Earticle

Madhupur National Park (MNP) is one of the last remaining patches of old-growth natural Sal forest left in Bangladesh where the forest is tropical moist deciduous type. A study was revealed to assess the tree species diversity and composition in this area. For determining tree species the study was conducted through extensive random quadrat survey methods with 20 m×20 m sized plots. Results of the study indicated that there were 139 tree species belonging to 100 genera and 40 families. The quadrat survey assessed the basal area, stem density, diversity indices and importance value index of the tree species having ≥5 cm D.B.H (Diameter at Brest Height). The basal area and stem density of the tree species were 20.689±1.08 m2/ha and 1412.93±64.27 stem ha-1 while, diversity indices, i.e. Shannon-Wiener’s diversity, Simpson’s evenness, Margalef’s species richness and Pielou’s dominance indices indicated poor diversity in comparison to that of other PAs (Protected Areas) in South-Eastern region of Bangladesh. The structural composition based on height and D.B.H through reverse- J shaped curve indicated higher regeneration and recruitment but removal of trees of large growth classes. Sal (Shorea robusta) was the most dominant tree species that accounts 75% of the total tree individuals in the natural forest patches. However, some associates of Sal, i.e. Bhutum (Hymenodictyon orixensis), Gadila (Careya arborea), and Kusum (Schleichera oleosa) etc. were seemed to be rare in MNP.

Information on plant diversity and community structure are required to chalk out necessary actions for conservation management. The present study assessed the composition and diversity of tree species in Kamalachari Natural Forest of Chittagong South Forest Division, Bangladesh, during April 2010 to November 2011. A total of 107 tree species belonging to 72 genera and 37 families were recorded, where Moraceae family was represented by maximum (11) species. Density, Basal area and volume of tree species were 418±20.09 stem/ha, 21.10±2.62 m2/ha and 417.4±79.8 m3/ha respectively. Diameter and height class distribution of tree species revealed an almost reverse J-shaped curve. Both the number of species and percentage of tree individuals were maximum in the lower DBH and height ranges. Anthropogenic disturbances like illegal tree cutting, over extraction, settlement inside forest area etc. were noticed during the study, which are supposed to cause gradual decrease of both tree species and individuals in the higher DBH and height classes. However, Artocarpus chama was found dominant showing maximum IVI followed by Schima wallichii, Aporosa wallichii, and Lithocarpus acuminata. The quantitative structure of the tree species of Kamalachari natural forest is comparable to other tree species rich tropical natural forests. The findings of the study may help in monitoring future plant population changes of the identified species and adopting species specific conservation programs in Kamalachari natural forest.

The purpose of this study is the efficiency of structural system and the construction method of the building to investigate the possibility of the form expression which is various leads the quality and a combination relation of structural element. The stress of the building with arrangement of structural system is influencing to stability continuously and the form which is constructed the technical expression is emphasized. The structural efficiency the stable method which is rational confronts in internal stress according to coupling scheme is a possibility of trying to divide with the structure for the slab and the roof. The construction expression of structure is classified with materials exposure , envelope regulation and stress wavelength. The structural efficiency which is used in construction is a architectural form and a connection, escapes from the technical intensive method where the structural system is simple could be recognized time with part of environment there to make be does.

리히텐슈타인이 1961-65년 시기에 제작했던 초기 팝 아트 만화의 화면구조는 한 차례 변형 과정을거쳐 정착되었다. 그는 오하이오 주립대학교와 대학원에서의 지도교수였던 셔먼의 영향으로 형식주의미학을 신봉하게 되었다. 그러나 이후 그는 근·현대미술의 다양한 기법들을 차용하여 자신의 독자적인조합형 화면구조를 형성하기에 이르렀다. 그가 근대미술, 특히 인상주의, 신인상주의, 입체주의, 추상주의 등으로부터는 색상, 명도, 채도대비등의 효과를 차용하였으며, 추상 표현주의로부터는 제스처, 평면성, 형상-지향성 개념, 그리고 재료의물성을 강조하는 이념도 선택적으로 차용했다. 그리고 그는 거기에 60년대 미국의 매스 미디어 소재들- 광고, 연재만화, 잡지, 그래픽 디자인, 소설 등-의 이미지를 차용하고 변형시키는 시도를 하였다. 그의 화면구조는 그러한 소재들의 차용 과정에서 변형을 거쳐야만 했다. 왜냐하면 출발점이었던형식주의 틀에 그 소재들을 결합시키는 작업은 여러 모순을 유발했기 때문이다. 대안으로 그가 찾아낸것은 벤데이 망점 기법이었다. 당시의 상업 인쇄술에서 널리 사용해왔던 그 기법을 차용, 변형함으로써그는 만화 그림의 위상을 고급미술의 수준으로 끌어올리려 하였다. 아울러 당시에 유행했던 연재만화의 말풍선 기법도 차용, 변형하여 그와 동등한 수준으로 격상시키려 하였다. 그러한 일련의 제작기법상차용, 변형의 시도가 결과적으로 그의 만화 그림을 고급미술의 창작성 개념에 도전하게 만들었다. 말하자면 그가 1961-65년 시기에 제작한 만화 그림들은 당시 미국의 유명한 인물들로부터 순정만화주인공들, 그리고 전쟁영웅들에 이르기까지의 팝적 소재들을 대상으로 작품화했기 때문이다. 결과적으로 그의 만화 그림들은 1960년대 미국에서 새로운 팝 아트의 신기원을 이룩했다고 판단된다.

The compositional structure of early comic strips that Roy Lichtenstein produced in the period from 1961 to 65 was established after one time transforming process. He became to trust in the aesthetics of Formalism under the influence of Prof. Sherman as his guiding professor of Ohio State University and its Graduate School he attended. But, then, Lichtenstein came to erect his own creative compositional structure in the form of combination by borrowing various techniques from modern and contemporary arts. From Impressionism, Neo-impressionism, Cubism, Abstraction, etc. of modern art, he borrowed the effects of color contrast, luminosity contrast, chromatic contrast, etc., and furthermore selectively borrowed the concepts of gesture, flatness, form-ground directedness, and the idea to emphasize the material’s property from Abstract Expressionism. And then he attempted to combine them with subject-matters of mass media-advertisement, comic strips, magazine, graphic design, novel, etc. in the USA of the sixties. In that process of borrowing, his compositional structure was driven to be transformed, for the work to combine those subject-matters with the frame of Formalism as the starting point evoked some contradictions. One thing he discovered as an alternative was the Ben-day dots technique. By borrowing, transforming that technique that was widely used for the commercial print at that time, he introduce it into the realm of high art. He, by borrowing, transforming the balloon technique from comic strips that was popular at that time, also tried to upgrade it to the same level of high art. His effort to borrow, transform them in the serial processes of production, in effect, made his paintings to challenge the existing concept of originality of high art. For he changed Pop materials ranging from contemporary American famous figures, characters of romance cartoon to war heroes with his creative compositional structure and idea. In conclusion, his comic paintings during 1961-65 seem to be a new horizon of American Pop art.

The aim of this paper is to clarify the structural stability of 30m fly(maximum working radius of 30m) and telescopic boom with composition. In order to reduce the weight and insulate, the boom of special vehicle has a 3-stage telescopic boom of DOMEX960, pocket part of acetal, 2-stage refracting boom of ATOS80, insulation boom of glass fiber composition and effector. In this process, CATIA is applied to create 3D modeling, then ANSYS are performed the structural analysis. The structural analysis is performed for a case where the thickness of the insulating boom of the ATOS 80 is 7[㎜] and the thickness of the insulating boom of the FRP material is 15[㎜] and 16[㎜].

연구에서는 기존의 탄소섬유쉬트, 탄소섬유판과 재료역학적 성질은 동등하면서도 부착성능 및 내구성, 시공성, 경제성, 구조성능 등이 우수하고 현장 품질관리가 용이한 고성능 탄소섬유 보강재 즉, 매입형 FRP봉을 개발하고, 이와 첨단NIT센서를 융합하여 건축물의 안전성 확보와 효율적인 유지관리를 위하여 안전모니터링 시스템을 구축하고자 하는 연구이다.

In addition, as the study on the improvement of structural performance of building and construction of safety monitoring system through the utilization of the smart reinforcing materials fused with NIT sensors and FRP, this study was performed by applying those materials to the reinforced concrete beam-column joint in order to verify the structural performance and improvement performance of the smart reinforcing materials. By comparing with the basis of the result obtained through the test, the level of improvement of structural performance was evaluated, and safety monitoring of structure was performed through the reinforcing materials and fused sensors. According to the test, the structural performance of reinforced concrete beam and beam-column joint applied with smart reinforcing materials was improved, and according to the safety monitoring of structure, stable sensor measuring information could be obtained. Based on the test results, it was confirmed that Advanced NIT Sensor and FRP Composition Smart Reinforcement improved the structural performance as the reinforcing materials of structure, and the real time monitoring based on internet for securing the safety of construction structure was smoothly carried out.

With the increasing of Web services on Internet, services composition requests considering not only the static information compatibility, such as interface grammar and semantic, but also the structural behavior compatibility, i.e., control flow and communication protocol. However, due to the uncertainty of Internet, application failures occurred in service-based software will cause kinds of economic losses. This stochastic phenomenon has been impacted on the structural behavior which makes services composition should take the probabilistic compatibility into account. The probabilistic compatibility needs to compute the degree of compatibility for the effective performance evaluation, which has been an important issue during services collaboration. In this paper, the probabilistic interface automaton is proposed to formalize service behaviors. Then, the synchronized product model is used to the qualitative checking for verifying whether they can interact with each other or not. Third, the probabilistic compatibilities of composite service and component service are discussed for the quantitative computing. Our method provides a reference to generate the correctness and reliable services composition.

앰비언트 뮤직은 기존 음악의 구조적 형식을 따르지 않고, 반복적 음향에 따른 공간감 형성을 위한 음악 장르이다. 본 연구는 텍스처 중첩을 통한 앰비언트 뮤직의 구조를 분석하고 그 음악적 특징을 밝히고자 하였다. 에이펙트 트윈의 'Lichen'을 분석하여 텍스처의 중첩과 반복으로 앰비언트 뮤직의 다이내믹 구조 변화를 분석하였다. 중첩되는 텍스처를 통해 곡의 구조를 이끌어가고 있으며, 이는 공간감의 확장으로 이어진다는 것을 확인하였다. 분석을 통해 앰비언트 구조의 특징으로 반복의 구조, 텍스처의 깊이와 밀도 조절을 통한 다이내믹 구조 변화, 미세한 변화를 이용한 공간감 형성으로 결과를 제시하였다. 이러한 구조의 분석은 1990년대 후기에 등장하는 타 장르와 융합한 앰비언트 장르의 전자음악에도 적용할 수 있다. 본 연구를 통해 앰비언트 뮤직 뿐만 아니라 전통적인 형식을 지니지 않은 음악의 구조적 특징을 밝히는 가능성을 제시할 것이다.

Ambient music is a genre that does not follow the structural forms of traditional music but instead focuses on creating a sense of space through repetitive sounds. This study aimed to analyze the structure of ambient music through texture layering and clarify its musical characteristics. By analyzing Aphex Twin's "Lichen," the dynamic structural changes of ambient music were examined through the layering and repetition of textures. The overlapping textures guide the structure of the piece, confirming that this leads to an expansion of spatial perception. The analysis revealed characteristics of ambient structure, including repetitive forms, dynamic changes through control of texture depth and density, and spatial formation using subtle variations. This structural analysis can also be applied to electronic ambient genres that emerged in the late 1990s through fusion with other genres. This study suggests the potential to elucidate the structural characteristics of not only ambient music but also other music that does not possess traditional forms.

담자균류인 버섯은 당질, 단백질, 비타민 및 무기질과 같 은 영양소를 골고루 함유하고 있을 뿐 아니라 그 특유의 맛 과 향 때문에 예로부터 특별한 식품으로서 취급되어 왔다 [1]. 또, 그동안 버섯은 항종양, 항균, 항알러지, 항바이러스, 항혈 소판 응집작용 등을 비롯한 면역증강이나 간보호 작용 등의 각종 생리활성을 갖는 것으로 밝혀졌고, 현재도 이의 응용 연구는 매우 활발히 진행되고 있는 실정이다 [1,2]. 최근에 와서는 버섯의 주 유효성분인 β-D-glucan을 비롯 한 glucurono-xylomannan (GXM), glucomannan 등의 각종 다당체가 강력한 보습작용을 기반으로 세포 활성 및 콜라겐 의 생성을 촉진함으로써 피부의 노화방지 효과를 나타내는 것으로 보고되었다. 또, UV에 의한 피부의 손상을 방지하고 염증이나 자극 등을 완화시켜줄 뿐 아니라 면역 증강 작용 도 갖는 등, 다기능성을 나타내는 것으로 밝혀졌다 [3,4]. 따라서 다당체를 중심으로 한 버섯의 추출물은 기능성 화장품으로의 활발한 응용도 전개되고 있으며, 이의 산업적 생산체제도 점차 확대되고 있는 실정이다. 현재 국내 화장품 시장에서는 상황버섯, 복령, 망태버섯, 눈꽃동충하초, 영지, 노루궁뎅이 버섯, 흰목이 버섯 등, 다양한 버섯 유래의 소재 들이 피부노화, 보습, 미백 등의 신소재로 널리 응용되고 있 다. 특히, 흰목이 버섯 (Tremella fuciformis)의 경우는 중국 고전에 세계 3대 미인으로 알려진 양귀비가 먹었다는 기록 이 있어 미의 상징인 버섯으로 잘 알려져 있다. 수분 흡수능 이 매우 뛰어난 점을 이용하여 고보습 화장품 소재로서는 물론, 항당뇨, 항혈전 효과 등으로 건강식품, 의약품 소재로 도 널리 이용되고 있다 [4]. 한편, 흰목이 버섯과 유사한 흑목이 버섯 (Auricularia auricula 또는 Hirneola auricula)은 이담자균 강, 목이 속의 버섯으로, 사람 귀 모양에 젤리 질감을 지녔다하여 일명 Jelly ear fungus로도 유명하다 [5]. 주로 고온성으로 산야의 활엽 수가 썩은 고목에서 많이 볼 수 있고, 전 세계적으로 널리 분포하고 있으며, 특히, 야생으로는 중국, 한국, 일본 등 아 시아 지역에서 다량으로 발견되고 있다 [6]. 예로부터 중국요리에 없어서는 안 될 재료이며, 한약재 로서 각종 약리작용에 의한 민간요법제로, 그리고 여름철 에 음식이 변패되는 것을 방지하는 소재 등, 다양한 용도로 이용되어 왔다 [7-9]. 흑목이 버섯에 관한 그동안의 연구를 보면 목이버섯의 지방산 및 스테롤 성분 조성에 관한 보고 [10]를 비롯하여 마우스에 sarcoma 180 암세포를 이식한 후 목이버섯 추출 물의 복강투여 시 항암효과가 있었다는 보고 [11], 목이버섯 메탄올 추출물이 지질과산화 및 간 손상을 억제시킨다는 보 고 [12] 및 목이버섯 알코올 추출물이 돌연변이 억제 작용 을 갖는다는 보고 등이 있다 [13]. 최근에는 목이버섯 열수 추출물이 당뇨쥐 (KK-Ay mice)의 혈당을 감소시키는 효과 가 있음도 보고되었다 [14]. 하지만 아직까지 흑목이 버섯의 이러한 생리활성에 대한 유효 성분들에 대하여는 불분명한 점들이 많고, 여러 측면 에서 다른 버섯에 비해 상대적으로 알려진 바가 적어 연구 검토의 필요성이 매우 높다. 본 연구에서는 흑목이 버섯 유래의 기능성 제품화 연구의 일환으로 지금까지 체계적으로 연구된 바 없는 흑목이 버섯 의 다당을 열수추출하여 정제하였고, 흰목이 버섯 다당과 비교하면서 구성당, 분자량 및 구조적 특성을 규명함으로써 기능성 소재화의 기초자료를 마련하고자 하였다

A hot-water extract from fruit body of Auricularia auricula was purified by ethanol precipitation and subsequent dialysis. The polysaccharide showed a typical IR spectrum similar to β-glucan and was composed of glucose and mannose in a molar ratio of 16.8：83.2 indicating that it is a glucomannan. A glucomannan-like polysaccharide was also identified from Tremella fuciformis. Both of the polysaccahrides showed the presence of acetyl groups and presented colorimetric responses for β-1,4-glucomannan indicating the acetylated β-glucomannan similar to the typical polysaccharide found in Aloes.

Lexical borrowing has significantly altered the Korean compounding process over time. This study aims to analyze the formation of Korean neologism compound, focusing on structural composition and semantic functions they serve in the language. 313 instances of compounding were retrieved from the 2018 Neologism Survey (2018년 신어 조사) and 2019 Neologism Survey (2019년 신어 조사) reports. The results indicate that Korean compounds can be a mix of English, Sino-Korean, and native Korean elements. Loanwords exhibit phonological alternation, and components of the compound may take the form of truncated words, acronyms, blends, or with foreign affixes. Korean compounds display three functional types: subordinative, coordinative, attributive. Study suggests that word formation in Korean has become increasingly diverse compared to the past. Multiple morphological processes may operate simultaneously in the creation of new words, although loanwords are still subject to the phonotactic constraints. It is hoped that this study will contribute additional value to the existing research, also serve as foundation for future studies.

The $Mg_xZn_{1-x}O$ thin films with the various content ratio ranging from 0 to 0.4 were prepared by sol-gel spincoating method. To investigate the effects of content ratio on the structural and optical properties of the $Mg_xZn_{1-x}O$ thin films, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and photoluminescence (PL) were carried out. With increase in the content ratio, the grain size of the $Mg_xZn_{1-x}O$ thin films was increased, however, at the content ratio above 0.2, MgO particles with cubic structure were formed on the surface of the $Mg_xZn_{1-x}O$ thin films, indicating that the Mg content exceeded its solubility limit in the thin films. The residual stress of the $Mg_xZn_{1-x}O$ thin films is increased with increase in the Mg mole fraction. In the PL investigations, the bandgap and the activation energy of the $Mg_xZn_{1-x}O$ thin films was increased with the Mg mole fraction.

This study investigates the structural, optical, and radiation shielding properties of 55B₂O₃ - 15ZnO - (30- x)Li₂O - xCuO glasses (x = 0, 2, 4, 8 mol%) synthesized via melt-quenching. XRD confirmed the amorphous nature. While density and molar volume analysis revealed a non-linear trend with CuO doping. FTIR analysis revealed structural changes due to the substitution of Li₂O with CuO. UV-Vis spectra exhibited characteristic Cu²⁺ d-d transitions (700-800 nm). Tauc plots showed bandgap narrowing (direct: 3.33-2.68 eV; indirect: 2.80-2.01 eV) and Urbach energy increased from 0.45 to 0.54 eV). Photoluminescence revealed Cu²⁺-related emissions (401-543 nm). The Makishima-Mackenzie model predicted a decrease in elastic moduli (E, K, S, L) due to network fragmentation. Radiation shielding performance improved significantly, with CuO reducing the half-value layer by 27 % at 15 keV and increasing the mass attenuation coefficient (μ/ρ) by 46 % at low energies, driven by high atomic number (Z = 29). Advanced parameters (EBF, EABF, ACS, ECS) demonstrated optimal shielding at 4-6 mol% CuO, balancing photoelectric enhancement and Compton scattering suppression. These findings position CuO-doped borate glasses as multifunctional materials for photonic and radiation shielding applications, with tunable properties governed by Cu²⁺ coordination and network dynamics.

Isoflavone content in various parts of six soybean cultivars and soybean sprout during germination was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The parts analyzed were seed coat, cotyledon, and axis for seeds and whole sprout, root, hypocotyl, and cotyledon for sprout. Two cultivars, Aga3 which is known to have the smallest seed size and the highest isoflavone content among the Korean soybean cultivars and Pungsannamulkong which is the most widely being used as soy-sprout, were selected for sampling from 1 to 10 days after germination. At the same weight, the order of isoflavone content increased from seed coat to cotyledon to axis. The highest total isoflavone(isoflavone$\times$dry weight) content was observed in the cotyledon and the lowest in the seed coat. The cotyledon of the Aga3 variety had the highest total isoflavone content and the lowest was measured in the Pungsannamulkong variety. The highest total isoflavone content, $10,788{\mu}g/g$, was observed in whole sprouts(cotyledon+hypocotyl+root) on day 7 for Aga3. After day 7, there was a decreasing trend in isoflavone content as the germination period increased. Total isoflavone content in the cotyledon of Aga3 significantly increased after seed germination, whereas the isoflavone content in the cotyledon of Pungsannamulkong decreased. However, total isoflavone content in the root of both varieties increased while isoflavone content in the hypocotyls decreased after seed germination.

Fatty acid composition and $C_{18:2}:C_{18:3}$ of soybean seed and sprout is important for soy-industries to manufacture quality products. Six soybean varieties were analyzed by gas chromatography to determine fatty acid composition and linoleic to linolenic acid ratio ($C_{18:2}:C_{18:3}$) in seed, sprout, and their structural parts. In the case of whole seed and its structural parts, significant variation in fatty acid composition and $C_{18:2}:C_{18:3}$ were observed between varieties except palmitic acid $(C_{16:0})$, while all the parameters were significantly different for seed parts. Significant interactions of variety with seed parts were observed for oleic acid $(C_{18:1})$, $C_{18:2}$ and $C_{18:2}:C_{18:3}$. The highest saturated fatty acid, $C_{18:1}$ and polyunsaturated fatty acid were recorded in seed coat, cotyledon, and seed axis, respectively. The lowest $C_{18:2}:C_{18:3}$ was found in seed axis. In the case of sprout study, variety had significant effect on all the parameters observed for whole sprout, cotyledon, root, and except $C_{18:3}$ for hypocotyl. Culture days had significant effect on $C_{16:0}$, $C_{18:2}$ and $C_{18:3}$ in whole sprouts, while only on $C_{18:3}$ and $C_{18:2}:C_{18:3}$ in cotyledon. For hypocotyl, culture days had significant effect on $C_{18:1}$, $C_{18:2}$ and $C_{18:2}:C_{18:3}$, however, $C_{16:0}$, $C_{18:1}$, $C_{18:3}$, and $C_{18:2}:C_{18:3}$ were significantly different in root. In sprout, days and variety interacted significantly for $C_{16:0}$, $C_{18:3}$ and $C_{18:2}:C_{18:3}$, and $C_{18:1}$, $C_{18:2}$, $C_{18:3}$, and $C_{18:2}:C_{18:3}$, respectively for whole, cotyledon, and root. The significantly lowest $C_{18:2}:C_{18:3}$ (1.1) was observed in hypocotyl and root of Hwangkeumkong in 5 days. Knowledge of fatty acid composition and $C_{18:2}:C_{18:3}$ of seed, sprout, and their parts could be applicable for oil and other soy-food industries to make quality products.

Objective: This study was to evaluate the fermentation dynamics, structural and nonstructural carbohydrate composition and in vitro gas production of rice straw ensiled with lactic acid bacteria and molasses. Methods: Fresh rice straw was ensiled in 1-L laboratory silos with no additive control (C), Lactobacillus plantarum (L), molasses (M) and molasses+Lactobacillus plantarum (ML) for 6, 15, 30, and 60 days. After storage, the silages were subjected to microbial and chemical analyses as well as the further in vitro fermentation trial. Results: All additives increased lactic acid concentration, and reduced pH, dry matter (DM) loss and structural carbohydrate content relative to the control (p<0.05). The highest organic acid and residual sugar contents and lignocellulose reduction were observed in ML silage. L silage had the highest V-score with 88.10 followed by ML silage. L and ML silage improved in vitro DM digestibility as compared with other treatments, while in vitro neutral detergent fibre degradability (IVNDFD) was increased in M and ML silage (p<0.05). M silage significantly (p<0.05) increased propionic acid (PA) content and decreased butyric acid content and acetic acid/PA as well as 72-h cumulative gas production. Conclusion: The application of ML was effective for improving both the fermentation quality and in vitro digestibility of rice straw silage. Inclusion with molasses to rice straw could reduce in vitro ruminal gas production.

Anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) is commonly utilized in functional surface engineering, yet the influence of alloy composition on AAO growth behavior, pore-widening (PW) characteristics, and structural stability remains poorly understood. This study investigates AAO films formed on Al 1050, Al 3003, Al 5052, and Al 6061 through anodization for 1 hour under identical conditions, followed by PW in phosphoric acid for varying durations. Despite the same anodizing conditions, significant differences were noted in pore diameter, oxide-film thickness, and AAO growth rates based on alloy composition. Al 5052 demonstrated the highest growth and PW rates, while Al 3003 exhibited the lowest. During the PW process, all alloys initially experienced increased porosity and enhanced wettability; however, extended PW led to distinct collapse behaviors of the oxide film that were dependent on the alloy. These behaviors ranged from gradual structural transformation to rapid oxide removal. Notably, wettability enhancement occurred only while a stable porous structure was intact; once the oxide film collapsed or was removed, wettability reverted. These findings indicate that the PW rate and structural stability are governed by different mechanisms, highlighting the critical role of alloy composition in influencing AAO growth, collapse behavior, and wettability.

This study explores the structural and communal differences between flipped and non-flipped college English composition classes. Using timelined structure analysis and a 20-item sense of community questionnaire adapted from Rovai (2002), the research examines how instructional design influences student engagement and social connectedness. Twenty undergraduate students participated, divided into a flipped learning group (n = 9) and a non-flipped learning group (n = 11). Classroom sessions were analyzed to identify patterns of interaction, and survey data were collected to measure students’ perceived sense of community. The results indicate that the flipped class demonstrated more dynamic classroom flows with frequent transitions between peer activities, group work, and whole-class discussions. Students in the flipped group reported significantly higher perceptions of timely feedback, peer reliance, and support compared to those in the non-flipped group. However, limitations such as non-randomized group assignment, small sample size, and reliance on self-reported measures suggest that findings should be interpreted cautiously. Despite these constraints, the study suggests that carefully designed flipped learning models may offer meaningful benefits for enhancing both academic performance and social engagement in college English composition courses. Future research employing larger samples and mixed-methods approaches is recommended to deepen understanding of these effects.

The investigations report a detailed study of the dynamical behavior and acoustic performance of nanoparticle-enhanced music composition based on porous beams, oriented to make a connection to applications in the design and optimization of musical instruments. In more detail, what is evaluated is how harmonic transverse dynamic loading, combined with structural damping, influences the mechanical and acoustic properties of such advanced structures. Effective properties of the nanocomposite material are computed using Mori-Tanaka's model. These will, in turn, be used to bring out the role of nanoparticles in enhancing the general performance of beams. The nonlinear strain-deflection relationships, energy principles, Hamilton's principle, and derivation of the governing equations for the musical instruments have been explained to ensure a strong theoretical base for the development. A detailed assessment of the dynamic response of the nanoparticle-enhanced musical instruments is conducted, and analysis of their behavior under different conditions is obtained by numerical method. The current study aims to understand the various effects of the key parameters on dynamic and the acoustic properties of musical instruments. Results showed that increasing the volume percentage of the nanoparticles could drastically reduce the acoustic properties by about 71%, hence pointing to a possible improvement in acoustic quality for musical instruments made from these materials. Some very useful ideas, based on the results obtained, occur vis-à-vis how to design an instrument and select materials w.r.t structural integrity and acoustic performance of instruments.