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The study investigated the contributions of digital and media literacies to knowledge sharing among school library personnel in Nigeria. The survey research design was adopted for the study while a questionnaire was used to collect data from the 190 respondents that constitute the sample size for the study. Findings from the study revealed a high level of digital and media literacy skills possessed by the school library personnel surveyed. Producing information, evaluating digital information, and finding digital were major media and digital information literacy skills that significantly contributed to knowledge sharing among the school library personnel. The study recommended that adequate attention should be given to the development of digital and media literacies of school library personnel in Nigeria to ensure effective and efficient knowledge sharing.

Objective: School nurses should be knowledgeable about attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and have tolerant attitudes to children with ADHD. This study was done to identify school nurses' knowledge about, and attitudes to, ADHD.?Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive correlational study was conducted. The participants were the 245 members of a school nurse association in C province in southern part of Korea. Data were collected using a self-report questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to analyze the data. Results: Of the 245 packets mailed to members, 126 (51.4%) were returned, and of these, 122 packets (49.8%) were suitable for data analysis. School nurses in this study lack knowledge about ADHD. Moreover, school nurses reported low tolerance in their attitudes toward children with ADHD. There was no significant correlation between knowledge and attitudes in the management of ADHD among school nurses.? Conclusion: Findings from this study show that school nurses have limited knowledge about ADHD and its treatment with stimulation medication. Moreover, their attitudes toward children with ADHD were in the low tolerant range. An educational program on ADHD for school nurses need to be developed and provided to facilitate the school nurses’ role in assessing and caring for children with ADHD. ? Address reprint requests to : Kim, Jin Sun(Corresponding Author) Department of Nursing, Chosun University 375 Susuk-dong, Dong-Ku, Gwangju 501-759, Korea Tel: 82-62-230-6327 Fax: 82-62-230-6329 E-mail: jinsun@chosun.ac.kr

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effects of an eye health education program on the level of knowledge and eye health practice of middle school students. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted using a pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design. The study participants were from one middle school first graders in a province of Korea. The experimental group was composed of three classes (76 students), and the control group was composed of three other classes (77 students). Pretests were conducted in June for the experimental group and in August for the control group. The experimental group received an eye health education program developed for this study consisting of four sessions in total, given once a week for 45 minutes per session. The control group was instructed by the school's health teacher in the eye health education included in the existing health education curriculum. Posttests were conducted three weeks after the training in the control group and immediately after the fourth eye health education session in the experimental group. Results: After being instructed in the eye health education program, the eye health-related knowledge (t=9.45, p<.001) and eye health practice (t=2.18, p=.031) of the experimental group participating in the education program were higher than those of the control group. Conclusion: The eye health education program was effective in improving middle school student's level of eye health-related knowledge and eye health practice. School health teachers could implement this program as a part of the standard eye health education for middle school students. The long-term effects of practicing eye health behavior needs to be confirmed in a future study.

Purpose: This study was conducted to understand sexual knowledge, sexual attitudes, and the perceptions and actualities of sex education among parents of elementary school children. Methods: This is a descriptive study with a sample size of 337. SPSS version 21.0 was used for data analysis, including descriptive analyses, the t-test, and Pearson correlation analysis. Results: More than 50% of the participants responded that primary sex education for young children should be the responsibility of the parents and that education should be stared during the elementary school period. A moderate correlation was found between parents’ sexual knowledge and sexual attitudes (r=.44). Most parents were afraid to provide sex education because of their unfamiliarity with teaching methods and their lack of knowledge. However, 50 of the parents wanted to receive sex-related education. Conclusion: We found that parents would like to learn more about sex education from expert lectures or professional organizations. They were interested in topics including the sexual structure of males/females and sexual physiology. Open communication between parents and their children regarding sex-related issues is important. It is crucial to provide accurate and up-to-date sex education information to parents so that they can effectively teach their children at home.

Purpose: This descriptive study aimed to investigate the association among contraceptive knowledge, contraceptive self-efficacy, and reproductive health promotion behaviors in male high school students who are currently in the stage of being sexually impulsive and vulnerable to sexual problems. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using self-reported questionnaires. These questionnaires were administered to 419 male student of J high school in D city. Collected data were analyzed via t-test, analysis of variance, and Pearson’s correlation using IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0. Results: The scores of contraceptive knowledge, contraceptive self-efficacy, and reproductive health promotion behaviors were 5.37±3.08, 41.22±6.52, and 54.95±7.06, respectively. Contraceptive self-efficacy exhibited a positive correlation with reproductive health promotion behaviors (r=.33, p<.001) and contraceptive knowledge (r=.29, p<.001). Contrarily, contraceptive knowledge was not correlated with reproductive health promotion behaviors (r=.49, p=.190). Contraceptive self-efficacy explained 33.5% of the variance in reproductive health promotion behaviors (F=26.07, p<.001). Conclusion: The factor influencing reproductive health promotion behaviors was contraceptive self-efficacy. To improve these behaviors in male high school students, educational programs should be established.

This study aimed to scrutinize transformation of school violence in the wake of COVID-19 by investigating posts on Naver Knowledge-iN. We expected that the pattern of school violence to be significantly changed after COVID-19 as students were detached from schools and the use of digital devices was increased. Our focus was split between two demographic groups (before and after COVID-19). We collected data from Knowledge-iN by tracking posts with hashtags #청소년학교폭력 (teenage school violence) and #학폭 (school violence). We analyzed crawled data by visualizing word frequency ranking, relation matrix, and network graphs. Visualizations revealed that students were more likely to be exposed to domestic violence and that the role of the school had changed as students spent more time at home than in school. Furthermore, school violence and sexual crimes changed their forms due to increase of digital device usage. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into the changing landscape of school and domestic violence in the context of COVID-19, calling for educational institutions to take proactive measures in developing a support system for students vulnerable to violence both within the school’s boundaries and beyond.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sexual abuse prevention education program linked to elementary physical and psychological development on sexual knowledge and attitude. Methods: The participants were the elementary school students of fifth and sixth grades in S city (experimental, comparison, and control group=96, 96, and 74, respectively). The experimental group received sexual abuse prevention education linked physical and psychological development, 6 sessions (3 sessions are physical and psychological development educations and 3 other sessions are sexual abuse prevention educations). The comparison group received sexual abuse prevention educations, 3 sessions (the same curriculum of the experimental group). The control group didn't receive any sexual education. The data were analyzed by x2 test and t-test, and ANOVA using the SPSS program. Results: The experimental group showed significantly better sexual knowledge and attitude than the comparison and control group. Conclusion: Sexual abuse prevention education program linked physical and psychological development is required for elementary school students, to improve the sexual knowledge and attitude.

Journal of Linguistic Studies 4, 1-15. This paper primarily aims to examine what kind of knowledge a teacher and students in a Korean language class pursue. To analyze the collected data, it applies some sociolinguistic concepts, while psycholinguistic and etymological philosophy are adopted to discuss the classified discourse by following sociolinguistic methods. This paper reveals that the discourse produced in this particular classroom highly pursues the objective knowledge : the truth of what is asserted by some ethical sentences is independent of the person who uses this sentence, the time at which he uses it, and the place where he uses it. This objectivity in language education can be criticized by Vygosky's viewpoint that students do not simply acquire linguistic vocabulary, but positively take part in shaping knowledge by connecting it in the classroom with their social experience.

‘수학 수업을 더 들을수록 더 나은 수학 교사가 될 것이다.’라는 주장은 정당하게 들린다. 하지만 대학 수준의 수학, 예를 들어, 추상 대수나 해석학 같은 수학을 듣는 것이 어느 정도 초등 수학을 잘 가르치는데 영향을 미칠까 하는 데에는 의문이 생긴다는 주장이 일고 있다. 수학자가 초등 수학을 가르치도록 교육 받은 사람보다 나은 초등교사일 수 있는가? 이 논문은 대학 수준의 수학을 배우는 것과 학교 수준의 수학을 배우는 것이 예비 초등 교사들의 수학 교수를 위한 내용지식에 미치는 영향에 대하여 연구하였다. 이 연구에는 Teacher Education and Development Study in Mathematics에서 제공하는 데이터베이스를 다중회귀 분석방법을 사용하여 분석하였다. 초등 전 과목을 다 가르치도록 교육받은 예비 초등 교사들이 연구의 대상이며 교사교육을 이미 다 받은 시점에서 데이터가 수집되었다. 데이터 분석 결과는 예비 초등 교사들이 그들이 앞으로 가르치게 될 초등 수학을 다시 한 번 접해 볼 기회를 갖는 것이 수학 교수를 위한 내용 지식에 도움이 될 것이라는 것을 보여준다.

The statement, ‘Taking more mathematics would result a better mathematics teacher.’ sounds plausible. However, it is questionable that how much of taking university level of mathematics such as abstract algebra and real analysis would affect to teach elementary mathematics well. Would a mathematician be a better teacher for elementary students to teach mathematics than who has been prepared to teach elementary mathematics? This paper reports the effects of opportunities to learn tertiary level mathematics and school level mathematics on pre-service primary school teachers’ mathematics pedagogical content knowledge. The study analyzed Teacher Education and Development Study in Mathematics 2008 (TEDS-M 2008) database using multiple regression. Prospective primary teachers who have been prepared as generalist were the focus of the study. The results support future elementary teachers might need to have opportunities to revisit school mathematics they are going to teach.

본 연구는 고등학생의 손 위생 실천에 영향요인을 분석하기 위한 서술적 조사연구이다. 연구대상자 는 B시 소재 3개의 고등학교에 재학 중인 373명의 학생을 편의 표출하였다. 자료는 2017년 9월 10일 부터 24일까지 손 위생에 관한 지식 및 태도와 가정과 학교에서의 손 위생 실천에 관한 구조화된 자기보고식 설문으로 수집하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS WIN 24.0 프로그램을 이용하여 기술통계, t-test, ANOVA, 상관관계와 다중회귀분석으로 분석하였다. 손 위생 실천은 학년, 경제 수준, 주관적 건강상태, 비누사용과 손 위생 소요시간에 따라 유의한 차이가 있었다. 손 위생에 관한 지식과 실천 은 유의한 정적 상관관계가 있었고, 손 위생 실천의 영향요인은 소요시간, 비누사용, 손 위생 지식, 경제 수준과 학년으로 확인되었고 변수들의 설명력은 19.5%이었다(R2=.195, p<.001). 결론적으로 고 교생의 올바른 손 위생의 실천을 유도하기 위해서는 학년의 특성을 고려한 손 위생 교육프로그램을 통하여 지식을 향상시킴과 동시에 비누사용을 장려할 수 있는 환경을 마련하는 것이 필요하다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting hand hygiene practices among high school students. Data were collected from 373 students enrolled in three high schools in Busan, Korea through a self-report questionnaire survey conducted during September 10-24, 2017, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple regression. It is found that hand hygiene practices differed according to grades, economic status, subjective health status, soap use and length of hand washing time. A significant correlation was found between knowledge of hand washing and hand washing practices, and length of hand washing time, soap use, knowledge of hand washing, economic status and grades were predictors of hand washing compliance (R2=.195, p<.001).These findings indicate that there is a need of hand-washing education programs considering the characteristics of students, which should promote environments that encourage hand washing practices among high school students in Korea.

본 연구는 여고생의 심폐소생술에 대한 지식과 태도, 수행 능력 자신감을 확인하고, 수행 능력 자신감에 영향을 미치는 요인을 규명하고자 수행되었다. 여고생 1, 2학년 172명을 대상으로 2023년 4월 3일부터 28일까지 자가보고식 설문조사를 하였고, 자료 분석은 SPSS/WIN 23.0 프로그램을 이용하여 기술통계, independent t-test, One way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, Multiple regression analysis을 실시하 였다. 연구 결과, 일반적 특성 및 심폐소생술 특성에 따른 심폐소생술에 대한 수행 능력 자신감은 학년, 심폐소생술 교육 횟수, 심폐소생술 교육 후 유익 여부, 심폐소생술 교육 필요성, 심폐소생술 교육의 자발적 참여에 따라 유의한 차이가 있었다. 수행 능력 자신감은 지식(r=.245, p<.001), 태도(r=.450, p<.001) 과 각각 양의 상관관계가 있었고, 수행 능력 자신감에 영향을 미치는 요인은 태도(β=.31, p<.001), 교육횟 수 ‘5회 이상’(β=.26, p<.001), 자발적 참여 의향 ‘자율적’(β=.24, p=.004)으로 나타났으며, 설명력은 27.5%였다. 따라서 여고생들의 심폐소생술에 대한 수행 능력 자신감을 높이기 위해 심폐소생술에 대한 적극적 태도를 강화할 수 있는 심폐소생술 교육프로그램을 제공이 필요할 것이다.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of Knowledge and Attitude on Confidence in Performing Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) in high school girls. Data were collected by self-reporting questionnaires from 172 high school girls in April, 2023. Collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, independent t-test, One way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and Multiple regression using SPSS/WIN 25.0 program. The result showed that Confidence in Performing CPR was positively correlated with Knowledge (r=.245, p<.001) and Attitude (r=.450, p<.001). Enter multiple regression revealed Attitude (β=.31, p<.001), Number of training participation ‘≥5’(β=.26, p<.001), Voluntary willingness to participate (β=.24, p=.004) to be significant predictors of Confidence in Performing CPR. These variables accounted for 27.5% of Confidence in Performing CPR. The result of this study suggest that their positive attitude be considered when developing strategies to increase Confidence in Performing CPR in high school girls.

The WHO African Region is severely affected with 3.4% of adult population living with HIV. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), a country experiencing recurrent armed conflicts for two decades and where sexual violence has been used as a weapon of war by foreign and local terrorist groups, the HIV prevalence is estimated to be 1.26%. This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) survey on sexual transmission of HIV infection prevention in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). This was a cross-sectional study consisting in a KAP survey conducted in schools and communities in two provinces, Kinshasa and Kongo central, in DRC. We assessed the knowledge and practices regarding preventive measures for sexual transmission of HIV infection, and searched to determine behavioral, sociocultural, and faith-based factors associated with HIV/AIDS KAPs and HIV seropositivity. Results shows that 59.8% of the 3,869 participants were females (40.2% of males), 55.4% were teenage school students. Mean age of the participants was 18.3 (SD: 5.2) years; 58% of teenagers lacked appropriate knowledge on the 6 highrisk behaviors for HIV infection. Overall, “forced sex history” was reported by 28.7% of participants, including 42.2% of teenage school students; of them, 50.8% of forced sex incidents occurred at age < 15 years. Overall HIV positive test rate was 11.1% (10.7% in teenagers); it was 11.5% in participants from conventional Christian communities, 12.9% in participants from liberal Christian and spiritual communities, 12.5% in Muslims, 0% in those from Unificationist faith community. On the other hand, when asked about condom use in case of occasional sex for sexually active individuals, a higher proportion of teenagers did not use it, 50.8% (vs. 18.9% in older subjects); only 5% of teenagers (vs. 10.6%) condom users utilized it consistently for occasional sex. HIV seropositivity was positively associated with female gender (OR=1.46 (0.5); p<0.05), age of first sex (OR=1.79 (0.6); p<0.01 and history of forced sex (OR=1.59 (0.3); p<0.05), whereas it was negatively associated with knowledge on high-risk behaviors for HIV infection (OR=1.97(0.4); p<0.01) and religious affiliation (conventional Christianity vs. non-conventional/spiritual communities; OR=1.91 (0.1); p<0.05). Findings from this study suggest that history of forced sex, age at first sex and religious affiliation were determinants of HIV seropositivity, particularly in young subjects. It is imperative to improve awareness and implement efficient moral, behavioral and school health education program targeting the major local HIV-associated risk behaviors in DRC.

Purpose: This study was a cross-sectional descriptive survey to identify school nurses’ knowledge, educational needs and providing education about Internet addiction. Method: A total of 198 school nurses working in schools located in Gyunggi Province and the cities of Ulsan, Daegu, and Pohang participated in the study. A self-report scale was used to collect data. It included 53 items measuring school nurses’ knowledge, their educational needs and performing related to Internet addiction. Results: The mean score for knowledge of Internet addiction was 13.12 (SD=3.13), indicating a moderate level of knowledge. The highest frequency, 24.7% of the school nurses agreed that the computer teacher is the appropriate person to do educate on Internet addiction, followed by the school nurse with another teacher (24.2%). Only 40.4% of the nurses had any experience in providing students with education about Internet addiction. The main reason for not providing education about Internet addiction was that there was no time (57.6%). Education was reported most frequently as being provided by the class teacher (36.3%), followed by school nurse (31.3%). Conclusions: It is important to expand the role of school nurses in preventing and responding to Internet addiction and to develop training programs designed to further develop their abilities in teaching and counseling.

본 연구는 현재 우리나라의 고등학교 교사들이 자살 위험을 보이는 학생들을 사전에 식별하여 적절한 중재활동으로 연결시킬 수 있는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 390명의 남녀 교사들을 대상으로 설문지를 실시하여, 청소년 자살과 관련된 요인들에 대한 교사들의 지식수준과 자살에 대한 오해에 대해 살펴보았다. 또한 자살 위험성이 있는 학생들이 식별되었을 때, 그들이 일반적으로 취하는 중재방법들에 대해서도 알아보았다. 본 연구에서 교사들은 자살위험이 있는 학생들을 식별해 낼 수 있을 만큼 자살관련요인에 대한 충분한 지식을 갖고 있지 않았으며, 대부분이 스스로 그러한 학생들을 선별해 낼 수 있다고 믿지 않았다. 자살에 대한 오해는 우려만큼 많지 않았지만, 몇몇 오해들은 자살의 중재와 관련하여 여전히 문제로 남아 있었다. 한편, 교사들의 중재방법은 주로 교사들 개인에 의한 전략들로 이루어지며, 매우 제한적이었다. 효과적인 청소년 자살예방을 위하여 자살관련요인과 즉각적인 중재전략들에 초점을 둔, 교사들을 위한 자살예방 교육이 시급하다.

The goal of this study was to find out how prepared Korean high school teachers are to identify suicidal students and connect them to appropriate resources. This study surveyed 390 high school teachers in terms of their level of knowledge on youth suicide and their misconception on suicide. In addition, this study examined what kind of actions they usually take once they identify suicidal students. Results indicated that high school teachers in Korea did not have sufficient knowledge to identify suicidal students and they did not think they are capable of identifying those students. Although their misconception on youth suicide was not as pervasive as expected, some of the misconception were still problematic in relation to suicide intervention. Furthermore, their intervention strategies for suicidal students were quite limited, focusing on isolated individual efforts. It is critical to develop and implement teacher training programs for youth suicide prevention which address suicide risk factors, warning signs, crisis response, and referral procedures.

본 연구는 부산광역시 소재의 초등학교에 근무하는 교사들을 대상으로 ADHD 의심 아동에 대한 지도여부, 지도행동, 방해요인 등 실태와 ADHD 아동에 대한 지식을 파악함으로써, ADHD 의심 아동을 조기에 발견하고 적절한 지도를 하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 수행한 서술적 조사연구이다. 결론적으로 초등교사는 ADHD 아동에 대한 지식이 평균 53.3점으로 낮았으며 ADHD 의심 아동을 발견하고 학부모와 상담하는 등 88.7%가 지도를 하지만 ADHD 아동의 지도에 많은 부담감을 느끼고 있으며 다양한 지도행동이 ADHD 아동에 대한 지식 획득에는 영향을 주지 않았다. 그러나 수업 중 ADHD 의심 아동의 주의산만, 과잉행동 및 충동성 표출로 인하여 수업에 방해를 받았거나 수업이 중단된 경험이 있는 대상자와 ADHD 관련 과목을 대학에서 수강한 경험이 있거나 연수 또는 워크숍 등 교육에 참석한 경험이 있는 대상자가 ADHD 아동에 대한 지식에 유의한 차이가 나타났으므로 ADHD 지도교육 프로그램을 활성화하면 교사의 지식을 향상시키고 부담감을 덜어주며 자신감 있는 지도행동으로 연계될 것이다.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze teaching status and knowledge about children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in elementary school teachers. Methods: The participants of this study were 204 elementary school teachers in Busan. From July to September 2010, the researchers collected data by using self-report questionnaires consisted of questions about their teachers’ characteristics and teaching status and KADDS (36 items) developed by Sciutto, Terjesen and Frank. Frequency, percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, t-test and ANOVA were used to analyze the data using SPSS WIN 16.0 program. Results: Less than 50% of the participants had previous education on ADHD. According to this experience,there were significant differences in participants’ knowledge about children with ADHD (t=4.703, p<.001). For the 36 items, participants had an average of 19.19±4.58 points out of a possible 36. Moreover, lack of knowledge about teaching children with ADHD and communication problems with the parents of these children were considered to be the most disturbing factors. Conclusion: These results suggest that networks among teachers, parents and medical care professionals should be established. The results also indicate that educational programs for elementary school teachers should be developed in order to identify and teach children with ADHD appropriately.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify factors relating to COVID-19 knowledge and resilience that impact elementary school health teacher performance at infection control. Methods: This study adopted a cross-sectional design. Data were collected from 140 elementary school health teachers by convenience sampling. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS Ver. 26.0. Results: Mean scores were as follows COVID-19 knowledge 17.99±2.37 (range 0-23), resilience 120.36±16.90 (range 30?150), and performance at infection control 85.91±10.07 (range 25?100). A positive correlation was observed between resilience and infection control performance (r=0.57, p<.001). Factors found to influence participant performance at infection control were resilience (β=0.54, p<.001) and two categories of educational experience: 11?15 years (β = 0.24, p=.011) and more than 20 years (β=0.29, p=.044). Conclusion: These results indicate the resilience of elementary school health teachers positively affects their performance at infection control. Generally, both age and work experience affected ability to perform infection control. Therefore, this study supports the need to develop programs to increase the resilience of elementary school health teachers according to infection control performance and age.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of hypertension health school program performed in a public health center located in Y-si. Most interesting were the effects on hypertension-related knowledge, self-efficacy, self-care behavior and physiological parameters for hypertensive patients. Methods: Nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design was employed. 45 patients with hypertension living in Y-si were assigned into an experimental group (n=23) or a control group (n=22). Experimental group was provided with the 8-weeks hypertension health school program from April 7 to May 20 in 2014. Data were analyzed with SPSS/WIN 21.0 using descriptive statistics, $x^2$-test, Fisher's exact test and t-test. Results: The result indicated a significant difference between the experimental group and control group in the scores of hypertension-related knowledge (t=-10.97, p<.001), self-efficacy (t=-4.56, p<.001), self-care behavior (t=-407, p<.001), physiological parameters including systolic blood pressure (t=2.18, p=.032) and diastolic blood pressure (t=2.74, p=.008) and cholesterol levels (t=5.04, p<.001). Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that the hypertension self-help group program has a significant effect on the change of hypertension-related knowledge, self-efficacy and self-care behavior for hypertensive patients.

Purpose: To suggest ideas that promote sexual health and useful in planning sex education programs for middle school students. Method: This study surveyed 661 middle school students from three schools in Seoul and Chunchon. Result: The average degree of sexual knowledge was 31.5, while attitude was 32.5. There were statistically significant differences in sexual knowledge in relation to: coeducational environment (t=-5.776, p=.000), grade (F=36.351, p=.000), father's age (t=-2.510, p=.012), mother's age (t=-2.146, p=.032), economical status (F=3.264, p=.039), source of sexual knowledge (F=8.484, p=.000), the degree of interest in the opposite sex (F=16.871, p=.000), sexual discussions with parents (t=3.556, p=.000), sexual discussions with teachers (t=2.847, p=.005), and sex education (t=2.148, p=.032). Likewise, stastically significant differences in sexual attitudes were linked to: coeducational environment (t=-7.646, p=.000), subject's grade (F=32.743, p=.000), parental marriage status (t=2.338, p=.020), mother's age (t=-2.048, p=.041), source of sexual knowledge (F=6.917, p=.000), the degree of interest in the opposite sex (F=15.559, p=.000), sexual discussions with parents (t=3.908, p=.000), and sexual discussions with teachers (t=2.946, p=.003). The students level of sexual knowledge and attitude was significantly correlated (r=.686, p=.000). Conclusion: This study indicates a variety of systematic sexual education programs are needed for middle school student at home and school.

Purpose: This study was done to identify the level of knowledge and practice of self-management on asthma of school-aged children and to provide data for the development of an intervention program to improve self-management on asthma Methods: The participants were 100 school-aged children who were treated currently for asthma in J city located in G province. Data were collected from 25th August to 30th October 2014. Results: The mean scores were 14.37 of 20 for self-management knowledge (percentage of correct answer 71.9%), 21.65 of 30 for self management practice. There were significant differences in knowledge according to grade, diagnosed age, food allergy, education on asthma and hardship in school life, and in practice according to gender and economic status, hardship in school life and experience of first-aid on asthma. There were positive correlations between knowledge and practice. Conclusion: Results indicate that school-aged children’ knowledge and practice in self-management of asthma were not sufficient enough to perform accurate management of asthma. Therefore, to improve self management ability of school-aged children to manage effectively asthma, educational strategies that focus on increasing knowledge need to be developed.