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A society need the various precondition to arrive at the phase of state. This paper examined the archeological, anthropological and the socio-economical precondition of Koguryo’s state formation. In the Korean Peninsula and Chinese northeast region, there were various kinds of dolmen. This paper paid attention about the leader of the manpower organization to make dolmen. The many labor power was needed for building dolmen. The organization and power that appeared from the process which mobilized labor powers, changed to the military organization. In order to demonstrate that Koguryo’s original territory and residents not to belonging to China, this paper examined about Old Chosun and Late Chosun before Koguryo times. Old Chosun and Late Chosun were the independent nation which had the king, the bureaucracy organization, the military organization and the sovereignty. Finally, this paper studied Koguryo’s origin, resident’ structure and territory as preconditions of Koguryo’s state formation. Koguryo constructed many castle to protect China’s invasion. She possessed her own independent territory and military power. Koguryo was the same race with Samhan. Because their language, clothing, food and custom were same. Koguryo, Bakje and Silla were the nations which were composed of the same race. The Korea of today is the nation which was composed of the descendants of these three kingdom. Therefore Koguryo’s history belongings to korean history.

To take a close look at the Balhae history based on the succession to the thrones, it can be divided into 4 parts, that is, one for the first kingdom of Gowang(高王), the fourth kingdom of Pyewang Daewonui(廢王 大元義), the fifth kingdom from Gangwang(康王) to Ganwang, and the last kingdom from 10th Seonwang(宣王) who was sone of the fourth generation of Dae Ya-bal(大野勃), king’s brother to 15th Malwang(末王) which was the Royal line of Dae Ya-bal or Dae In-su(大仁秀).And Gugin(國人) was considered influential power according to the interpretation of Gugin. The understanding of the Gugin was intended to be associated with Ganwang. And Shilla and Japan through Kraskino Castle were investigated, focusing on the Donggyeong(東京) area since Munwang(文王). Recently the tomb of the queen of Ganwang was excavated in China, which was not made public, but it is certain that the results of the excavation reassured the status of Ganwang. What’s more, the phrase meaning ‘Queen’ on the inscription indicated that Balhae was the sovereignty that could make an epoch of the study of Balhae history. Based upon this face, it was associated with the Royal succession during the period of the ninth Ganwang. Although the king passed away since the accession in 818, the word ‘an early death(早死)’ was written in the literature.In spite of his short rule, it is shown that his succession was the hightes point of the Balhae’s succession to the throne between previous Gowang, Kingdom of Munwang, and next Seonwang. Upon emphasizing the fact that the excavated site was not Yukjeongsan(六頂山) but Yongdusan(龍頭山), the status of the Donggyeong area that was focused since Moonwang. Particularly the fact that it was in the vicinity of the tomb of Princess Jeonghyo(貞孝公主), the daughter of Munwang provides a clue indicating the line between Queen of the Ganwang and Princess Jeonghyo. In the future, we hope that the lost connection of the succession of Royal line of Balhae kingdom can be traced down upon the publicization of the Queen of Ganwang.

This study aims to trace expansion of two Seon school in the latter period of Koryo dynasty. Especially the writer tried to work into development in which up Koryo Seonjong(禪宗) during the period of Mongol Influence changed into a Seon oriented Buddhism. I have paid attention to the Imje(臨濟) school that has exercised influence upon the Koryo Seonjong sect such as Sooseonsa(修禪社) of Sagulsanmoon(闍崛山門), Gajisanmoon(迦智山門).After the domination of the Yu’an(元) Dynasty supported by sixteen Kuksa(National Preceptor 國師) such Sakulsanmoon(闍崛山門)’s masters Koryo Buddhism under ; Wongam Choongji(圓鑑冲止), Hyegam Manhang(惠鑑萬恒) and Gakgin Bokgoo(覺眞復丘).After the latter part of Koryo Dynasty Sooseonsa-seon continuned the main streams centered around different masters. they were Gajisanmoon(迦智山門)’s masters ; Bogak Iryeon(普覺一然)․Bogam Hongoo(寶鑑混丘), Even though they were related to Sooseonsa-seon, tried to spread tradition Seon. For instance, Seonwonsa(禪源社) temple was the second temple of Suseonsa(修禪社 or Songgwangsa temple). It was a important temple that was appointed the resident head preist of Suseonsa(修禪社) Temple. And It was recepted Mongsan Dukyi(蒙山德異)’s thought of seon that was forming Kan hua seon(看話禪) in the Korean Buddhism, who were Manhang(萬恒) and Seolbong Chonggam(雪峯冲鑑). Mongsan Dukyi(蒙山德異) and his disciples- Cheolsan Sogyung(鐵山紹瓊)’s thought of Seon(禪) exerted an influence in the development of the ideas of the three Masters. During the reign of King Kongmin in the latter period, they were three main master: Master Taego Bowoo(太古普愚), Master Naong Hyeguen(懶翁惠勤) and Master Baekwoon Kyeonghan(白雲景閑).Their thoughts emphasized Mooja hwadoo(wordless topic of meditation 無字話頭) and the acknowledgement of one’s master Inga(印可), dependent upon one’s realization of enlightenment, was also regarded as important.They were influenced of Seokok Cheonggong(石屋淸珙) and Pyeongsan Cheolim(平山處林) who were direct descendants of Seolam Joheum(雪庵祖歆) and Joongbong Myeongbon(中峰明本) who were direct descendants of Gobong Wonmyo(高峰原妙). They leaded to Buddhism in the latter period of Koryo Dynasty and the early Choseon Dynasty. Since three outstanding masters’s activities in the Koryo dynasty(麗末三師), Chanyeong(粲英) and Honsoo(混修) of Gajisanmoon(迦智山門) initiated in leading Buddhist circle. Hyekeun(慧勤) and his disciples reformed their buddhist doctrines suitable for new eras.

The article discusses the war between Sui empire and the kingdom of Koguryo in a detailed historical context and analyses its causes, consequences, and tactics adopted by both sides. With independent developments and expansions for more than four hundred years, Koguryo had formed a position to Central Plains as preponderant as Manchuria did afterwards in northeast Asia. The position is unfit to be contained into the Sino‐uncivilized tribute‐paying modes any longer. However, aiming to show Chinese ceremonies and music and to flaunt the idea of breaking the enemy's resistance without fighting, like he had already done in the western territories, Sui Yang Di personally led three campaigns against Koguryo. His poor commanding and the unyielding resistance of Koguryons, who availed themselves of opportunities vouchsafed by Heaven and terrestrial advantages, forced his troops to retreat in complete defeat. Within the empire, these campaigns exhausted the fisc and imposed unbearable escuage and corvee to the population. Thus resulted numerous uprisings and rebellions, which finally overthrew the Sui Dynasty. Sui Yang Di himself has been perpetually reputed to be a despot as well.

As the national defense system was concentrated on the capital because of suffering from both wars of Imjinwaeran and Byeongjahoran, so-called system of 5gunyeong(五軍營) was beginning to setup such asHullyeondogam(訓練都監)ㆍEoyeongcheong(御營廳)ㆍChongyungc-heong․SueocheongㆍGeumwiyeong(禁衛營)by Samsusogobeop(三手束伍法) until King Sookjong. 3gunmun(三軍門) including Hullyeondogam․Eoyeongcheong and Geumwiyeong were responsible for the defense of the royal palace or the capital. These 3gunmun together with Eoyeongcheong defending guard for the Namhan fortress, and Chongyungcheong for Bukhan fortress assumed the responsibility of defense for the Gyeonggi area as military base taking care of surroundings of the capital. Despite the fact that Five Military Commands made up of hundreds of thousands of soldiers consumed much of the national funds, its efficiency for the training was not high but to increase the troubles. Right after his accession, King Jungjoe intended to increase the national funds and innovate the Five Military Commands which was merely private soldiers for Noron(老論) which was driven to reform thmilitary system as 5wi(五衛) for the purpose of implementing the reform of the military structure. There existed a large number of soldiers unnecessary in 5gunyeong system at that time, leading to the enormous plight for the national funds because of the their payments. Eventually it was understood that only the reduction of the military base could be the solution to the relief to the people and infrastructure. This idea of King Jungjoe was considered accepting various kinds of complaints for the military reforms and some of the demands from the contemporary pragmatist like Song Gyu-Bin(宋奎斌) who advocated of renovation of the national defense. His scheme was to cut financial assistance for each military base or to integrate the bases relating to the powers of the Noron in order to strengthen his power. King Through expansion of his security system ever since his accession, Jungjoe had increased his own military power and set up Jangyongyeong(壯勇營, Royal Guards) as security guard. The installation of Jangyongyeong enabled key military forces to their transfer along with selection of the new military men. Consequently Jangyongyeong as his security guard gave absolute impact for the intensification of the King’s power and provided easy financial aids to the new system, necessitating the downsizing the 5gunyeong. Accepting the various kinds of opinions right after his accession, February in 1778, King Jungjoe ordered the discussion over the integration of Chongyungcheong and Sueocheong responsible for the defending the capital surrounding. In spite of the order from the king, its discussion was discontinued because of insufficient positions for a large number of military officers. As the continuous ill effects from the bases and spending of the finance of the nation aggravated, the king proceeded to integrate the bases responsible for the surrounding area of the capital. As a result, he put Tongeoyeong(統禦營) and Jinmuyeong(鎭撫營) together whose duty were to defend for the Kanghwa region. After a series of policies, he continued to have them talk over the integration of the two bases, and finally they were made into one military base in August 1795, His scheme of defense intensification was aimed to reduce the bases unnecessary and nourish the powerful forces by the systematic training.Hisplanworkedout owing to the installation of Jangyongyeong, automatically weakening power of the Five Military Commands associated with Noron opposite to his politics and at the same time intensifying his own power. The reason was that the integration of the military bases for the defense of the outer part of the capital was linked with the construction of the new town of Hwasung in the long run to secure the initial finances for the nation. He had the outer units of Jangyongyeong positioned in the new town, which was the strongest military power to prop up the his power along with the responsibility for the defense of the surrounding of the capital.Finally his integration of the military bases contributed to the economy of the grass root and simultaneous intensification of his power resulting from the installation of outer base of the Jangyongyeong.