Earticle

National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health(NCCIH) has divided complementary medicine into five main types. The first is biologically based therapy. Biological-based therapy is a field of treatment through an approach to human physical structure, which is not overlapped in modern medicine or is not deeply studied. The second is mind-body therapy. Mind-body therapy is medicine that mainly approaches the mind and treats the mind to treat physical diseases. The third is manual therapy. Manual therapy is a treatment that uses the hands directly on the patient's body part to treat. It is believed that humans are made up of the mind, body, and energy, and maintains an approach that local parts of the body are connected to the body as a whole. The fourth classification is energy therapy. Energy therapy is usually a therapy that approaches and treats the energy structure in the human body. Lastly, it is a therapy that is establishing a comprehensive medical system. Therapy, which establishes a comprehensive medical system, refers to a treatment that has been introduced from various cultures around the world for a long time and has its own independent system. Among the various complementary and alternative therapies, this study examines the most widely used biological-based therapy, mind and body therapy, and manual therapy, except for oriental medicine, excluding korean medicine, in consideration of the domestic medical dualization system.

마사지 치료는 1회 치료만으로 통증을 경감시키고 스트레스를 이완시킵니다. 그러나 아직까지 1회 마사지 치료의 효과에 대한 객관적인 데이터를 확인한 연구가 없었습니다. 그래서 본 연구에서는 마사지 치료와 동일한 효과가 있는 것으로 보고된 척추 마사지 기구로 1회 치료를 실시하여 통증 경감과 스트레스 이완의 효과의 증거를 확인하고자 하였습니다. 10년 전부터 시각적상사척도 4점의 요통이 있었던 45세 남자 환자 1인을 대상으로 척추 마사지 기구를 실시한 1차 실험과 침상안 정을 실시한 2차 실험을 실시하였습니다. 시각적상사척도 측정과 실시간으로 심박 변이도를 측정하여 자율신경계를 확인하 였고 총 5회 혈액검사를 실시하여 스트레스 관련 혈액검사(코르티솔, 에피네프린, 노르에피네프린)를 실시하였습니다. 침상 안정을 취한 2차 실험에 비해 척추 마사지 기구로 1회 치료를 받은 1차 실험에서 유의미한 통증 감소효과를 보였습니다. 또 한 1차 실험에서 자율신경계 활성도 및 부교감 신경계의 활성도가 증가되어 있었으며 혈중 에피네프린과 노르에피네프린이 감소되어 있었습니다. 이것은 기존의 마사지 치료 효과와 동일한 결과이며 1회 척추 마사지 기구를 통해 얻어지는 효과의 증 거라 사료됩니다.

Individuals often report significant relief from pain and stress even after a single session of massage therapy; however, no previous studies have provided objective evidence supporting the effectiveness of a solitary massage therapy session. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of one-time treatment with a spinal thermal massage device reported to exert the same therapeutic effects as massage therapy in terms of pain reduction and stress relief. A man with chronic low back pain (LBP) underwent two rounds of experiments involving spinal massage treatment and bed rest, respectively. Pain was assessed using a visual analog scale, and heart rate variability (HRV) was measured in real-time to examine autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity. Blood samples were obtained at five points during each round of the experiment to examine changes in cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. Spinal massage significantly reduced pain and enhanced parasympathetic activity when compared with the bed rest condition. In addition, both epinephrine and norepinephrine levels were lower following spinal massage than following bed rest. These results are consistent with the reported effects of conventional massage therapy and support the effectiveness of one-time treatment using a spinal thermal massage device.

In this study, the main prescriptive contents that should be included when oriental pharmacists provide medication guidelines in oriental medicine hospitals and the types of medication guidelines for each patient are summarized. The intent was to provide basic data that could assist in the establishment of pharmacological treatment guidelines. Most of the questions that patients ask about the use and drug action, and other questions about side effects, storage methods, drug names, drug interactions, and precautions in daily life are the main questions. In addition, the classification ofmedication instructions according to patient behavior can be divided into medication instructions in the medical consultation window, medication instructions in the medication consultation room, medication guide in the clinic, group medication guide, and medication guide for discharged patients. The purpose of the Herbal Medicine Administration Guidelines is to provide appr opriate guidance and advice by an oriental physician or herbalist so that patients c an undertake effective and safe medicinal therapy without worry. In order to solve the problems caused by the patient's non-compliance with medicines, first, the gui dance and advice of the oriental pharmacist is needed so that the patient can accu rately understand his disease and fully understand the necessity of taking the med icine. At this time, it is believed that the Oriental pharmacist should cooperate full y with the physician of Oriental medicine as an expert in herbal medicine to direct the medicine. In addition, it is expected that oriental medicine hospitals will be abl e to build a higher level of drug routing service process using service blueprint te chnology for this series of pharmacovigilance operations.

Background : Research has been actively conducted on methods that can apply co mplementary medicine to various fields, but few studies have been conducted on how Korean Pharmacists working in pharmacies can use complementary medicine. Therefore, it is a meaningful study to provide a way for Korean Pharmacists to use complementary medicine to perform clinical pharmacy more effectively in pharmacies b y looking at the profession of Korean Pharmacists and analyzing various therapies of complementary medicine. In addition, these attempts will not only expand the capabilities of Korean Pharmacists, but will also help to develop methods that can utilize the knowledge and treatments of complementary medicine in the healthc are field. Methods : In this study, we will analyze in detail the role that Korean Pharmaci sts play in pharmacies, and focus on nutritional therapy among complementary me dicines that herbal pharmacists can use in pharmacies. Results : In this paper, among various raw materials for health functional foods, w e have summarized the functional raw materials made from natural products, and in p articular, we have dealt with only the notification-type raw materials listed in the revo lution of the Health Functional Food Code. Since it has been selected and summarize d mainly on items that have been verified for various types of functionality, it is expected to be a material that can sufficiently secure the clinical value of use in p harmacies. Conclusion : If Korean Pharmacists develops knowledge of complementary medic ine including nutrition therapy and engages in pharmacist work, it is expected that it will be possible to provide active advice so that patients can engage in more int egrated healthcare, not just explanations for selecting medicines in the process of consultation with the patient.

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to provide a modern scientific basis that can be utilized when a Korean pharmacist consults at a pharmacy. We will provide application plans in the clinical field, and at the same time, provi de basic materials necessary for the development of education. We will impr ove the qualifications of Korean pharmacists and expand the scientificization of Korean medicine to contribute to the development of Korean pharmacist. Methods : In order to produce data related to the preparation of herbal me dicines based on herbal remedies, the' Guidelines for Korean Medicine Prepa ration' was referenced. The ingredients and efficacy of each herbal medicin e were summarized through literature research. We organized the number of talented Korean medicines, selected frequent Korean medicines listed 10 tim es or more, and summarized the active ingredients and pharmacological react ions of each Korean medicine. Discussion & Conclusion : A Korean pharmacist who operates a pharmacy in the situation of division of labor or is engaged in clinical pharmacy at a p harmacy can consult based on the results of modern scientific research from the perspective of active ingredients and pharmacology of medicinal herbs. In the case of korean pharmacists, it is useful to consult with them using mode rn scientific evidence in clinical situations at pharmacies, and it will contribut e to the improvement of public health.

만성통증을 동반한 류마티즘 환자에서 자율신경계 이상(autonomic nervous system dysfunction)이 동반되 기도 한다. 특히 만성통증 환자에서 자율신경계 이상은 국소 통증 강도 증가 및 통증 역치 감소를 발생하여 만성 근골 격계 통증에 악영향을 미친다고 확인되었다. 이런 만성 근골격계 통증 환자에 온열-척추 마사지 치료를 실시한 실험에 서 통증경감과 자율신경계 회복이 되었다고 보고되고 있다. 그래서 우리는 만성 통증과 자율신경계 이상이 동반된 류마 티즘 환자에 온열-척추 마사지 치료를 적용하였고 자율신경기능의 회복과 통증의 감소를 경험한 사례가 있어 보고하고자 한다.

Rheumatoid arthritis (“RA”), whose characteristics are chronic inflammation and chronic pain, accompanies autonomic nervous system(ANS) dysfunction. In particular, ANS dysfunction in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain was found to have increased the local pain intensity while lowering the pain threshold, thereby negatively influencing pain. It is reported that thermo-spinal massage affects relief of chronic pain and recovery of ANS in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Therefore, we report a case of rheumatoid patients with chronic pain and ANS dysfunction, who experienced recovery of ANS dysfunction and pain reduction by applying thermo-spinal massage treatment.

Background : This study reviewed the undergraduate curriculum of the De partment of Korean Pharmacy and the subjects of the National Examination o f Korean Pharmacist. The purpose of this study was to assess the suitability of Korean medicine as a leading role in the promotion of the separation of prescribing and dispensing and the insurance pay of packed Korean medicine. Methods : The contents of curriculum uploaded on the website of Kyunghe e University, Woosuk University, and Wonkwang University and the details o f each subject of the National Examination of Korean Pharmacist were summ arized. The subjects of modern science were analyzed. Results : As a result of analyzing the data of the subject universities open ed, nearly 68% of the subjects related to modern science, including modern theories, were found. In the national examination of Korean Pharmacist, 11 o f the remaining 15 subjects, excluding the legal part of all subjects, consiste d of contents related to modern science. Conclusion : Among the curriculum of the Department of Korean Pharmacy and the subjects of the National Examination of Korean Pharmacist, the prop ortion of subjects related to modern science was found to be high. This wou ld be sufficient data to prove the suitability of Korean Pharmacist in terms o f modern science.

This study investigates the effects of electron beam irradiation (0-125 kGy) on the physical properties of polypropylene (PP) resin. Changes in thermal stability and crystallinity were analyzed using DSC and TGA, while FT-IR confirmed the introduction of polar groups and structural modifications. Colorimetric analysis (CIE-Lab) demonstrated that the color difference (∆E) and yellowing index (YI) increased progressively with irradiation dose, corresponding to the formation of oxidized chromophoric species. Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed a clear reduction in molecular weight and the formation of low-molecular volatile compounds, providing direct evidence of chain scission processes. Contact angle measurements showed that electron beam treatment altered surface energy and wettability, reflecting a transition from non-polar to moderately polar surface characteristics. Overall, electron beam irradiation induces simultaneous molecular and physical changes in PP, influencing its heat resistance, mechanical integrity, color stability, and surface properties. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of radiation-induced polymer modification and highlight the potential of controlled electron beam processing as an effective method for tailoring the structure and functionality of polyolefin-based materials for advanced industrial applications.

충남 부여군 홍산면 일대의 백운사층 셰일에서 산출되는 운모류 광물(혼합상 백운모)과 십자석에 대한 EPMA 연구를 수행하여, 혼합상 백운모와 십자석 생성 과정과의 관계 및 백운사층 셰일의 변성환경을 규명하고자 하였다. 암석에서 산출되는 운모류 광물의 평균 화학조성은 $(K_{1.11}Na_{0.26}Ca_{0.04})(Al_{3.93}Fe_{0.21}Mg_{0.07})(Si_{6.08}Al_{1.92})O_{20}(OH)_4$로 층간 양이온 함량이 낮으며(1.41) 팔면체 자리에 Fe, Mg를 함유한 일라이트, 즉 백운모/파이로필라이트/녹니석 혼합상($Mu_{70.5}Py_{23.5}Ch_{6.0}$)의 화학조성을 보인다. 한편 십자석은 암석 내에서 혼합상 백운모, 단일 결정의 파이로필라이트 및 알루미늄 규산염 광물과 함께 산출되는데, 이들 중 파이로필라이트가 십자석 생성에 참여한 것으로 판단된다. 혼합상 백운모에서 분리된 파이로필라이트와 녹니석이 반응하여 클로리토이드를 형성한 이후, 변성도가 증가하면서 파이로필라이트와 클로리토이드가 반응하여 십자석이 생성된 것으로 보이며, 이때 클로리토이드는 모두 소모되어 암석 내에서 관찰되지 않는 것으로 판단된다. 결국 일라이트가 백운모로 전이되는 과정에서 형성되는 혼합상 백운모는 십자석 생성에 필요한 광물을 공급하는 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 보인다. 이 반응이 $300^{\circ}C$ 이상에서 일어나는 점과 혼합상 백운모에서 분리된 파이로필라이트가 약 $350^{\circ}C$에서 알루미늄 규산염 광물로 전이되는 점을 감안할 때, 백운사층 셰일은 $300{\sim}350^{\circ}C$의 변성환경을 경험한 것으로 판단된다.

The generation of staurolite from the mixed-phase muscovite and the metamorphic environment of shales in the Baekunsa formation, Hongsan, Buyeo, were studied using electron probe micro analysis (EPMA). The average chemical composition of mica-type mineral is $(K_{1.11}Na_{0.26}Ca_{0.04})(Al_{3.93}Fe_{0.21}Mg_{0.07})(Si_{6.08}Al_{1.92})O_{20}(OH)_4$, and shows a characteristics of the so-called illite with a low content of interlayer cations and Fe, Mg in octahedral sites. The mica-type mineral shows a typical chemical composition of the mixed-phase among muscovite, pyrophyllite, and chlorite (mixed-phase muscovite, $Mu_{70.5}Py_{23.5}Ch_{6.0}$). The staurolite, in general, occurs with the mixed-phase muscovites, pyrophyllites, and aluminosilicates in the rock. We consider that staurolite can be formed by a reaction involving pyrophyllite such as pyrophyllite+chloritoid. The chloritoid is formed by a reaction between pyrophyllite and chlorite and is supposed to be used up in the process of staurolite formation. As a result, the mixed-phase muscovite, formed during the transition of illite to muscovite, plays an important role for the generation of the staurolite. Considering that the reaction occurs at the temperature higher than $300^{\circ}C$ and pyrophyllites transform into aluminosilicates at $350^{\circ}C$, the shale in the Baekunsa formation can be considered to have been experienced a metamorphic temperature between $300{\sim}350^{\circ}C$.

강원도 삼척시 석개재에서 산출되는 직운산층 셰일의 운모류 광물(일라이트)에 대한 EPMA 연구를 수행하였다. 정량분석으로 계산된 운모류 광물의 평균 화학식은 $(K_{1.17}Na_{0.04}Ca_{0.01})(Al_{2.80}Mg_{1.17}Fe_{0.78})(Si_{6.34}Al_{1.66})O_{20}(OH)_4$로, 소위 일라이트에 해당되는 화학조성을 보인다. 낮은 층간 양이온 값과 팔면체 자리의 높은 Mg, Fe값으로 보아 일라이트는 백운모, 파이로필라이트 및 녹니석의 혼합상으로 판단된다. 이 연구에서 분석된 일라이트에 해당되는 화학식을 각각의 구성광물로 분리하였고, 그 분리 방법을 새로이 고안하여 제시하였다. 일라이트의 화학식으로부터 K(Na, Ca 포함)를 기준으로 백운모의 함량을, Mg+Fe로부터 녹니석의 함량을 추산하고 나머지를 파이로필라이트로 간주하였다. 파이로필라이트는 이상화학식을, 녹니석은 평균 분석값을 사용하여 일라이트의 분석값에서 빼면, 나머지는 백운모의 화학식이 되는데 이는 원칙적으로 백운모의 이상화학식이 된다. 이 연구에서 분석한 운모류 광물의 평균 분석값을 이 방법으로 분리하면 백운모 61%, 녹니석 27.3%, 파이로필라이트 11.7%로 되며, 여기에서 계산된 백운모의 화학식은 $(K,Na,Ca)_{2.00}Al_{3.69}(Si_{6.75}Al_{1.25})O_{20}(OH)_4$이다. 이 백운모의 화학식은 대체로 낮은 Al값을 보이나 암석의 낮은 Al 함량과 녹니석 화학조성의 불확실성을 감안할 때 대체로 합리적인 것으로 간주되며, 이는 또한 이 연구에서 제시한 분리 방법이 합당하다는 것을 뒷받침한다.

Mica-type minerals (illites) in the shales of the Jigunsan formation at Seokgaejae in Samchuk-City, Gangwon-do are studied using electron probe micro analysis (EPMA). The average chemical formula of the mica-type mineral obtained from the quantitative analysis is $(K_{1.17}Na_{0.04}Ca_{0.01})(Al_{2.80}Mg_{1.17}Fe_{0.78})(Si_{6.34}Al_{1.66})O_{20}(OH)_4$, which shows a chemical formula within the range of illite. These illites so called can be considered as mixed-phases among muscovite, pyrophyllite and chlorite due to the low contents of interlayer cations and high Mg, Fe. The formula of illite is separated into those three minerals and the method for the separation is newly formulated and proposed in this study. From the formula of illite, the content of muscovite is estimated from K (Na and Ca included), the content of chlorite by Mg+Fe, and the rest remains as pyrophyllite. The chemical formula of muscovite can be calculated by subtracting the compositions of pyrophyllite and chlorite from the analyzed composition of illite using an ideal formula for pyrophyllite and analyzed average formula for chlorite. The calculated formula of muscovite is supposed to be stoichiometric in principle. The result of the separation of analyzed illite is 61% muscovite, 27.3% chlorite and 11.7% pyrophyllite and the calculated formula of muscovite after separation is $(K,Na,Ca)_{2.00}Al_{3.69}(Si_{6.75}Al_{1.25})O_{20}(OH)_4$. The calculated formula of muscovite slightly low in Al content can be considered to be reasonable in general when the low content of Al in the rock and the uncertainties of chlorite compositions used in the calculation are counted. This supports that the method of separation proposed in this study is also applicable.

경북 문경지역의 사동층과 고방산층 셰일에서 산출되는 클로리토이드와 white mica에 대한 연구를 수행하여, 사동층과 고방산층이 경험한 변성환경을 규명하였다. 사동층 셰일에서는 두 종류의 white mica가 산출되는데, 백운모 성분이 우세한 white mica ($Mu_{76.1}Pa_{18.1}Ma_{5.8}$)와 마가라이트가 우세한 white mica가 산출된다($Ma_{52.9}Mu_{31.6}Pa_{15.5}$). 이들 white mica는 각각 Na 성분이 풍부한 일라이트의 속성작용과 일라이트에서 분리된 파이로필라이트가 방해석과 반응하여 생성된 것으로 판단된다. 고방산층 셰일의 경우, 클로리토이드가 백운모, 파이로필라이트, 녹니석과 함께 산출되며, 클로리토이드는 파이로필라이트와 녹니석의 반응에 의해 생성된 것으로 보인다. White mica가 $200^{\circ}C$ 이상의 온도에서 생성되는 점과 클로리토이드-파이로필라이트-녹니석 조합이 $280^{\circ}C$ 이하에서 안정되는 점을 감안할 때, 문경지역 사동층과 고방산층은 저온의 변성작용(anchizone)을 경험한 것으로 판단된다.

The metamorphic environments occrrred in the Sadong and the Gobangsan formations were studied through the investigation of chloritoid and white mica in shales at Munkyung area. Two types of white mica occurs in the shale of Sadong formation; muscovite-dominant ($Mu_{76.1}Pa_{18.1}Ma_{5.8}$) and margarite-dominant ($Ma_{52.9}Mu_{31.6}Pa_{15.5}$). It is inferred that the muscovite-dominant white mica is generated by the diagenesis of Na-rich illite whereas the margarite-dominant white mica is generated by reactions between calcite and pyrophyllite separated from illite. In shales of the Gobangsan formation, chloritoids are observed with muscovite, pyrophyllite and chlorite. The chloritoids of the Gobangsan formation are considered to be originated from the reaction between pyrophyllite and chlorite. The Sadong and Gobangsan formations would have experienced the low-temperature metamorphism (anchizone) considering that white mica in general forms above the temperature of $200^{\circ}C$ and the assemblage of chloritoid-pyrophyllite-chlorite is stabilized below $280^{\circ}C$.

강원도 태백지역에 분포하는 만항층 셰일의 운모류 층상규산염광물입자에 대한 EPMA 및 TEM 연구를 수행하였다. EPMA 분석에 의한 만항층 셰일 내 운모류 층상규산염광물의 평균 화학식은 $K_{1.35}(Fe_{0.18}Mg_{0.03}Al_{3.86})(Si_{6.55}Al_{1.45})O_{20}(OH)_4$이며, 이는 백운모의 이상화학식과 비교하면 층간 양이온인 K의 함량이 낮아서 일라이트에 가까운 조성을 갖는다. X-선 회절 분석에 의하면 만항층 셰일에서 파이로필라이트가 흔히 백운모와 함께 산출된다. TEM 격자상 관찰에 의하여 $10{\AA}$의 백운모와 $9.3{\AA}$의 파이로필라이트 층들이 단일 층 수준에서의 층간 혼합 및 층 내 혼합 현상이 동시에 관찰되었다. EPMA 분석에서 K 함량이 백운모에 비해 낮게 분석된 원인은 이처럼 입자 내에서 백운모와 파이로필 라이트가 밀접하게 공존하기 때문으로 판단된다.

Mica-type phyllosilicate particles in the shales of the Manhang formation at the Taeback area in the Kangwon Province were studied using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The average chemical formula of the mica-type phyllosilicate mineral analysed by EPMA is $K_{1.35}(Fe_{0.18}Mg_{0.03}Al_{3.86})(Si_{6.55}Al_{1.45})O_{20}(OH)_4$. Low K contents compared to the ideal chemistry of muscovite indicate the presence of illite in the mica-type phyllosilicate particle. X-ray diffraction study showed that pyrophyllite commonly coexists with muscovite in the shales from the Manhang Formation. TEM observations showed both the interlayer and intralayer mixing of $9.3-{\AA}$ pyrophyllite and $10-{\AA}$ muscovite layers. The low K content of the mica-type phyllosilicates apparently come from the close mixing of pyrophyllite and muscovite.

Anxiety and fear is two main factors that keep patients from going to dental clinic. Especially, patients may feel implants operations are more traumatic. Intravenous conscious sedation for dental treatment can make patient comfortable and relaxable. Midazolam is more popular for sedation for dental treatment, but target-controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol and remifentanil is gaining wide popularity. A 54-year-old female patient who had severe dental phobia was referred to our dental hospital. She had past history of 2 times of hyperventilation and syncope during dental treatment. The patient showed a lot of dental anxiety and fear to dental treatments and stress reduction protocol was needed. We administered intravenous conscious sedation using target controlled infusion system with remifentanil and propofol. During sedation, we monitored the status of consciousness with bispectral index and vital signs. Dental treatment could be finished successfully without any problems.

Dental treatment of mentally challenged patients under general anesthesia is a series of challenging procedures not only for dental operators but also for dental anesthesiologists. Patients presenting with uncooperative behavior often resist the perioperative management for adesthestic administration. This case report suggests oral premedication as a conjuctive method for anestheitic induction. A 26-year-old male dental patient with autism was referred to dental treatment under general anesthesia. The patient refused to enter dental clinic office and was not able to receive preoperative assessment. In the day of operation, 15 mg of midazolam was given to the patient for oral premedication prior to anesthetic induction. Ater 20 minutes, the patient presented with drowziness and was transferred to the office. Anesthestic staff were able to achieve appropriate intravenous access and mask inhalation. The patient recieved 8 hrs long dental treatment and recovered in a noncomplicated way. Oral midazolam is commonly used to reduce anxiety for combative and irritated pateints. In this case, oral midazolam sedation was used as a preanesthetic management of a highly uncoopearive patient.

Background: Despite increasing popularity of dental implants, there is limited information on the pain experience associated with the surgical implant placement under general anesthesia. The aim of this study was to assess the characteristics of patient-reported pain and efficacy of patient controlled analgesia after implant surgery under general anesthesia. Methods: Total 39 patients who underwent implant surgery under general aensthesia were enrolled. In PCA group (n=30), patients received patient controlled analgesia (fentanyl 700 mg and ketorolac 150 mg) set to basal rate 1 ml/h, bolus 1 ml, and lockout interval 10 min. In control group (n=9), patients received ketorolac 30 mg intravenously when they feel painful. We evaluated pain intensity using VAS score at the end and after 12 hr of the operation and recorded the number of bolus injection as a surrogate of rescue therapy. We compared the VAS data, the frequency of complication between two groups. Results: The self reported pain was highest at 1 hous after surgery in both groups. However, the intensity was not severe (PCA group = 5.7, control group = 5.6), and decreased gradually thereafter. Total demand bolus number was less than 6 in nearly 65% patients. And there was no significant difference in the frequency of complications such as nausea, vomiting and dizziness between both groups. Conclusions: The Pain following the surgical placement of dental implants was generally mild and gradually decreased with time. There was no difference in complications between control group and PCA group.

Na-장석(Amelia albite)의 $1100^{\circ}C$ 등온가열에 대한 XRD 분석결과는 Si-Al의 재배열에 의한 급격한 구조변화를 보여주며 4일 이상의 가열에 의해 저온형에서 고온형으로의 상전이를 보였다. TEM의 제한시야전자회절(SAED)법을 이용하여 구조변화 인지를 시도한 결과, 변화의 양상은 보이나 측정 오차에 의해 Si-Al 배열상태의 정량화가 어려웠다. 수렴성빔전자회절(CBED)법을 이용한 연구결과, 관찰을 위한 최적 실험조건은 냉각 시료지지대의 사용과 120 kV의 가속전압, 37 $\mu\textrm{m}$크기의 C3 조리개, 25 nm의 빔 크기로 나타났다. 알바이트의 구조변화에 따라 HOLZ 선이 두드러진 변화를 보인 방향은 [418] 방향에서 약 $-1.2^{\circ}$ 회전한 방향으로 파악되었으며, 이 방향에서는 저온형과 고온형 알바이트에서 두 HOLZ선의 폭이 서로 반대로 나타나 Si-Al 배열상태의 뚜fut한 구별이 가능하였다.

XRD studies on annealed Na-feldspar (Amelia albite) at $1100^{\circ}C$ showed rapid structural changes due to Si-Al disordering, which resulted in phase transformations from low albite to high albite by 4-days annealing test. TEM SAED analyses on the annealed samples revealed a trend of structural changes, but estimation of the structural state was difficult due to a large deviation of the SAED data. Optimum conditions of CBED analyses on albite was established by employing a cooling specimen holder, 120 kV of acceleration voltage, 37 Jim of condenser aperture size and 25 nm of spot size. A proper orientation showing distinct changes of HOLZ lines corresponding to the structure changes of albite turned out to be close to the [418] direction with $-1.2^{\circ}$ tilting, where the width of two HOLZ lines in low albite was opposite to those in high albite.