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A Review on a Direction of Integrating Grammar andReading-focused on the Analysis of Textbooks on “Reading & Grammar” in 2011Revised national Korean Language curriculum-Lee, Sang-gyuThe purpose of the paper is to provide a direction of integratinggrammar and reading based on analyzing ‘Korean Reading & Grammar“textbook in 2011 revised national Korean language curriculum. Just likein 2007 Korean language curriculum , it was classified as an electivecourse in 2011. One of similarities between ’reading’ and ‘grammar’ isthat they are language-related. However, in combining them, the selectionrate of students was the more important factor than the similarity of alanguage. Six Korean Reading & Grammar textbooks were passed afterdeliberation in 2011. Analysis showed that they can be divided into threetypes. Three of them can be sorted into the first type, well reflecting thefundamental contents on the basis of 2011 revised curriculum. One ofthem places more emphasis on reading, including grammar as aneducational subcomponent. The other two present grammar beforereading, depending on sequential learning of the two elements. The mostundesirable type is the reading-centered type covering grammar. In106․한어문교육 제30집contrast, the clearest and best example of integrating reading and grammaris the last type that allows students to work reading activities afterlearning grammar. A new direction of an education in grammar is to integrate contentelements in reading in terms of novelty seeking and practicality. On thatbasis, grammar and reading should be integrated sequentially ; Grammar& Reading. Specific educational systems need to line up in crossingparallel, which acknowledges the academic characteristics of each otherand pursues a balanced approach.

Xylan is the major component of plant biomass and polysaccharide made from units of xylose. Hydrolysis of xylan is considerable interest for various biotechnological applications. To efficiently and stably hydrolyze xylan, the endoxylanase from Bacillus sp. was cloned and expression plasmid, pRSδ-xylp (YIp type) was constructed. This plasmid contains MFαsignal sequence for secretory expression of endoxylanase and δ-sequence for target integration. The pRSδ-xylp was transformed into Saccharomyces cerevisiae SEY2102△trp and the endoxylanase activity reached 4.4 unit/㎖ and the mitotic stability was 100%. The pRSδ-xylp was sequentially transformed in SEY2102△trp/pRSδ-xylp transformant by selective marker rescue and repeated integration and the endoxylanase activity was sequentially increased to 5.7unit/㎖. To examine the integration position and copy number of xylp gene, PFGE and southern hybridization were conducted. The xylp gene was integrated into Chr Ⅱ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ,Ⅶ,Ⅷ,Ⅻ andⅩⅣ of yeast and most of xylp gene was specially concentrated in Chr Ⅴand Ⅷ by multiple integration. The copy number was also increased with the endoxylanase activity increase. These results suggested that the endoxylanase from Bacillus sp. was stably expressed and the enzyme activity was sequentially increased by using multiple genome integration.

The proposed system deals with the conversion of solar power into fundamental AC power by using flying capacitor multilevel inverter controlled by synchronous sequential circuits. The flying capacitor multilevel inverter controls the real and reactive power flow, deep voltage sags and short duration outages. The performance of the inverter is enhanced by using a synchronous sequential circuit, which gives the superior performance by reducing the total harmonic distortion in load voltage and capacitor voltage fluctuations. The synchronous sequential circuit based multilevel inverter offers several advantages like simpler structure, easy fault identification, cost-effectiveness and low power consumption. The performance of proposed strategy has been confirmed through simulation and hardware investigations.

A Cre/loxP-${\delta}$-integration system was developed to allow sequential and simultaneous integration of a multiple gene expression cassette in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To allow repeated integrations, the reusable Candida glabrata MARKER (CgMARKER) carrying loxP sequences was used, and the integrated CgMARKER was efficiently removed by inducing Cre recombinase. The XYLP and XYLB genes encoding endoxylanase and ${\beta}$-xylosidase, respectively, were used as model genes for xylan metabolism in this system, and the copy number of these genes was increased to 15.8 and 16.9 copies/cell, respectively, by repeated integration. This integration system is a promising approach for the easy construction of yeast strains with enhanced metabolic pathways through multicopy gene expression.

Using daily government bond yield data for the U.S. and Korea from 2000 to 2025, this study examines how yield synchronization evolved differently across the Korean yield curve. Synchronization is evaluated using rolling correlation, rolling covariance, and dynamic conditional correlation measures, distinguishing between long-run alignment in yield levels and short-run co-movement in yield changes. Across specifications, structural break tests show that synchronization generally emerged earlier in the 10-year maturity than in the 5-year maturity, indicating a maturity-dependent synchronization pattern. To explain these differences, we decompose Korean yield changes into global and domestic components using a seemingly unrelated regression framework. Although both maturities are significantly associated with U.S. interest rate and global risk factors, the 5-year yield exhibits a substantially stronger association with domestic yield dynamics than the 10-year yield. Results suggest that domestic yield dynamics remained more important in the medium-term segment of the Korean yield curve and were more strongly associated with the 5-year maturity than with the 10-year maturity. In addition, covariance-based measures identify a simultaneous surge in shared yield volatility across both maturities during the post-2022 global inflation and monetary tightening cycle.

신제품 개발 과정에 있어 시장 요인과 기술 요인의 통합적 설계가 강조되면서 마케팅 영역(marketing domain)과 제조 영역(manufacturing domain)의 경계면(interface) 사이의 의견을 균형 있게 조정, 수렴해 주는 경계 시스템(interface system)에 대한 연구의 중요성이 커지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 배경을 토대로 각 영역(domain)에서 대표되는 신제품 파라미터 설계 방법인 컨조인트 분석과 다구찌 방법을 비교함으로써 두 영역의 신제품 개발 관점을 대비시키고 나아가 신제품 파라미터 설계를 위한 통합적 해결방안(integrated solution)을 제시한다. 그리고 도출된 방법론을 자동차 운전석 내부 설계 사례에 예시적으로 적용함으로써 유용성을 검증한다. 본 연구에서 제시된 방법론의 핵심적 특성과 차별적 의의는 기존의 연구들처럼 두 방법론을 선택하여 사용하는 것이 아니라 순차적으로 결합한 새로운 프로세스를 사용함으로 두 영역에서 발생하는 상충 관계(trade off)를 해결하여 고객의 효용도와 품질의 강건함이란 목적을 동시에 만족시키는 설계가 가능하다는데 있다. 나아가 신제품 개발 목표와 기업의 전략에 따라 분석의 순서와 설계수준의 크기를 조정할 수 있는 신축성을 확보할 수 있다는 점도 제시할 수 있다.

본 연구는 디지털 전환과 다문화 사회로의 이행 맥락에서 AI 리터러시와 AI 포용성이 다문화 수용성과 사회통합 태도에 미치는 영향을 실증적으로 분석하였다. 이를 위해 수도권 성인 268명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 구조방정식모형(SEM)과 PROCESS Macro를 활용하여 자료를 분석하였다. 분석 결과, AI 리터러시는 AI 포용성에 유의한 정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, AI 포용성은 다문화 수용성에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 다문화 수용성은 사회통합 태도를 설명하는 중요한 영향 요인으로 나타났다. 매개효과 분석 결과, AI 포용성과 다문화 수용성은 AI 리터러시와 사회통합 태도 간의 관계에서 순차적 매개효과를 가지는 것으로 검증되었다. 이러한 결과는 AI 리터러시가 단순한 기술 활용 역량을 넘어 사회적 다양성과 공정성에 대한 인식 형성을 통해 사회통합에 기여할 수 있음을 시사한다.

This study empirically examined the effects of AI literacy and AI inclusiveness on multicultural acceptance and attitudes toward social integration within the context of digital transformation and the transition to a multicultural society. A survey was conducted with 268 adults residing in the Seoul metropolitan area, and the collected data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and PROCESS Macro. The results indicated that AI literacy had a significant positive effect on AI inclusiveness, while AI inclusiveness positively influenced multicultural acceptance. In addition, multicultural acceptance was identified as a significant predictor of attitudes toward social integration. The mediation analysis further revealed that AI inclusiveness and multicultural acceptance sequentially mediated the relationship between AI literacy and attitudes toward social integration. These findings suggest that AI literacy extends beyond mere technical competence and can contribute to social integration by fostering awareness of social diversity and fairness.

${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase는 다양한 바이오공정에 널리 사용되어지는 효소로서 산업적 이용가치 증대를 위해 ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase의 대량생산이 요구되어 지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 반복서열 ${\delta}$-sequence에 의한 integration를 통해 Aspergillus oryzae유래의 ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase (EXGA)의 과발현 유도를 연구하였다. 먼저 효모내의 여러 염색체상에 EXGA 유전자를 integration하기 위해 $pRS{\delta}K$-exgA와 $pRS{\delta}K$-exgA 플라스미드를 구축하였다. 이 플라스미드는 유전자의 구성적 발현을 위한 ADH1 프로모터, 분비생산을 위한 signal sequence와 ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase유전자의 integration을 위한 ${\delta}$-sequence를 포함하고 있다. 먼저 $pRS{\delta}K$-exgA 플라스미드를 $BY4742{\Delta}exg1$ 균주에 형질전환하고, 재조합 ${\beta}$-1.3-glucanase가 안정하게 과발현 및 분비생산됨을 확인하였다. 다음으로 geneticin 선별을 통한 integration 유도와 ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase 활성과의 관계를 조사해보기 위해 $pRS{\delta}K$-exgA 플라스미드를 $BY4742{\Delta}exg1$ (YKY082) 균주에 도입한 결과, geneticin 농도 증가에 따라 ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase 활성도 증가되었고, geneticin 농도 0.8 mg/ml가 ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase과발현에 적합한 농도임을 확인 할 수 있었다. 이어서 $pRS{\delta}K$-exgA 플라스미드는 연속적 ${\delta}$-integration에 의해 효모세포 내에 도입되어, 한번, 두번, 세번 그리고 네번의 integration에 의해 ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase의 비활성은 0.063, 0.095, 0.131 그리고 0.165 unit/ml/$OD_{600}$로 증가되었다. 또한 연속적 integration에 의해 ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase의 활성이 증가됨에 따라 다양한 염색체에 도입된 EXGA 유전자의 복제수(integration 빈도)도 같이 증가되었음을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구 결과는 반복적 ${\delta}$-sequence integration방법을 통해 재조합 ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase의 활성을 점진적으로 안정하게 증가시킬 수 있음을 제시하였다.

Beta-1,3-glucanase is widely used in various biotechnological and industrial processes, with over-production required to enable versatile utilization. We examined the overexpression of ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase (EXGA) from Aspergillus oryzae using ${\delta}$-sequence-mediated integration. We constructed $pRS{\delta}$-exgA and $pRS{\delta}K$-exgA plasmids for integration of the EXGA gene into various chromosomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These plasmids contain the ADH1 promoter for constitutive expression, a signal sequence (exoinulinase signal sequence [INU1 s.s]) for secretory production, and a ${\delta}$-sequence for integration of ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase. The $pRS{\delta}$-exgA plasmid was transformed into the S. cerevisiae $BY4742{\Delta}exg1$ strain, and ${\beta}$-1.3-glucanase was stably overexpressed and secreted. Another plasmid, $pRS{\delta}K$-exgA, was introduced into the S. cerevisiae $BY4742{\Delta}exg1$ (YKY082) strain, and overexpression of ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase was examined by inducible integration under geneticin selection. The activity of ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase increased in accordance with a rise in the geneticin concentration, with 0.8 mg/ml of geneticin suitable for overexpression of ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase. Subsequently, $pRS{\delta}K$-exgA was repeatedly transformed for sequential ${\delta}$-integration. The activity of ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase reached about 0.063 unit/ml/$OD_{600}$, 0.095 unit/ml/$OD_{600}$, 0.131 unit/ml/$OD_{600}$ and 0.165 unit/ml/$OD_{600}$ by the first, second, third, and fourth round of integration, respectively. According to the increase in the activity of ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase by sequential ${\delta}$-integration, the copy number (integration rate) of the EXGA gene also increased in various chromosomes. These results suggest that recombinant ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase activity can be sequentially increased by repeated ${\delta}$-sequence integration.