Earticle

본 논문에서는 분수 나눗셈 알고리즘 지도 방법 개선을 위한 기초 작업의 일환으로, 우리나라 초등학교 수학 교과서에서의 분수 나눗셈 알고리즘 정당화 과정을 분석한다. 교과서에서는 간접적인 방법으로 분수 나눗셈식을 분수 곱셈식으로 변환시켜 알고리즘을 정당화하고 있다. 그 방법으로 추이성을 이용하는 것, 수 막대나 직사각형 모델을 이용하는 것의 두 가지가 있다. 2007 개정 교육과정에 따른 수학 교과서 ≪5-2≫, ≪6-1≫에서 분수 나눗셈 알고리즘은 외형상 6개이다. 그 중 4개는 형태상 제수의 역수를 곱하는 표준 알고리즘이다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 분석 결과를 바탕으로 다음의 세 가지 제언을 결론으로 제시한다. 첫째, 초등학교 5학년에서 역수라는 용어의 사용을 전향적으로 고려할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 비표준 알고리즘을 표준 알고리즘 형태로 도입하는 것을 고려할 필요가 있다. 셋째, 차후의 교육과정에서 분모가 1인 분수의 취급에 관해 논의할 필요가 있다.

In this paper, fraction division algorithms in Korean elementary mathematics textbooks are analyzed as a part of the groundwork to improve teaching methods for fraction division algorithms. There are seemingly six fraction division algorithms in ≪Math 5-2≫, ≪Math 6-1≫ textbooks according to the 2006 curriculum. Four of them are standard algorithms which show the multiplication by the reciprocal of the divisors modally. Two non-standard algorithms are independent algorithms, and they have weakness in that the integration to the algorithms 8 is not easy. There is a need to reconsider the introduction of the algorithm 4 in that it is difficult to think algorithm 4 is more efficient than algorithm 3. Because (natural number)÷(natural number)=(natural number)×(the reciprocal of a natural number) is dealt with in algorithm 2, it can be considered to change algorithm 7 to algorithm 2 alike. In textbooks, by converting fraction division expressions into fraction multiplication expressions through indirect methods, the principles of calculation which guarantee the algorithms are explained. Method of using the transitivity, method of using the models such as number bars or rectangles, method of using the equivalence are those. Direct conversion from fraction division expression to fraction multiplication expression by handling the expression is possible, too, but this is beyond the scope of the curriculum. In textbook, when dealing with (natural number)÷(proper fraction) and converting natural numbers to improper fractions, converting natural numbers to proper fractions is used, but it has been never treated officially.

알고리즘을 지도하는 전통적인 방법은 우선 ‘표준 알고리즘’을 완성된 형태로 제시하고 이어서 간단한 사례를 통하여 이해한 다음, 보다 일반적인 문제에 적용함으로써 표준 알고리즘을 연습하는 형태이다. 그러나 이 방법은 표준 알고리즘에 지나치게 집중되어 있다는 문제점과 함께, 학생 스스로 문제에 적합한 알고리즘을 선택하거나 알고리즘 자체를 개발하는 경험을 제공하지 못한다는 제한점을 갖고 있다. 이 논문에서는 자연수 곱셈 알고리즘의 다양성을 활용하여 학생 스스로 알고리즘을 개발하고 발명할 수 있도록 지도하는 방안을 상세하게 구안하였고, 그에 따른 교수실험을 통하여 초등학교 3학년 학생의 곱셈 알고리즘에 대한 이해 과정을 분석하였다. 그 결과는 첫째, 실험적인 지도안으로 학습한 실험반은 자리값의 원리와 분배법칙의 이해에 있어서 비교반보다 높은 성취를 보였으나, 계산 능력에 있어서는 그렇지 못했다. 둘째, 비교반은 물론 실험반에서도 표준 알고리즘의 선호도가 가장 높았으며, 실험반에서는 표준 알고리즘 다음으로 격자곱셈의 선호도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 격자 곱셈을 교육 소재로 활용하는 것을 적극 고려할 필요가 있다. 셋째, 비례표는 그것이 가지는 이론적인 장점에도 불구하고 우리나라 초등학교 3학년 학생이 배우기에는 다소 무리가 따르는 것으로 나타났다.

The algorithm is a chain of mechanical procedures, capable of solving a problem. In modern mathematics educations, the teaching algorithm is performing an important role, even though contracted than in the past. The conspicuous characteristic of current elementary mathematics textbook's manner of manipulating multiplication algorithm is exceeding converge to 'standard algorithm.' But there are many algorithm other than standard algorithm in calculating multiplication, and this diversity is important with respect to didactical dimension. In this thesis, we have reconstructed the experimental learning and teaching plan of multiplication algorithm unit by making the best use of diversity of multiplication algorithm. It's core contents are as follows. Firstly, It handled various modified algorithms in addition to standard algorithm. Secondly, It did not order children to use standard algorithm exclusively, but encouraged children to select algorithm according to his interest. As stated above, we have performed teaching experiment which is ruled by new lesson design and analysed the effects of teaching experiment. Through this study, we obtained the following results and suggestions. Firstly, the experimental learning and teaching plan was effective on understanding of the place-value principle and the distributive law. The experimental group which was learned through various modified algorithm in addition to standard algorithm displayed higher degree of understanding than the control group. Secondly, as for computational ability, the experimental group did not show better achievement than the control group. It's cause is, in my guess, that we taught the children the various modified algorithm and allowed the children to select a algorithm by preference. The experimental group was more interested in diversity of algorithm and it's application itself than correct computation. Thirdly, the lattice method was not adopted in the majority of present mathematics school textbooks, but ranked high in the children's preference. I suggest that the mathematics school textbooks which will be developed henceforth should accept the lattice method.

학교현장에서 활용할 수 있는 SW교육과정 구성을 위해 알고리즘과 프로그래밍 영역에서 개념이해와 학습활 동을 구성된 프레임워크를 개발하였다. 이를 기반으로 영역별 5단계 성취기준 체계로 구성되어 있으며 알고리즘 영역은 18개, 프로그래밍 영역은 21개의 성취기준 요소로 구성되어 있다. 각 영역별 성취기준에 대한 내용의 중 요도와 교육시기의 적절성을 검토하기 위해 전문가 델파이조사 검증을 통한 타당도를 제시하였다. 연구의 결과 는 정보과 교육과정 표준모델 구성을 위한 연구 자료로 활용될 수 있으며 학교 현장에 적용을 위한 SW교육과 정 개발을 위한 시사점을 제공하고 있다는 점에 의의가 있다.

We developed a framework of consisting of concept understanding and learning activities in the area of algorithm and programming for constructing SW curriculum that can be used in school field. Based on this, it is composed of five levels of achievement standards by area. The algorithm area consists of 18 achievement standards elements, and the programming area consists of 21 elements. To examine the importance of content about achievement standards and the appropriateness of the education time of each area, its validity was suggested through expert verification by delphi survey. The present study could be utilized as the research data of the standard model of information education curriculum and provides important implications for the development of SW curriculum in the school field.

DES는 64비트 단위로 나뉘어 진 각각의 블록이 한번의 암호화 알고리즘을 거쳐 암호화 된다. 대칭알고리즘으로서 똑같은 키와 알고리즘이 암호화와 복호화에 쓰인다. 복호화 할 때 키를 반대로 적용하는 등의 약간의 차이는 있다. 키 길이는 64비트로 표현되는데 이 중에서 실제로는 56비트만이 키로서 사용되고 나머지 8비트는 패리티 체크 비트로 사용된다. 암호화는 64비트 블록과 56비트 키를 바탕으로 만든 16개의 보조키가 총 16번의 혼돈과 확산을 거쳐 완료된다. DES 알고리즘을 선택한 이유는 암호 강도에 대한 의문이 제기되고 있기는 하지만 상업적으로 가장 널리 보급되어 이용되고 있다. 또한 기본 알고리즘을 DES 로 채택한 현장에서 앞으로도 상당한 기간 동안 이용이 계속될 것으로 예상되는 DES 알고리즘을 효과적으로 활용하는 방안이 현장에서 참고되기를 기대한다.

DES is a 64-bit binary, and each block is divided into units of time are encrypted through an encryption algorith m. The same key as the symmetric algorithm for encryption and decryption algorithms are used. Conversely, when decryption keys, and some differences may apply. The key length of 64 bits are represented by two ten thousand an d two 56-bit is actually being used as the key remaining 8 bits are used as parity check bits. The 64-bit block and 56-bit encryption key that is based on a total of 16 times 16 modifier and spread through the chaos is completed. D ES algorithm was chosen on the strength of the password is questionable because the most widely available comme rcially, but has been used. In addition to the basic DES algorithm adopted in the future in the field by a considerabl e period are expected to continue to take advantage of the DES algorithm effectively measures are expected to be in the field note

To meet the demand of digitizing progress of pharmaceutical retail industry, there are various kinds of software are made for pharmaceutical retail enterprise. However, much commercial software on the market fails to meet the demand of data transmission safety. Therefore, a novel system was designed for medium size pharmaceutical retail enterprise with multiple branches. It is designed to digitize the process of retail operations including management of stock, order client, staff, product, branch and warehouse. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm was used to secure the data transmission on the Internet. The system can be deployed1 in pharmaceutical retailing, hospital prescriptions issues, pharmaceutical company management, medical supplies market, medical devices market and hospital staff management. With minor modification the system can be deployed to other retail or wholesale industry.

Text orientation is one of the most important base work in web semantic calculation. The semantic polarity of words is the basis element of text sentiment. But in traditional word orientation algorithm, each word gets orientation value based on its distance with these words in the standard word list. So the word polarity is always the same value. But in fact, the word may express different polarity in diverse domains. In this paper, word polarity is calculated based on domain standard word list according to its part of speech. The domain standard list is established by search engine result. The experimental result shows that the domain standard word set for word orientation can increase the accuracy rate of comments orientation calculate.

A genetic algorithm (GA) is a search algorithm for solving optimization problems due to it is robustness; it offers benefits over optimization techniques in searching n-dimensional surface. In today's information age, information transfer has increased exponentially. Hence, security, confidentiality and authentication have become important factors in multimedia communications. Encryption is an effective technique that is preserving the confidentiality of data in Internet applications. Cryptanalysis is a technique of encoding and decoding ciphertext in such way it cannot be interpreted by anyone expects sender and receiver. In this paper, GA with an improved crossover operator was used for the cryptanalysis of Simplified data encryption standard problem (S-DES). Results have shown that GA performance is better than brute force search technique in breaking S-DES key.

DVB-S2 is the second generation of Digital Video Broadcasting-Satellite and LDPC (Low Density Parity Code) is the key technology in which the decoding plays an important role in determining the performance of DVB-S2 system. According to the research on the characteristics of DVB-S2 standard, this paper reports on the improvement of the Turbo Decoding Message Passing (TDMP) algorithm by adopting the idea of merging. The component codes which don’t have public nodes are regarded as a new component. By changing the decoding order of component codes and removing useless waiting time, the message capacity transmitted between two adjacent component codes is increased. The performance of the proposed TDMP merged decoding algorithm is evaluated by simulation experiments. We measure decoding performance, convergence rate and the average decoding time to evaluate the system performance. The results obtained show that the TDMP merged decoding algorithm ensures the performance of decoding and good convergence, and also improves the average decoding speed and throughput.

For low-power sensor networks, a compact design of advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm is needed. A very small AES core for ZigBee devices that accelerates computation in AES algorithms is proposed in this paper. The proposed AES core requires only one S-Box, which plays a major role in the optimization. It consumes less power than other block-wide and folded architectures because it uses fewer logic gates. The results show that the proposed design significantly decreases power dissipation; however, the resulting increased clock cycles for 128-bit block data processing are reasonable for IEEE 802.15.4 standard throughputs.

Objectives: In this study, we proposed an algorithm for mapping standard terminologies for the automated generation of medical bills. As the Korean and American structures of health insurance claim codes for laboratory tests are similar, we used Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) instead of the Korean health insurance code set due to the advantages of mapping in the English language. Methods: 1,149 CPT codes for laboratory tests were chosen for study. Each CPT code was divided into two parts, a Logical Observation Identifi ers Names and Codes (LOINC) matched part (matching part) and an unmatched part (unmatched part). The matching parts were assigned to LOINC axes. An ontology set was designed to express the unmatched parts, and a mapping strategy with Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT) was also proposed. Through the proceeding analysis, an algorithm for mapping CPT with SNOMED CT arranged by LOINC was developed. Results: 75% of the 1,149 CPT codes could be assigned to LOINC codes. Two hundred and twenty-five CPT codes had only one component part of LOINC, whereas others had more than two parts of LOINC. The system of LOINC axes was found in 309 CPT codes, scale 555, property 9, method 42, and time aspect 4. From the unmatched parts, three classes, ‘types’,‘objects’, and ‘subjects’, were determined. By determining the relationship between the classes with several properties, all unmatched parts could be described. Since the ‘subject to’ class was strongly connected to the six axes of LOINC, links between the matching parts and unmatched parts were made. Conclusions: The proposed method may be useful for translating CPT into concept-oriented terminology, facilitating the automated generation of medical bills, and could be adapted for the Korean health insurance claim code set.

본 논문은 인터넷 보안 및 인증에 널리 사용되는 해쉬 알고리즘인 HAS-160을 하드웨어로 구현하였다. 구현을 위해서는 VHDL을 사용하여 모델링 하였으며 또한 단계연산에 필요한 연산들의 최적화된 스케줄링으로 동작속도를 증가 시켰다.

This paper is about the hardware implementation of the Hash algorithm, HAS-160, which is widely used for Internet security and authentication. VHDL modeling was used for its realization and the operation speed has been increased by the optimized scheduling of the operations required for step operations.

멀티미디어에 대한 관심 증가로 미디어 파일중의 하나인 SMF의 사용자층이 넓어지고 있다. 기존의 시퀀싱 소프트웨어의 양자화 기능은 음표 하나만을 기준을 했기 때문에 건반 혹은 다른 미디 컨트롤러를 통해 실시간으로 입력받은 SW를 양자화 한 후 또 다시 수작업으로 보정을 해 주어야 했다. 본 논문에서는 이와 같은 번거로움을 줄이고, 연주자가 최초에 의도한 악보에 근접하기 위한 SMF의 양자화 알고리듬에 관해 제안하였다.

The step response of the Manabe standard form[1］has little overshoot and shows almost same waveforms regardless of the order of the characteristic polynomials. In some situations it is difficult to control the rise time and settling time simultaneously of the step response of the Manabe standard form. To control its rise time and settling time efficiently, we develop the generalization of the Manabe standard form: we try to find out the SRFS(Slow Rise time & Fast Settling time) form which has the slower rise time and faster settling time than those of the Manabe standard form. we also consider the other three forms: FRSS(Fast Rise time & Slow Settling time), SRFS(Slow Rise time ＆ Fast Settling time) and SRSS(Slow Rise time & Slow Settling time) forms. In this paper, by using the genetic algorithm, we obtain all the coefficient of the four forms we mention above. Finally, we design a controller for a given plant so that the overall system has the performance that the rise time is faster, the settling time is slower than those of the Manabe standard form.

Various methods to detect the phytoplankton/red tide blooms in the oceanic waters have been developed and tested on satellite ocean color imagery since the last two and half decades, but accurate detection of blooms with these methods remains challenging in optically complex turbid waters, mainly because of the eventual interference of absorbing and scattering properties of dissolved organic and particulate inorganic matters with these methods. The present study introduces a new method called Red tide Index (Rl), providing indices which behave as a good measure of detecting red tide algal blooms in high scattering and absorbing waters of the Korean South Sea and Yellow Sea. The effectiveness of this method in identifying and locating red tides is compared with the standard Ocean Chlorophyll 4 (OC4) bio-optical algorithm applied to SeaWiFS ocean imagery, acquired during two bloom episodes on 27 March 2002 and 28 September 2003. The result revealed that OC4 bio-optical algorithm falsely identifies red tide blooms in areas abundance in colored dissolved organic and particulate inorganic matter constituents associated with coastal areas, estuaries and river mouths, whereas red tide index provides improved capability of detecting, predicting and monitoring of these blooms in both clear and turbid waters.

Chatter during machining operations is extremely detrimental to cutting tool life and the surface quality of the workpiece. Online monitoring methods are becoming more relevant for chatter detection and prediction in automated machiningoperations. While the utilization of vibration signals for the direct detection of chatter has been extensively researched, thereare limited studies that explore the use of certain other sensor signatures, such as force signals. The present work aims toexpand on the area of chatter detection in the turning of difficult-to-machine materials through Machine Learning (ML) usingforce signals acquired through multi-component tool dynamometer. An experimental setup has been established to collect forcesignature during dry turning operation under various process parameters selected on the basis of analytical Stability LobeDiagrams (SLDs). Statistical features of Standard Deviation (SD) & Moving Window Standard Deviation (MWSD) extractedfrom the time-domain force signatures for different machining conditions are used to build statistical models using the DecisionTree (DT) Algorithm. The feasibility and performance of classifier models using the feature of MWSD are studied in thepresent paper. The DT classifier trained using MWSD of window size 100 has been found to provide a classification accuracyof 97.511%.

디지탈서명 알고리즘은 정보보호를 위한 필수적 조건이며 금년에 발표된 전산망보급확장과 이용 촉진에 관한 법률의 개정안에도 전자문서의 법적효력을 인정하고있고, 전자서명이 들어가야 함을 원칙으로 하고 있다. 따라서, 디지탈서명의 국가표준화가 시급해졌다. 이러한 때에 '94년부터 한국전자통신연구소 정보통신 표준 연구센터의 지원을 받아 디지탈서명 표준화가 진행되고 있는 것은 다행한 일이라 하겠다. 작년의 결과인 "부가형 디지탈서명 방식 - 제 1부 : 기본구조 및 모델"이 한국통신기술협회(TTA)를 통하여 한국전기통신 표준(KCS)으로 올려져 금년안에 국가 표준화를 목적으로 작업이 진행되고 있다. 올해에는 지난9월 표준안 발표회를 통하여 "부가형 디지탈서명 방식 표준(안) - 제 2부 확인서 이용 디지탈서명 알고리즘'이 발표되었다. 본 원고는 발표되었던 내용에 논의된 사항들을 반영하여 수정한 후 정리한 것이다. 본 표준안은 보완되어 11월 말에 한국전기통신 표준(KCS)으로 올려질 예정이다. 본문에서는 표준안으로 제안된 디지탈서명 알고리즘을 기술하였고, 부기에서는 알고리즘 수행시 유의점과 요구되는 부분함수들의 예를 기술하였다.분함수들의 예를 기술하였다.

표준 암호화 알고리즘(DES : Data Encryption Standard)은 20년 이상 국제 암호화 표준으로 사용되고 있다. DES는 64비트의 데이터 블록을 56비트의 키를 이용하여 암호화시키는 블록 암호화 기법중의 하나이다. 이 알고리즘은 64비트의 입력을 연속된 과정에 의해 64 비트의 출력으로 전환하는 방법이며, 이렇게 암호화시킨 문장은 키 없이는 해독이 불가능하다. 본 논문에서는 DES 알고리즘을 이용하여 RFID(Radio Frequency Identification) 판독 시스템을 구현하였다. 구현된 시스템은 CBC(Cipher Block Chining) 모드를 사용하여 암호화 알고리즘의 신뢰성을 높였으며, 기존 상용 제품과의 성능 비교 결과 카드 접근 시간과 동작 시간이 상용 제품보다 우수함을 알 수 있었다.

The Data Encryption Standard(DES) has been a worldwide standard for over 20 years. DES is one of the block encryption techniques which ciphers 64-bit input data blocks using a 56-bit private key. The DES algorithm transforms 64-bit input in a series of steps into a 64-bit output. Thus, it is impossible to deduce the plaintext from the ciphertext which encrypted by this algorithm without the key. This paper presents an implementation of RFID roader system using the DES algorithm. An implemented system enhances the credibility of the encryption algorithm by using the Cipher Block Chining(CBC). Experimental results also show that the implemented system has better performance over the conventional commercial product.