Earticle

유방암 환자의 제 특성을 파악하여, 유방암 조기 검진의 중요성과 젊은 유방암의 심각성을 알리기 위해 시행하였 다. 2010년 5월 1일부터 2020년 4월 30일까지(10년간) 일 유방 클리닉에 내원한 환자 23,200명 중 유방암으로 진단 받은 483명의 의무기록을 이용한 후향적 조사연구이다. 유방암으로 진단받은 483명의 나이는 40대(36.0%)가 가장 많 았으며, 30대(25.9%)가 다음으로 많았다. 유방암 가족력이 있는 경우가 5.4%, 폐경 상태는 29.2%였으며, 내원 동기로 는 종괴가 54.2%로 가장 많았고, 유방 검진 경험은 출산 경험자가 비출산자보다 많았으며, 20-30대에서 유방검사 경험 이 가장 적었다. 젊은 여성을 대상으로 유방암 검진의 중요성을 교육할 필요가 있으며, 유방암의 국가암검진 연령에 대한 재검토를 제언한다.

The status of breast cancer screening of women at a breast clinic in a small city in Korea -Using medical records Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate breast cancer incidence by age, including those under 40, and to emphasize the importance of early breast cancer screening for young breast cancer patients. Method: The study was designed as a retrospective survey method. We investigated the medical charts of 483 patients diagnosed with breast cancer among 23,200 visitors to local breast clinic from May 1, 2010 to April 30, 2020. Results: The average age of 483 patients was 47.9, with 36% in their 40s and 28.6% under 40. Among the patients, 5.4% had a family history of breast cancer, and 70.8% were pre-menopausal. The most common reason for visiting the clinic was the mass(54.2%). The size of tumors was less than 2cm (56%), followed by 2-5cm (43.4%) and more than 5cm (5.6%). The size of tumors was smaller in the asymptomatic case than in the symptomatic case. In the pathologic results, invasive ductal cancer was the most common at 80.3%. Conclusions: Breast cancer screening program should be activated even for young women under the age of 40. We suggest educating the importance of breast cancer screening, and lowering the age of national breast cancer screening program.

Background: In Korea, 6-year-old ginseng root is economically more important than 4 or 5-year-old roots. In general, the root age is determined by counting the number of stem vestiges. However, this method does not accurately estimate ginseng root age. Methods and Results: In this study, the stem vestige counting method was used to survey a total of 18,395 fresh ginsengs cultured in 2014, and 2015, to determine the accuracy of this method. The proportion of 6-year-old roots, with more than four stem vestiges, was 46.1% in 2014. For the cultivar Chunpoong cultivated in Eumseong and Goesan countries in 2015, the proportion of more than four stem vestiges was 55.9%, and 43.5%, respectively. The proportion of more than four stem vestiges for the Gumpoong cultivated in Eumseong and Yangpyeong countries was 67.0%, and 35.1%, respectively, whereas that for the cultivar Yunpoong was 36.0% and 61.0%, respectively. Moreover, it was confirmed that differences in the levels of Rg1 will enable root age determination. Conclusions: Root age determination by the stem vestige test was found to differ depending on the environmental and cultivation conditions. To determine the age of ginseng roots, a comprehensive method, such as counting stem vestiges and evaluating differences in ginsenoside levels, should be applied

최근 인터넷에 연결 가능한 스마트 미디어가 등장하면서 여러 미디어에서 하나의콘텐츠를 이동시켜 공유하고 소비할 수 있는 N스크린 이용환경이 사회적 관심을 환기하고 있다. 특히 N스크린 이용환경은 기존과 다른 TV 비즈니스 환경을 제공하기 때문에 생존을 위한 TV 사업자의 대응 전략을 요구한다. TV 비즈니스가 플랫폼의 역할을 통해 수용자가 TV 프로그램과 동영상을 시청하고 소비하도록 하는 것이라 할 때, N스크린 이용환경에서 플랫폼의 역할이 어떻게 달라지고 이용맥락과 이용행태가 어떻게 변화하는가를 살펴보는 것이 매우 중요하다. 본 연구는 이러한 문제의식에 따라 N스크린 이용환경이 가져온 TV 비즈니스의 변화양상과 전망을 검토하고, 전통적인 TV 방송플랫폼 사업자가 고려해야 하는 비즈니스 대응 전략을 제시하고자 한다. N스크린 이용환경은 수용자가 자신이 원하는 콘텐츠를 손쉽게 발견하도록 해주는 새로운 배포 모델로 ‘비선형 플랫폼에 따른 검색과 추천’, ‘소셜네트워크를 통한 공유와 추천’ 그리고 ‘애그리게이션에 의한 집적과 구색’을 등장시키는 것으로 나타났다. 새로운 이용 맥락으로는 ‘시청 경험의 공유 및 활성화’, ‘생활주기에 따른 추적 이용’, ‘소비의 동시성’이 전망됐다. 콘텐츠에 대한 변화양상은 ‘콘텐츠의 재목적화와 혁신’, ‘이용자발생콘텐츠의 활성화’로 요약됐다. 이러한 분석된 변화양상과 전망에 따라 N스크린 이용환경에서 기존 TV 사업자가 플랫폼으로서 위상을 유지하기 위하여 고려해야 할 비즈니스의 고려요인을 여섯 가지로 제시했다.

The purpose of this study is to give strategic implications and directions for TV business by analyzing usage context, use behavior and content enhancement in the N-screen environment. For this purpose, it theoretically discusses the role of TV platforms in broadcasting market as ‘two-sided market’ and ‘dual product marketplace’. Up to the present, TV platforms have controlled experience between audience and content by managing network. But the N-screen weaken this traditional role of TV platforms by introducing new content delivery and distribution model and changing usage context. Based on the theoretical background, this paper reviews conditions and directions to maintain an impact of TV platforms on TV business. There are ‘search and recommendation for non-linear platforms’, ‘share and recommendation by social network’, ‘agregation and assortment of content’ as delivery strategy, ‘share and activation of viewing experience’, ‘introducing follow-up use suitable for life-cycle’, ‘supporting synchronism of consumption’ as usage context strategy, and ‘repurposing and innovation’, ‘user generated content’as content strategy.

이 연구에서는 연령과 범죄간의 관계에 중요한 주제인 연령-범죄분포의 보편성에 대한 이론적 논의 및 경험적 연구를 살펴보고, 우리 사회에서 연령과 범죄는 어떠한 관계를 보이는가를 분석하고자 한다. 먼저 우리 사회의 연령-범죄분포의 현황을 파악하고, 그러한 분포의 시대적 변화양상을 살펴보고, 범죄유형 및 성별에 따른 차이 및 국가간 비교를 통하여 공통점과 차이점을 살펴보고자 한다. 그리고 허쉬와 갇프레드슨에 의하여 제시된 연령-범죄분포의 보편성 가설의 측면에서 우리 사회의 연령-범죄관계를 분석하고자 하는 것이다. 즉 우리 사회의 연령-범죄분포가 시대 및 공간적으로, 범죄유형 및 성별에 따라 보편성을 갖는지를 분석하고자 한다. 분석결과, 우리 사회에서 연령-범죄분포의 보편성 가설을 지지하지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 시대적 변화에 따라 연령-범죄분포는 1965년에서 1985까지는 대체적으로 저연령화 경향을 보이다가 그 이후에는 장년화 경향을 나타내고 있다. 범죄유형의 경우에는 범죄유형별로는 절도, 강도는 10대와 20대, 폭력 및 성폭력범죄는 30대, 사기와 살인범죄는 40대에 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 범죄유형의 경우에는 연령-범죄분포가 명확하게 다른 것으로 나타났다. 성별의 경우에는 상대적으로 연령-범죄분포가 일정한 형태를 보이지만, 범죄유형에 따라 성차를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 국가별 연령-범죄분포의 경우에는 서로 다른 형태를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 대체적으로 우리 사회에서는 일본이나 미국에 비하여 40대 이후의 범죄를 많이 저지르는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 우리 사회에서는 나라마다 연령에 대한 사회적 의미 및 기대역할이 다르기 때문이라고 할 수 있다

The assertion, which the age distribution of crime peaks in the mid of late teen-ages and declines thereafter, widely accepted in criminology. Hirschi and Gottfredson(1983) have argued that these age-crime relationship is invariant across social and cultural conditions. That is, the age-crime curve is invariant over different times, places, crime types, sex, and so on. But there are debates about the shape and universality of the age-crime relationship. This paper aims to test on “invariance hypothesis" of age-crime relation in Korea. Using age-specific arrest data of the Supreme Public Prosecutor's Office's ‘Analytical Report on Crime' for the periods of time(1965, 1975, 1985, 1995, and 2005), and official criminal data of Japan and USA. we examine and compare whether the shape of the age distribution is invariant over time, across crime types, sex, nations such Japan and USA. The major findings are that there are substantial differences in the age-crime curve across offense types and over periods in Korea. These results are inconsistent with the invariant hypothesis of age-crime relationship that suggested by Hirschi and Gottfredson(1983). From our study, it is implied that future research should attempt to develop a more refined model on the relationship between age and crime.

본 연구는 1990~2015년 가구자료를 이용하여 우리나라 소득분배의 연령효과와코호트효과를 분석하였다. 주요 실증분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 소득분배지표는 시장소득을 이용할 경우 상승하여 왔지만 처분가능소득을 이용할 경우 최근하락 또는 안정되고 있다. 이는 최근 시행된 정부정책이 실효성을 지님을 보여준다. 둘째, 연령-소득수준효과, 연령-소득분배효과, 코호트-소득수준효과는 유의하였던 것으로 보이지만 코호트-소득분배효과는 매우 약하였다. 셋째, 가구주 연령에 의한 타일지수분해결과에 따르면 연령집단 간 효과의 비중은 상대적으로 증가하여 왔고 연령집단 내 효과의 비중은 상대적으로 감소하였다. 실증분석결과는세대 간 차이가 현재의 우리나라 소득분배에 크게 작용하고 있음을 보여준다. 우선 1945년 이전에 출생한 현재의 노인층은 연령효과와 함께 코호트효과(후속 세대보다 소득수준이 낮다)를 겪고 있는 세대이며 우리나라 소득분배구조에서 가장어려운 위치에 처해 있다. 한편 1945~1975년에 출생한 현재의 중장년층은 연령효과에도 불구하고 코호트효과(이전 세대보다 소득수준이 높다)로 인해 이전 세대에 비해 상대적으로 유리한 노년을 맞을 수 있을 것이다.

We investigate the age effects and the cohort effects of income distribution in Korea during 1990~2015. Our main results are as follows. First, we obtain a secular rise of inequality based on the before-tax income but a moderate rise of that based on after-tax income. These results mean that the government policy has been effective. Second, age-income level effects, age-income distribution effects, and cohort-income level effects are likely to be significant but cohort-income distribution effect is not. Third, Theil index decompositions by age show that between-age group effects have grown faster than within-age group effects. Recently, between-age group effects contribute to the overall income distribution more than within-age group effects. We can obtain meaningful implications about explaining the past movement of income distribution and predicting inequality of younger generations and older ones in the future.

디지털화된 영상 콘텐츠의 제작과 유통은 콘텐츠의 형식이 콘텐츠를 전달하는 매체 특성에 수직적으로 결합 · 종속되었던 과거의 아날로그 시대와 달리 콘텐츠가 매체 특성으로부터 자유로워진다는 측면에서 근본적인 차이점을 찾을 수 있다. 디지털 콘텐츠의 다중 플랫폼 간 유통은 규모의 경제를 실현하고 수요의 불확실성을 줄일 수 있으나 콘텐츠 생산자가 직면하는 초판 비용에 대한 위험은 더욱 높아진다. 따라서 과거의 콘텐츠-플랫폼 수직 결합 모델과 달리 다중 플랫폼이 갖는 고유한 속성을 반영한 모듈형 콘텐츠 제작, 유통 모델이 만들어져야 하며, 융합 환경에서는 다중 플랫 폼을 고려한 최초의 콘텐츠 기획의 중요성이 더욱 부각된다. 다중 플랫폼 간 콘텐츠 유통의 전략은 동일 콘텐츠가 다수의 플랫폼 상에서 유기적인 연관 관계를 갖고 노출 되는 플랫폼 통합 전략과 프로그램의 직접적인 제작보다는 기획과 프로덕션 매니지먼트를 주된 기능으로 하는 스튜디오 모델로 요약된다. 한편 전체 방송 · 통신 융합 시장의 균형 잡힌 성장을 위해서는 방송 · 통신 융합의 가치사슬 상에서 상대적으로 성장이 늦은 콘텐츠 영역에 대한 지원 정책이 필요하다.

This study explores key characteristics of digitalized programming content creation and distribution and analyzes restructuring process of value chain in converged media industry. The digitalized content separated from traditional media oriented form is realizing literary meaning of‘ one source multi use’across multi platform windowing. In the multi platform content distribution model, module based content production and cross media integration strategies will be essential to meet different needs of digitalized multiple platforms. For the efficiency and competitiveness in convergence age, current content creation systems should be migrated into ‘studio model’in which planning and production management functions are central. Finally it should be noted that well designed government supporting polices for content creation are critical to bridge the gaps due to different developing phases of content and network sectors in convergence value chain.

본 논문에서는 철기 II기 시대에 유다 지역에서 발견되는 기마인상의 지역적이고 연대 기적인 분포에 대해 다룬다. 본 논문에서 철기 II기 시대의 기마인상을 분석할 때, 일 련의 학자들은 기수의 흔적이 전혀 없는 말상도 기마인상을 다루는데 포함시켰지만, 필자는 기마인의 흔적이 있는 말상의 파편과 기마인상만을 다루었음을 밝힌다. 유다에서 발견된 기마인상의 지역 분포를 통해 우리는 대부분의 벽으로 둘러싸인 주 요 성읍들에서 기마인상이 발견되었음을 알 수 있다. 기마인상은 보통 철기 II기 시대 의 것으로 보지만, 텔 엔-나츠베에서 발견된 기마인상 부분은 철기 I기 시대의 것으로 볼 수 있고 가장 이른 시기의 것으로 생각할 수 있다. 한편 철기 II기 시대라는 시간적 으로 짧기에 각 기마인상의 유형이 연대기적으로 어떻게 변화되면 발전되었는지 철기 II기 시대 안에서는 생각해 볼 수는 있으나 구체적으로 어떤 변형이 있었는지 정확하게 구분해 내는 것은 힘들다.

My paper deals only with HRFs among the range of clay figurines that have been found in Iron Age II Judah. In my analysis of Iron Age II HRFs, I exclude horse figurines without the remains of a rider, although such figurines are generally included as part of HRFs in all the catalogues by some scholars. While horse figurines should be catalogued as animal figurines, HRFs have both anthropomorphic and animal parts and so do not belong in a category limited to animals. They are small terracotta figures depicting human beings riding horses. HRFs are more focused on the representation of the male image than on the horse. In conclusion, it is clear that the geographical spread of Iron Age HRFs covers most major walled sites that have been excavated in Iron Age Judah. While HRFs in general may be dated to the Iron Age II period, one fragment of an HRF from Tell en-Na?beh could be from the Iron Age I period and would, therefore, be the earliest example of an HRF. The Iron Age II period covers such a short timespan that it would preclude the chronological development of each particular type of HRF within its bounds.

본 연구는 타겟연령에 따라 남성셔츠 실루엣 및 호칭별 생산비율과 부위별 셔츠치수 차별화에 활용할 수 있는 기초자료를 제공하기 위해 13개 업체의 타겟연령과 호칭현황을 조사하였고 제6차 한국인 인체계측 자료의 19~54세 성인 남자치수를 활용하여 셔츠실루엣에 따른 연령별 호칭별 분포 및 신체치수를 분석하였다. 업체들은 5~10세로 범위가 좁고 다양한 메인타겟연령을 추구했기 때문에 전체 성인남자자료 대신 타겟연령과 실루엣에 따라 구분하여 분석한 자료를 필요로 했다. 호칭은 대부분 가슴둘레호칭을 사용했고 샘플호칭인 100호칭의 생산비율은 40% 이상이었고 95호칭은 20~60%, 110호칭도 10% 정도였다. 그러나 실루엣별로 착용가능자들의 호칭별 분포를 분석한 결과, 업체의 생산호칭인 95~110호칭과 달리 연령에 따라 85~100호칭이나 90~105호칭이 다분포구간으로 나타났다. 따라서 연령에 따라 25~50%를 차지하는 85~90호칭 대상자들은 해당 호칭을 구매할 수 없고 대신 95호칭을 구입함에 따라 맞음새 문제와 95호칭의 부족을 야기할 수 있으며 소비자분포보다 많이 생산되는 105~110호칭은 재고 가능성이 있다고 하겠다. 또한, 최다분포 호칭도 연령에 따라 90, 95, 100호칭으로 달랐으므로 연령에 따른 샘플호칭을 차별화할 필요가 있다고 하겠다. 같은 호칭에서 연령에 따라 신체치수가 유의적으로 달라진 부위는 주로 배꼽수준허리둘레, 목둘레, 팔길이 및 어깨사이길이였고 특히 90~100호칭에서 연령간 차이가 뚜렷하였다. 따라서 타겟연령에 따라 차별화된 치수를 반영하여 셔츠를 제작함으로 부위별 맞음새 적합성을 높이고 실루엣을 특화할 필요가 있다고 하겠다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the distribution and the body size of each shirt size divided according to shirt silhouettes and target age. Surveys were conducted on the target ages and production rate of each shirt size of 13 brands. Also, the data of men from the ages of 19 to 54 years in the 6th Size Korea were analyzed. Brands were used various main target ranges, from 5 to 10 years. For this reason, they strongly needed the data which was suitable for their own target ages and silhouettes instead of the whole data of KS 0050(2009). Shirt sizes were classified by chest size and sample size was 100. The production rate of 95 and 100 were more than 50%. Moreover, 110 was less than 5% of customers but was produced about 10%. Therefore, 25 to 50% of customers, who belonged to the size 85 and 90, found it impossible to buy their correct shirt size, while sizes 105 to 110 possibly had an over supply. Since the size with the largest distribution was different according to age group, the sample size of each brand could be changed according to the target ages. Body sizes of customers wearing same shirts size were significantly different according to target ages, at the waist, neck circumference, arm length and biacromion length. This indicates that better shirt fit for each target age group can be accomplished by applying different body sizes to shirt sizes.

Background: Breast cancer is a common cancer worldwide. With the establishment of Thailand's population-based cancer registry and availability of complete data from 2002-2011, it is of interest to investigate the epidemiologic and clinic-pathological profiles of breast cancer based on the population-based registry data. Methods: The data of all breast cancer patients in the registry for the period of 2002-2011 were included. All medical records of the patients diagnosed from documents of National Cancer Registry of Thailand were retrieved and the following information abstracted: age, clinical characteristics, and histological variables. Thailand census data for the period of 2002-2011 were used to provide the general population's statistics on age, gender, and other related demographic factors. Results: Over the 10 year-period, 7,711 breast cancer cases were included. The disease incidence under age 40 years was relatively low (4.13/$10^5$) while the incidence in the age groups 40 and older was very high (39.2/$10^5$). The vast majority of breast cancer cases (88.8%) were diagnosed by histology as primary lesions in the breast. The most common of patients with breast cancer (36.4%) had regional lymph node involvement and the most common of histopathology diagnosed in patients (84.2%) was an infiltrating duct carcinoma. Conclusions: This study showed a high incidence of breast cancer in older subjects, and high rate of breast cancer in Thailand. Future studies should explore clinical and molecular disease patterns.

The imidazole dipeptide carnosine and its methylated anserine analogues are the major histidine containing dipeptides in vertebrate tissue, especially in skeletal muscle, the heart, and the central nervous system. In this study, the carnosine and anserine content in chicken from different parts and of differing ages was determined and their physiological activities were compared. Anserine was more dominant than carnosine in these tissues and both of them significantly decreased with aging in all parts of chicken muscles. Chicken breast muscle showed the highest content of carnosine and anserine than drumstick and wing. Advanced glycated end-product (AGE) formation was inhibited up to 60% by the extract from 20 wk chicken breast and decreased with aging (90 wk). Anti-oxidation activity was also significantly reduced from 61.2% to 52.9% with aging. As results, anti-glycation and anti-oxidation activity of carnosine and anserine extract from chicken muscle increased proportionally to the amount of those peptides in the muscle, while these decreased with the aging process.

Fungal endophytes were isolated from 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-year-old ginseng roots (Panax ginseng Meyer) cultivated in Korea. The isolated fungal endophytes were identified based on sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer and morphological characterization by microscopic observations. A total of 81 fungal endophytes were isolated from 24 ginseng roots. Fungal endophytes were classified into 9 different fungal species and 2 unknown species. Ginseng roots that were 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-years old were colonized by 2, 6, 8, and 5 species of fungal endophytes, respectively. While Phoma radicina was the most frequent fungal endophyte in 2-, 3-, and 4-year-old ginseng roots, Fusarium solani was the dominant endophyte in 1-year-old ginseng roots. The colonization frequencies (CF) varied with the host age. The CF were 12%, 40%, 31%, and 40% for 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-year-old ginseng roots, respectively. We found a variety of fungal endophytes that were distributed depending on the age of ginseng plants.

During the last three decades, a few attentions have been paid for investigating the cost distribution for the optimal maintenance problems. In this article, we derive the moment of the discounted cost distribution over an infinite time horizon for the basic age replacement problem. With first two moments of the discounted cost distribution, we approximate the underlying distribution function by three theoretical distributions. Through a Monte Carlo simulation, we conclude that the log-normal distribution is the best fitted one to approximate the discounted cost distribution.

Objective: To establish the prevalence and distribution profile of esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCCs) over a 22-yr period in North China. Methods: Using endoscopy for primary diagnosis and histological analysis for the further confirmation, a total of 74,854 ESCC patients aged 20-89 between January 1985 and December 2006 were investigated to analyze the epidemiological profile including prevalence rates, distribution of age-of-onset, gender and geographical area of ESCC in Luoyang, the highest incidence area of North China. Results: A total of 4092 cases of ESCC were finally diagnosed among 74,854 patients who had their first endoscopies. The prevalence among males was higher than that among females (p<0.01), resulting in an overall male:female OR of 1.2 (95%CI, 1.2-1.3). The prevalence in rural areas was higher than in urban areas (p<0.01), resulting in an overall rural:urban OR of 2.6 (95%CI, 2.4-2.9). The rural:urban ORs and the 95% CI increased continuously from 2.6, 2.3-3.0 to 2.7, 2.2-3.3, respectively, for 4 consecutive periods during the 22-yr study period. Moreover, the median age of onset among females was higher than that among males (p<0.01). For both sexes and in both areas, the prevalence rates declined and the median age of onset rose for 4 consecutive periods in the 22-yrs time frame (p<0.01). Conculsions: These data reveal the epidemiological profile of ESCC in the area of North China, and suggest that urban areas and rural people account for a growing proportion of the ESCC patients although the prevalence of ESCC significantly declined and the median age-of-onset postponed over the 22-yrs period. Moreover, the prevalence status of ESCC in rural areas also underlines the need for public health initiatives aimed at reducing risk factors of this fatal disease.