variants, 13 kinds, 3 subspecies. Among them, 1 endangered species designated by the Ministry of Environment was found such as Grade II, Iris Koreana Nakai, 44 species of naturalized plant were identified, and 4 species of ecosystem disturbance organism designated by the Ministry of Environment were identified including ragweed, bogy branch, Rumex acetosella and cat’s-ear. The Urbanization index for all was 14.24%, and the Naturalization index was 10.07%. Among individual forest loads, the road with the lowest UI was found to be 2.27%, the road with the highest UI was 7.77%. NI was found between 4.46% and 11.86%. The difference of UI and NI in individual forest roads is found to appear depending on the degree of artificial intervention, that is, regular management of forest road and frequency of vehicle access.

유입주의 생물이란 국내에 유입될 경우 생태계에 위해를 미칠 우려가 있는 생물을 뜻한다. 환경부고시 제 2023-228호 의하면 국내 유입주의 생물은 706종으로, 파충류 45종이 지정되어 있다. 이중 민물거북류는 가짜지도거북, 노랑늪거북, 북미지도거북, 카스피민물거북, 아프리카헬멧거북, 중국줄무늬목거북×남생이, 일본돌거북×남생이, 류큐노랑늪거북 8종이 있다. 중국줄무늬목거북은 국내 멸종위기종Ⅱ 남생이와 교잡 가능하며, 생태계를 교란시킬 수 있어 2020년 3월에 생태계교란 생물로 지정되었으 며, 이후, 중국줄무늬목거북×남생이 또한 같은 해 4월 유입주의 생물로 지정되었다. 2018년 중국줄무늬목거북×남생이의 국내 서식이 확인되었으며, 생태계교란 생물 우 선관리지역 지정 및 지속적인 모니터링을 위해 중국줄무늬목거북 및 남생이의 서식 지 총 47지점에 대한 현장조사를 실시하였다. 또한, 공서지역 및 잡종 발견지점에서 포획조사를 실시하였으며, 포획된 개체는 mtDNA COⅠ 과 nDNA R35 분석을 통해 종동정을 실시하였다. 조사 결과, 국내 6개 지점에서 중국줄무늬목거북과 남생이가 공서하고 있었으며, 4개 지점에서 교잡종이 서식함을 확인하였다. 포획된 개체 2개체 에 대한 유전자분석 결과 모계는 남생이었으며, 부계는 중국줄무늬목거북인 것으로 확인되었다. 특히, 공서지역인 전주 덕진공원, 부산 시민공원에서는 중국줄무늬목거 북, 남생이, 중국줄무늬목거북×남생이 모두 확인되어, 우선관리지점으로 지정해 방 제 및 복원 등의 조치가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

2022년 11월부터 2023년 10월까지 추동저수지에서 침입외래종 미국가재를 포함한 저서성 대형무척추동물에 대한 정밀 조사를 수행 하였다. 정밀 조사와 함께 미국가재의 영양상태를 평가하기 위하여 전장-체중의 회귀분석을 실시하였으며, 자연 생태계에서 쉽게 구별할 수 있도록 국내 가재와 외래종 가재 2종의 형태적 특징을 제시하였다. 조사 결과, 미국가재는 총 53개체 확인되었으며, 성체 37개체, 유체 15개 체로, 1년 중 3월부터 7월까지는 개체수가 증가하였으며, 8월부터 감소하여 10월까지 지속적으로 출현하였다. 10월 이후 수온이 낮아지면서 월동하는 것으로 나타났으며, 성체와 유체상태로 모두 월동하는 걸로 확인되었다. 추동저수지 미국가재의 전장-체중 분석결과, W=3L3.5715. 의 양의 상대 성장을 나타내 개체군의 영양상태는 매우 양호한 것으로 분석되었다. 저서성 대형무척추동물은 총 3문 4강 11목 25과 39종 1,007개체가 출현하였으며, 수서곤충류가 29종(665개체)로 가장 풍부하였으며, 다음으로 연체동물문 4종(126개체), 연갑강 3종(210개 체), 환형동물문 3종(6개체) 순으로 나타났다. 우점종은 하루살이목의 연못하루살이, 아우점종은 십각목의 줄새우로 확인되었으며, 1년 중 5월과 10월 두 번에 걸쳐 종과 개체수가 증가하였다. 이는 미국가재의 출현 시기와 유사한 패턴으로 저서성 대형무척추동물의 개체수 증가와 감소가 나타났다. 침입외래종인 미국가재와 마블가재의 형태적 특징과 함께 국내 토종 가재의 형태적 특징으로는 개체군의 크기, 채색, 무늬 패턴, 두흉부의 모양과 이마뿔의 형태, 갑각 가운데 양쪽의 융기선 모양의 특징을 제시하여 쉽게 구별할 수 있도록 하였다. 본 조사 결과를 통해 미국가재의 국내 출현 시기 및 서식지의 특성, 그리고 주요 가재들의 형태적 특징을 제시함으로써 국내에 침입 번식하고 있는 침입외래종을 방제하고, 국내 담수생물 다양성을 보존하는 데 있어 중요한 기초자료가 될 것으로 판단된다.

In this study, we conducted a detailed investigation of the invasive Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852), focusing on benthic macroinvertebrates in the Chudong Reservoir from November 2022 to October 2023. The investigation included an analysis of the length-weight relationship of P. clarkii and a comparison of the morphological characteristics of invasive and native crayfish species. The results revealed 53 individuals of P. clarkii (37 adults and 15 juveniles) from the Chudong reservoir. The population of P. clarkii increased during March-July, followed by a decline during August-October, during which the species continued to appear. Overwintering occurred in both adult and juvenile crayfish near rice fields around the reservoir. The length-weight relationship indicated positive allometric growth, expressed as W=3L3.5715. The investigation collected a total of 39 species of benthic macroinvertebrates (1,007 individuals) belonging to 25 families, 11 orders, 4 classes, and 3 phyla at the study sites. Aquatic insects (29 spp., 665 individuals) was the most species-rich group, followed by Mollusca (3 spp., 126 individuals), Malacostraca (3 spp., 210 individuals), and Annelida (3 spp., 6 individuals). The dominant species was Cloeon dipterum (Linnaeus, 1761) (Ephemeroptera), followed by the subdominant Palaemon paucidens De Haan, 1884 (Decapoda). Benthic macroinvertebrates exhibited increased abundance and species richness in May and October, reflecting seasonal patterns similar to the variations in P. clarkii populations. Morphological comparisons were conducted between the invasive species (P. clarkii and P. virginalis) and the native Korean crayfish (Cambaroides similis). Key characteristics, such as body length, coloration, patterning, carapace, rostrum shape, and the presence of an areola on the carapace, were documented to differentiate the species. This study provides foundational data on the seasonal occurrence and habitat characteristics of P. clarkii in South Korea, as well as the key morphological features of alien and native crayfish species. These results are expected to contribute significantly to the management and control of invasive crayfish species and the conservation of freshwater biodiversity in South Korea.

담수 외래종에 대한 대중의 인식은 시대나 외래종과 관련된 특정 사건에 따라 달라진다. 인식차이는 관리계획을 수립 하고 이해하는데 영향을 미쳐 외래종을 관리하는데 대중들의 인식을 이해하는 것이 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 보전문 화체학 (Conservation culturomics)에서 사용하는 소셜 네트워크 플렛폼의 디지털 텍스트, 언론보도, 인터넷 검색량을 분석하여 담수 외래종에 대한 대중의 관심도와 감성을 파악하고자 하였다. 11종의 담수 외래종을 대상으로 트위터 게 시글 수와, 언론보도량, 검색량을 추출하여 대중의 관심도를 파악하였다. 또한 이 자료들의 시간에 따른 추세와 계절 변동성여부, 자료의 반복 주기를 확인하였다. 수집된 자료를 텍스트마이닝 기법 기반의 감성분석을 통해 감성지수 (sentiment score)로 산출해 각 종에 대한 대중들의 감성을 분석하였다. 연구결과 황소개구리와 뉴트리아, 파랑볼우럭, 큰입우럭은 다른 종들보다 상대적으로 많은 대중의 관심을 받는 것으로 확인되었다. 일부 종에서는 특정 시기에 따라 반복되고 변화하는 트윗량과, 언론보도량, 검색량을 나타냈다. 한편 텍스트마이닝 분석 결과, 대부분의 사람들이 담수 외래종에 대해 부정적인 감성을 가지고 있었다. 특히 생태계교란 생물이 지정된 이후 연도가 갈수록 부정적인 감성은 증가하였다. 하지만 과학적 근거가 없는 정보가 확산되거나 혐오를 증대시켜 담수 외래종을 관리하는 것은 한계가 있 다. 따라서 외래종에 대한 대중들의 인식을 과학적으로 파악하여 관리방안이 수립되어야 한다.

Public awareness of alien species can vary by generation, period, or specific events associated with these species. An understanding of public awareness is important for the management of alien species because differences in public awareness can affect the establishment and implementation of management plans. We analyzed digital texts on social media platforms, news articles, and internet search volumes used in conservation culturomics to understand public interest and sentiment regarding alien freshwater species. The number of tweets, number of news articles, and relative search volume to 11 freshwater alien species were extracted to determine public interest. Additionally, the trend over time, seasonal variability, and repetition period of these data were confirmed. We also calculated the sentiment score and analyzed public sentiment in the collected data using sentiment analysis based on text mining techniques. The American bullfrog, nutria, bluegill, and largemouth bass drew relatively more public interest than other species. Some species showed repeated patterns in the number of Twitter posts, media coverage, and internet searches found according to the specified periods. The text mining analysis results showed negative sentiments from most people regarding alien freshwater species. Particularly, negative sentiments increased over the years after alien species were designated as ecologically disturbing species.

외래종은 생태계교란 등 생물다양성의 감소뿐만 아니라 사회ㆍ경제적인 피해 그리고 공중보건적인 문제들을 발생시키기도 한다. 이에 생물다양성협약에서는 외래종의 도입을 규제하는 것이 가장 적절한 수단이며 국경단계에서의 예방조치를 강조하고 있다. 그러나 어떠한 외래종이 도입 후 피해를 줄 것인가 과학적으로 불확실하기 때문에 그 규제에 있어 일정한 한계를 지니고 있다. 각국이 외래종의 도입을 규제하는 방식은 블랙리스트 방식, 화이트리스트 방식 그리고 그레이리스트 방식 세 가지 유형으로 살펴볼 수 있다. 현행 법제 가운데 우리나라와 미국은 블랙리스트 방식으로만 규제하고 있으며, 일본은 블랙리스트와 그레이리스트 방식을 혼용하고 있고, 호주와 뉴질랜드의 경우에는 세 가지 유형을 모두 적용하고 있다. 예방조치 가운데 화이트리스트 방식은 외래종이 지니는 불확실성 규제에 가장 적합하지만 이러한 불확실한 리스크 규제는 WTO 체제 하에서 SPS협정에 반할 우려가 있다. 즉, 화이트리스트 방식은 SPS협정 제2조 제2항의 과학적 원리 근거하거나 충분한 과학적 증거를 요구하는 규정에 위반되거나 제3조의 국제기준 등에 부합할 것과 제5조 제1항의 리스크평가 및 제7항의 잠정조치 등의 요건을 충족하지 못할 수 있다. 외래종 문제의 원인과 그 규제방법 모두 무역과 깊은 관련을 맺고 있다. 그러나 EC 호르몬 사건을 비롯한 SPS협정 관련 분쟁사례들을 살펴보면 지금까지 WTO 분쟁해결기구가 과학적으로 불확실한 리스크의 규제에 대해 상당한 제약을 가하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 이에 SPS협정과 외래종 규제로서 예방조치가 충돌하는 경우, 이를 조화시키기 위한 방안으로 외래종 규제와 관련한 국제기준의 설정, 제5조 제7항의 잠정조치와 관련하여 사전배려원칙의 적용 및 확대 그리고 조약해석의 일반원칙에 따른 조화가능성을 제안하였고, 끝으로 SPS협정의 적용을 배제하는 방안도 논의하였다. 그러나 각각의 조화방안마다 일정한 한계를 지니고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 SPS협정의 엄격한 과학주의의 완화 및 불확실성 규제를 위한 사전배려원칙의 원용을 통해 효과적인 외래종 규제체제의 마련이 요구된다.

Alien Species may cause the social-economic damage or the public health problem as well as the biodiversity loss such as ecosystem disturbance. The CBD(Convention on Biological Diversity) requires to take appropriate measures to regulate the introduction of alien species and emphasizes the preventive measures at the border. These measures, however, have many limitations because it is uncertain which alien species harm the domestic environment. A frequently used approaches to introduction of alien species in each country are three types of lists such as black, white and gray lists. Korea and United States have used only the black lists but Japan has used the black mixed gray lists, Australia and New Zealand have used all types of lists in existing legislations. White lists approach is the most appropriate measures to regulate the uncertainty of alien species among preventive measures. but such measure to regulate uncertain risk may be against the WTO/SPS Agreement. White lists approach may be breached SPS provisions such as "based on scientific principle" and "sufficient scientific evidence" of Article 2.2, "confirm to international standards" of Article 3.1, 3.2 and "risk assessment(article 5.1)" or "provisional measures(article 5.7). Both the cause of alien species problems and their regulating methods were related with the international trade. After EC-Hormones case, reviewing the WTO/SPS jurisprudence, we can know that WTO Dispute Settlement Body has severely limited the regulation of scientific uncertainty until now. In this paper, I reviewed some approach in order to harmony WTO/SPS Agreement and alien species regulation: ⅰ) establishment of international standards related to alien species regulation; ⅱ) board adoption of precautionary principles in provisional measures(article 5.7); ⅲ) consistency possibility under the general principles of treaty interpretation; ⅳ) alien species regulation not to be applied to SPS Agreement. Although all these approaches have some limitations, it is necessary to establish the effective regulation mechanism in other to mitigate severe scientific justification required by SPS Agreement and regulate scientific uncertainty through invoking precautionary principles.

본 연구는 국내 생육이 확인된 미기록 외래식물을 보고하고 그 특성을 기술하고자 한다. 가는잎가시상추(Lactuca saligna)는 국화과 다년생 초본이며 높이 10~65cm에 까지 자란다. 줄기에 난 잎은 피침형, 좁은피침형이며, 기부는 이저(耳底), 줄기를 반쯤 감싼다. 유라시아원산으로 지중해, 유럽온대까지 넓은 생육범위를 보인다. 한국에서는 부산, 울산 해안가 주변 공터에서 생육이 확인되었다. 부산, 울산 해안가 저지대를 중심으로 신속한 분포확산이 예상된다. 근연종인 가시상추의 국내 분포확산, 위해성 등을 고려할 때 가는잎가시상추에 대한 주의가 요구된다. 좀전동싸리(Melilotus indicus)는 해안 초지에 생육하는 일년초이며 높이 60cm까지 성장한다. 잎은 우상 3소엽, 소엽은 도란형~좁은도란형, 길이는 1~2.5cm이며 거치가 있다. 좀전동싸리는 국내생육하는 전동싸리와 매우 유사한 형태적 특성을 보인다. 좀전동싸리는 꽃의 길이 2~3mm 개화기는 4~5월이며, 전동싸리는 꽃의 길이 4~7mm 개화기는 7~11월로 차이를 보인다. 지중해, 유럽 남서부 원산으로 전세계적으로 온대 전역에 유입된 것으로 알려져 있다. 국내에서는 제주시 한림읍 옹포리 일대 해안가 저지대 공터 및 초지에서 생육이 확인되었다. 넓은 면적에서 분포하며 제주도에 정착된 것으로 판단된다. 나도뿔이삭풀은(Hainardia cylindrica) 해안 초지에 생육하는 일년초이며 높이 5~35cm까지 성장한다. 수상화서는 25cm에 이르며, 쇠뿔모양으로 단단하다. 소수는 화서 중축에 파인곳을 메우고 있으며, 길이 5~8mm 1개의 소화를 포함한다. 초형은 혁질이며 예두이다. 남아메리카원산으로 북아메리카, 호주 일본 등에 귀화되어 있다. 한국에서는 전라남도 완도군 신지면 신리 해안가 일대 공터 및 초지에 생육이 확인되었다. 나도뿔이삭풀속 Hainardia 은 국내 처음 보고되는 속이며, 뿔이삭풀과 유사한 형태적 특성으로 인해 국명을 신칭하였다.

Background: Some of the introduced alien species introduced settle, multiply, and spread to become invasive alien species (IAS) that threaten biodiversity. To prevent this, Korea and other countries legally designate and manage alien species that pose a risk to the environment. Moreover, 2160 alien species have been introduced in South Korea, of which 1826 animals and 334 plants are designated. The inflow of IAS can have negative effects such as ecosystem disturbance, habitat destruction, economic damage, and health damage to humans. To prevent damage caused by the inflow of IAS in advance, species that could potentially pose a risk to the environment if introduced in South Korea were designated as alert alien species (AAS). Results: The designation criteria were in accordance with the "Act on the Conservation and Use of Biological Diversity" and the "Regulations on the Ecological Risk Assessment of AAS and IAS" by the National Institute of Ecology. The analysis result of risk and damage cases indicated that mammals affect predation, competition, human economic activity, virus infection, and parasite infection. Birds have been demonstrated to affect predation, competition, human economic activity, and health. It was indicated that plants intrude on the ecosystem by competing with native species with their high-population density and capacity to multiply and cause allergic inducement. Interestingly, 300 species, including 25 mammals, 7 birds, 84 fishes, 28 amphibians, 22 reptiles, 1 insect, 32 spiders, 1 mollusk, 1 arthropod, and 99 plants, are included in the list of AAS. Conclusions: AAS designation plays a role in preventing the reduction of biodiversity by IAS in South Korea and preserving native species. Moreover, it is determined to provide considerable economic benefits by preventing socio-economic losses and ecological damage.

We evaluated the restoration effect by introducing willows as a means of controlling invasions of giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L.) on a riparian site. Our preliminary survey demonstrated that a problematic exotic species, giant ragweed and the representative riparian species, Salix koreensis are in competitive exclusive relationship. We planted willows at 1 m intervals on the bank of the Dongmun stream at Munsan, Paju, in Central Western Korea as an experimental restoration practice. We installed two 50 m $\times$ 5 m sized restored and non-restored for this experimental study. The non-restored plots were located on river banks, which were covered with concrete blocks and left in itself without any treatment. The height of willow was measured after each of three consecutive growing seasons and compared with the height of the giant ragweed. Although the height of Salix gracilistyla did not achieve the height of the giant ragweed, the height of S. koreensis surpassed that of giant ragweed in the third year after introduction. The results were also reflected in the relative light intensity on the herb layer of willow stand, and thereby the relative light intensities of stands, which were dominated by S. koreensis or restored by introducing S. koreensis, 1.99 $\pm$ 0.33 (%, mean $\pm$ SD) and 1.92 $\pm$ 0.50 (%, mean $\pm$ SD), respectively were lower than those in the stands treated by S. gracilistyla, 3.01 $\pm$ 0.43 (%, mean $\pm$ SD). The giant ragweed stands receive full sunlight as there are no any vegetation layers higher than the herb layer formed by the giant ragweed. As the result of Detrended Correspondence analysis ordination based on naturally established vegetation, the stands dominated by willows and giant ragweed showed different species composition between both stands. The species composition of the restoratively treated sites resembled the reference sites more than the non-treated sites. The species diversity (H') of the sites restored by introducing S. koreensis and S. gracilistyla was higher than the non-restored site dominated by A. trifida. On the basis of our results, the restoration of riparian vegetation equipped with integrated features could contribute not only to the control of exotic plants including giant ragweed but also to ensure the diversity and stability of riverine ecosystems.

Tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima Swingle) as an invasive alien plant, appeared usually in the disturbed locations such as road-side, incised slope, and trampling path-side. They appeared abundantly in the trampling pathside but they did not appear or were rare in the interior of forest. Density and importance value of tree of heaven were proportionate to the relative light intensity measured according to distance from the trampling path toward forest interior and closely related to the breadth of trampling path as well. They were associated with annual, other exotic species or ruderal plants well. Distributional pattern of mature trees of them in the study area and its surrounding environments implied that they were introduced intentionally. Size class distribution of them showed that they are in expansion and artificial interferences such as, installing physical training space and developing hiking course functioned as trigger factors in their invasion and expansion. The results support the facts known generally in relation to invasion and expansion of the invasive alien plants. In this viewpoint, we suggest a management plan that applies ecological restoration principles to address ecosystems infected with tree of heaven by restoring the integral feature of the degraded nature and conserving the remained nature more thoroughly.

We analyze a dynamic Bertrand game model of trade between Foreign and Home in which the Foreign firm’s export good is shipped to Home in containers carried by ships. This shipment to Home may also result in the unwitting introduction of alien species from Foreign into Home. By undertaking prophylactic measures in Foreign, the Foreign firm can certify that the container cargo it is sending to Home contains no alien species. However, because certification is costly, ceteris paribus, the Foreign firm has little or no incentive to certify its exports. Therefore, we investigate whether it is possible for a regulatory authority in Home to threaten to levy a duty on the Foreign firm’s exports and thereby get this firm to certify its exports. Our analysis shows that when the elasticities of import and domestic demand and the profit function of the Foreign firm satisfy certain restrictions, it is indeed possible for the Home regulatory authority to obtain export certification with the threat of a duty on the Foreign firm’s exports.

In the past two decades Mikania micrantha Kunth, a climbing plant species originating from tropical America, has spread across Taiwan. It can now be found frequently in the lowlands and lower mountain areas up to 1,000 m a.s.l. in the centre and south of the island. Mikania micrantha is considered a problematic invasive alien plant species which is said to cause economical as well as environmental damage. This study investigated the ecological site characteristics of M. micrantha in Taiwan. 112 vegetation surveys were carried out in habitats where the alien plant was present. A comparison between sites with a high and a low abundance was carried out in order to assess which factors especially influence the extensive spread of the plant. Furthermore, the influence of disturbances was examined. Results showed that Mikania micrantha grows very dense in habitats which are characterized by good light conditions combined with vertical structures, such as trees. Results revealed that this invader occurs most frequently in agricultural fallows and wastelands, but it could hardly be found in the intensively managed plantations in the investigation area. Results provide great evidence that the plant is strongly influenced by disturbances, but only if impacts occur rarely.

Background: Sika deer, Cervus nippon, were originally introduced to South Korea from Japan and Taiwan for commercial farming purposes. Unfortunately, they were released into the wild during religious events and have since begun to impact the native ecosystem and species endemic to South Korea. The study of activity patterns can improve our understanding of the environmental impact of non-native species and their association with sympatric species. Using camera traps, we studied the diel and seasonal activity patterns of non-native sika deer and quantified the temporal overlap with sympatric mammalian species in the Muljangori-oreum wetlands of Hallasan National Park, South Korea. Results: A total of 970 trap events were recorded for five mammalian species from nine locations during the camera-trap survey. Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus tianschanicus) had the highest number of recorded events (72.0%), followed by sika deer (Cervus nippon) (16.2%), wild boar (Sus scrofa) (5.0%), Asian badger (Meles leucurus) (4.5%), and the Jeju weasel (Mustela sibirica quelpartis) (2.0%). Sika deer had bimodal activity patterns throughout the year, with peaks throughout the spring-autumn twilight, and day and night time throughout the winter. Relating the daily activity of sika deer with other mammalian species, roe deer expressed the highest degree of overlap (Δ₄ = 0.80) while the Asian badger demonstrated the lowest overlap (Δ₄ = 0.37). Conclusions: Our data show that sika deer are a crepuscular species with seasonal variations in daily activity patterns. Additionally, we identified the temporal differences in activity peaks between different mammals in the Muljangori-oreum wetlands and found higher degree of overlap between sika deer and roe deer during twilight hours.

We conducted a taxonomic study and agricultural environmental risk assessments of 41 putative invasive alien plants designated by the Ministry of Environment in 2016. In order to achieve the goal, we carried out the field survey four times including the United States, Australia, and Mexico, and investigated specimens, literature, and other information including seed morphology, classification key, and habitat conditions. In this study, we reported the taxonomic characters, ecological risk, and weed risk assessment of 41 putative invasive alien plants, and suggested significant information about 11 species to contribute to establish solutions of regulation management for putative invasive alien plants - Spirodela punctata (G.Mey.) C.H.Thomps. (Araceae), Sagittaria graminea Michx. (Alismataceae), Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) H.St. John, Hydrocharis morsus-ranae L., Stratiotes aloides L. (Hydrocharitaceae), Eichhornia azurea (Swartz) Kunth, Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms (Pontederiaceae), Aegilops tauschii Coss. (Poaceae), Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx. (Haloragaceae), Bunias orientalis L. (Brassicaceae), and Heracleum sosnowskyi Manden. (Apiaceae).

We performed taxonomic reviews and habitat circumstances survey for 41 un-introduced environmentally harmful plants (as designated by the Ministry of Environment, Korea in 2016). And we investigated plant specimens from several herbaria and performed a field survey in the southeastern region of the United States. Based on the result, we presented the most comprehensive results of weed risk evaluation and taxonomic description up to now as well as classification keys for 11 species to apply the regulation management of putative invasive alien species - Senecio madagascariensis Poir., Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski, Ageratina riparia (Regel) R.M. King & H. Rob. (Asteraceae), Andropogon gayanus Kunth (Poaceae), Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. & A. Gray (Cucurbitaceae), Salvinia minima Baker (Salviniaceae), Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleopow) Barbar. (Asclepiadaceae), Asparagus asparagoides (L.) Druce (Asparagaceae), Alternanthera pungens Kunth (Amaranthaceae), Salpichroa origanifolia (Lam.) Thell., and Lycium ferocissimum Miers (Solanaceae).

Invasive Alien Species (IAS) intentionally or unintentionally introduced from its original habitats may harm the environment, agriculture, forestry and fisheries. Recently, majority of countries across the globe have suffered severe damages to ecosystem, economy and public health due to the IAS. The developed countries such as United States, Australia and Japan have improved its IAS legislation in order to prevent the damages. In 2004, Japan which was previously much analogy to the circumstances of Korea on natural ecosystem and socio-economic conditions established a new single legislation called "Invasive Alien Species Act". The primary purposes of the act were to improve IAS management scheme, coordinate the regulating authorities over IAS management scattered in different legislation and agencies and to fill up any regulatory gaps in IAS management. The act prohibits raising, implanting, storing, carrying, importing and releasing of IAS and it clarifies the authority and responsibility in IAS management. Moreover, the act adopts the precautionary approach principle such as ecological risk assessment and setting of import restrictions. It also describes not only the implementation of systematic mitigation measures against IAS but also a liability of a causer provision. On the other hand, current Korean IAS legislation is inadequate to prevent the invasion and introduction of IAS. Furthermore, it does not effectively control the establishment and spreading, which will result in repeated establishment and damages by a new IAS introduced into Korea. In this study, we investigated and analysed the new IAS Act of Japan in order to point out the criteria for improving current Korean IAS legislation. The key criteria of the improvement are as follow: a) adoption of precautionary approach principle in IAS management; b) establishment of integrated and comprehensive management scheme for IAS; c) import regulation and control of IAS through ecological risk assessment; d) enhancement of IAS management measures; e) adoption of polluter pays principle.

Introduction, establishment and invasion of alien species have caused worldwide environmental losses. To prevent the adverse effects of invasive alien species on ecosystems, human safety and agriculture, forestry and fisheries, Japan has enacted the Invasive Alien Species Act since 2005. Invasive Alien Species (IAS) and Uncategorizednon-indigenous species. The procedures for the designation, import approval of the potentially harmful alien species and communication with stakeholder need to be improved for the efficient enforcement of the newBiodiversity Act in Korea. Alien Species (UAS) have been designated based on the potential adverse risks of alien species on ecosystems in Japan. The regulation on IAS and UAS have greatly reduced the importation of live wildlife in Japan, and these regulation system have been considered effective for reducing the introduction of alien species into Japan. In Korea,the harmful non-indigenous species has been regulated by the Natural Environment Conservation Act since 1998. According to the Act on Preservation and Use of Biodiversity Act (Biodiversity Act) that has been entered into force in February 2013,ecological risk assessment should be conducted for the import of potentially harmful alien species. This Act also covers the regulation of the alien species that seriously damage ecosystems (ecosystem-disturbing species), previously designated as harmful