Earticle

감귤은 Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc)에 의한 세균성 식물병으로 감귤산업에 심각한 피해를 끼친다. 궤양병은 감귤 모든 부위에 나타나며 병징이 심해지면 잎이 떨어 지며 수량이 감소하고 과실의 상품성이 떨어 진다. 궤양병 저항성 형질을 갖춘 감귤 품종 이 노지에서 안정적인 상품과 생산이 가능하 다. 궤양병에 취약한 품종은 노지에서 상품과 생산이 어렵기 때문에 시설에서 재배해야 안 정적으로 상품과를 생산할 수 있다. 감귤연구 소에서 육성한 '하례조생', '조은예감', ' 노을향', '미래향', '윈터프린스', '탐빛1 호'의 궤양병 저항성을 평가하였고, 시험 결과 '하례조생'은 궤양병 저항성, '조은 예감', '노을향', '미래향', '윈터프린스 ', '탐빛1호'는 감수성으로 분류하였다.

Citrus canker, caused by the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), is one of the most severe diseases and a significant threat to all citrus growing regions. Citrus canker can induce severe defoliation on susceptible cultivars, drastically decrease crop yields by causing premature fruit drop, and can decrease fruit marketability. To evaluate whether citrus varieties developed in Citrus Research Institute in jeju Island are resistant or susceptible to citrus canker disease, the leaves were inoculated with bacterial suspension and then the characteristics symptoms were observed. The potted trees of 'Haryejosaeng', 'Joeunyegam', 'Noeulhyang', 'Miraehyang', 'Winterprince' and 'Tambit 1ho' used in this study, were pruned to stimulate production of uniform flushes of new leaves and maintained at 25℃ in growth room. When leaves were three-fourth of mature size, the new leaves of them were sprayed with bacterial suspensions of Xcc (OD=0.1, 108 CFU/mL) grown for 3 days on Yeast Nutrient Agar (YNA) medium. In result, at 15 days after inoculation, typical symptoms (circular lesions with yellow pustules) were observed in these varieties. In characteristics symptoms of these varieties, it was confirmed that the lesions were evenly spread across the front and back of a leaf in 'Joeunyegam', 'Noeulhyang', 'Miraehyang', 'Winterprince' and 'Tambit 1 ho' but only partially or the edge in 'Haryejosaeng'. In conclusion, we classified 'Haryejosaeng' as resistant to cirus canker disease, and 'Joeunyegam', 'Noeulhyang', 'Miraehyang', 'Winterprince' and 'Tambit 1ho' as susceptible.

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) have recently emerged in Korean hospitals, as well as in those of other countries. VRE have been partially attributed to the overuse and misuse of vancomycin. The mecbanisms of VRE resistance are related to VanA, VanB, and VanC. Both VanA and VanB produce abnormal ligase enzymes to form D-ala-D-lactate termini in E. faecium and E. faecalis, instead of D-ala-D-ala termini. Meanwhile, Van C produces D-ser-D-ala termini in E. gallinarum and E. casseliflavus. These abnormal termini have a low affinity to vancomycin. As a result, VRE avoid the activity of vancomycin by these mechanisms. Unfortunately, there is no approved therapy for the treatment of VRE. Thus, available but uncommonly prescribed antibiotics (due to their toxicity or unproven efficacy) may become possible options. They include chloramphenicol, novobiocin, fosfomycin, and bacitracin. The combination therapy of available agents may also be the other options. They include high doses of a penicillin- or ampicillin-aminoglycoside combination, high doses of an ampicillin/sulbactam and aminoglyoosidcs combination, an ampicillin and vancomycin combination, and a ciprofloxacin, aminoglycosides, and rifampin combination. With respect to the near future, many types of investigational agents will most likely expand their treatment options for VRE. Teicoplanin, a glycopeptide, can be used for VanB- and VanC-related VRE. LY333328, a new generation of glycopeptide, is effective in treating VanA as well as VanB and VanC. RP59500 (quinupristin/dalfopristin), a streptogramin, is effective in treating vancomycin-resistant E. faecium. New generation quinolones (especially clinatloxacin) are potential options for the treatment of VRE, even though they cannot work as effectively against VRE as they can against Staphylococci. Both glycylcyclines (a new generation of tetracyclines) and ketolides (a new generation of macrolides) show good activity against Enterococci, regardless of vancomycin susceptibility. Oxazolidinones (i. e. eperezolid and 1inezolid) and everninomicins (i. e. SCH27899) are new groups of antibiotics, which also demonstrate good activity against VRE. It is imperative that clinical pharmacists take the responsibility of investigating new treatment options for VRE in order to combat this growing problem throughout the world.

This study investigated the effects of corn resistant starch (RS) on the anti-obesity properties, nutrient digestibility, and blood parameters in healthy beagles. Four spayed and six castrated beagle dogs were divided into a control group (CON) with a diet comprising rice and chicken meal and a treatment group (TRT) with a diet comprising corn with an increased RS content by heating-cooling and chicken meal. All dogs in the CON and TRT groups were fed a 1.2-fold higher energy diet than the daily recommended energy requirement for 16 weeks. Throughout the study period, the body weight of dogs in CON increased, whereas no change in body weight was observed in TRT, resulting in a significant difference in body weight between the two groups at the end of the experiment. Moreover, a significant reduction in the apparent total tract digestibility was observed upon the analysis of dry matter, nitrogen-free extract, and organic matter in TRT compared with that in CON. The complete blood cell composition and biochemical parameters were within the reference range in both groups. A significant increase in the concentration of serum adiponectin was found in TRT at the end of the experiment. These results suggest that the corn RS may be beneficial for weight management owing to its reduced nutrient digestibility.

Objective To investigate the prognosis of patients with stroke and urinary retention resistant to alpha blockers and cholinergic agents.Methods Post-void residual urine volume (PVR) was measured in 33 patients with stroke (14 men and 19 women) who were admitted to the department of rehabilitation medicine of our hospital within 30 days after stroke onset. An alpha-blocker and cholinergic agent were administered to patients with PVR >100 mL. If urinary retention had not improved despite the maximum drug doses, the patient was diagnosed with drug-resistant urinary retention. We retrospectively reviewed patient’s charts, including PVR at discharge and prognostic factors for PVR.Results Ten patients (30.3%) could not void or their PVR was >400 mL at discharge (45.7±15.4 days after onset) after rehabilitation. Twelve patients (36.4%) could void, and their PVR was 100?400 mL. PVR was consistently <100 mL in 11 patients (33.3%). These measurements correlated with the Korean version of the Modified Barthel Index score, Functional Ambulation Category, and the presence of a communication disorder.Conclusion The results show that 22 patients (66.7%) had incomplete bladder emptying or required catheterinication disorder. Patients with urinary retention and poor general condition require close observation to prevent complications of urinary retention.

Rehmannia glutinosa is one of the most important medicinal crops in Korea. However various plant pathogens including Fusarium sp. cause great damages and cause enormous economic losses. Therefore, this study was conducted to select Fusarium resistant plants by using mutagen-treated Rehmannia glutinosa. The plant material used was a native accession of Rehmannia glutinosa. As a result, among the Rehmannia glutinosa treated with various concentrations of EMS, R, glutinosa treated with 0.03M EMS showed higher resistance against infection of F. oxysporum in pot tests, and Rehmannia glutinosa plants treated with 0.12M EMS showed higher resistance against infection of F. oxysporum in field tests.

Purpose: This study identified the epidemiological characteristics, including the size and major strains, of carbapenemase-producing carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CP-CRE) and CP-CRE-related factors by comparing the characteristics of patients in the CP-CRE and non-CP-CRE groups and the CP-CRE and non-CRE groups. Methods: This secondary data analysis study included 24 patients in the CP-CRE group, 113 patients in the non-CP-CRE group, and 113 in the non-CRE group. The size and type of CP-CRE were analyzed in terms of frequency and percentage, and CP-CRE risk factors were identified using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: The rate of CP-CRE positivity among patients with CRE was 17.5%, and the most common causative organism in the CP-CRE group was Klebsiella pneumoniae (81.8%). There were no significant differences between patients in the CP-CRE and non-CP-CRE groups. When compared with the non-CRE group, the isolation of multidrug-resistant organisms except for CRE, particularly vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, was confirmed as a major risk factor. Conclusion: To prevent CP-CRE acquisition, patients with multidrug-resistant organisms require treatment with more thorough adherence to CRE prevention and management guidelines.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the risk factors of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) acquisition to build a nomogram for CRE acquisition risk prediction and evaluate its performance. Methods: This unmatched case-control study included 352 adult patients (55 patients and 297 controls) admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of a 453-bed secondary referral hospital between January 1, 2018, and September 31, 2019, in Busan, South Korea. The nomogram was built with the identified risk factors using multiple logistic regression analysis. Its performance was analyzed using calibration-in-thelarge, the slope of the calibration plot, concordance statistic (c-statistic), and the sensitivity and specificity of the training set, subsets, and a new test set. Results: The risk factors of CRE acquisition among ICU patients at a secondary referral hospital were Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score at the time of admission, use of a central venous catheter and a nasogastric tube, as well as use of cephalosporin antibiotics. At 20.0% of the predicted CRE acquisition risk in the training set, the calibration-in-the-large was 0, slope of the calibration plot was 1, c-statistic was .93, sensitivity was 85.5%, and specificity was 84.8%. The performance was relatively good in the subsets and new test set. Conclusion: The nomogram can be used to monitor the CRE acquisition risk for ICU patients who have a similar case mix to patients in the study hospitals. Future studies need to involve more rigorous methodology and larger samples.

Objective To identify the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria and identify their specific risk factors in routine urine specimens of spinal cord injury (SCI) patients.Methods This study was designed in a retrospective manner, reviewing the medical records of SCI patients who were admitted to a specialized SCI unit between January 2001 and December 2013. Patients were investigated for age, gender, American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale, SCI level, duration after injury, bladder management method, and hospitalization history within four weeks prior to visiting our unit. The results of routine urine cultures including presence of MDR organisms were analyzed. Results Among the total 2,629 urine samples from the newly admitted SCI patients, significant bacteriuria was identified in 1,929 (73.4%), and MDR organisms were isolated in 29 (1.1%) cultures. There was an increasing trend of MDR organism prevalence from 2001 to 2013 (p<0.01). The isolation of MDR organisms in inpatients who were admitted for rehabilitation (1.3%) was significantly higher than it was among community-residing persons (0.2%) (p<0.05). By voiding method, patients who used a suprapubic indwelling catheter (3.3%) or a urethral indwelling catheter (2.6%) showed a higher rate of MDR organism isolation (p<0.05).Conclusion There was an increasing trend of MDR organism isolation in SCI patients. Inpatients and persons who used indwelling catheters showed a higher risk of MDR organism isolation.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that affect the performance of infection control of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) by nurses in intensive care units (ICU) in general hospitals. Methods: Participants were 105 ICU nurses from 6 general hospitals. The questions for the survey performed were based on the theory of planned behavior, such as attitude towards infection control of MDROs, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, intention, and performance. Results: In the relationship between subjective norms towards infection control of MDROs and performance, intention showed a significant complete mediating effect; and in the relationship between perceived behavioral control and performance, intention showed a partial mediating effect. The attitude towards infection control of MDROs was excluded from the mediating effect verification because there was no significant correlation between intention and performance. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that department atmosphere and perceived behavior control promotion programs should be developed to enhance subjective norms in order to promote the performance of infection control of MDROs.

Sequence type (ST) 5 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type II (ST5-MRSA-II) and ST72-MRSA-IV represent the most significant genotypes for healthcare- (HA) and community-associated (CA) MRSA in Korea, respectively. In addition to the human-type MRSA strains, the prevalence of livestock-associated (LA) MRSA clonal lineages, such as ST541 and ST398 LA-MRSA-V in pigs and ST692 LA-MRSA-V and ST188 LA-MRSA-IV in chickens, has recently been found. In this study, clonotype- specific resistance profiles to cathelicidins derived from humans (LL-37), pigs (PMAP- 36), and chickens (CATH-2) were examined using six different ST groups of MRSA strains: ST5 HA-MRSA-II, ST72 CA-MRSA-IV, ST398 LA-MRSA-V, ST541 LA-MRSA-V, ST188 LA-MRSAIV, and ST692 LA-MRSA-V. Phenotypic characteristics often involved in cathelicidin resistance, such as net surface positive charge, carotenoid production, and hydrogen peroxide susceptibility were also determined in the MRSA strains. Human- and animal-type MRSA strains exhibited clonotype-specific resistance profiles to LL-37, PMAP-36, or CATH-2, indicating the potential role of cathelicidin resistance in the adaptation and colonization of human and animal hosts. The ST5 HA-MRSA isolates showed enhanced resistance to all three cathelicidins and hydrogen peroxide than ST72 CA-MRSA isolates by implementing increased surface positive charge and carotenoid production. In contrast, LA-MRSA strains employed mechanisms independent of surface charge regulation and carotenoid production for cathelicidin resistance. These results suggest that human- and livestock-derived MRSA strains use different strategies to counteract the bactericidal action of cathelicidins during the colonization of their respective host species.

Background : Vancomycin is a mainstay of treatment of serious methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. The recently published guideline on vancomycin monitoring recommends that a vancomycin loading dose can be considered and an individualized target AUC/MIC ratio of 400-600 and should be advocated to achieve clinical efficacy while improving safety in patients with the suspected or definitive MRSA infections. Methods : To evaluate the correlation between the vancomycin trough concentration and the area under the curve over 24 hours to the MIC (AUC/MIC) ratio according to the guideline recently published. A retrospective cohort study was conducted on adult patients treated for MRSA proven pneumonia with the vancomycin. We enrolled patients administered with the vancomycin loading dose before the maintenance dose and the monitored vancomycin trough concentrations at the steady state in medical intensive care units April 2017-March 2020. We calculated the vancomycin AUC/MIC ratio based on the trough concentration measured for each patient using the Bayesian software. The difference between the microbiological cure, all-cause mortality, and nephrotoxicity for each group was studied. Results : There was low correlation between the vancomycin AUC/MIC and trough concentration in MRSA pneumonia. A total of 35 patients were included. Thirty-one patients (88.6%) were above the AUC/MIC ratio 400, while 19 patients (54.3%) were in the trough range above 15 mcg/ ml. Although there was a weak correlation between the vancomycin trough concentration and the AUC/MIC ratio (r=0.427, p=0.010), the vancomycin through concentrations at the steady state within the therapeutic ranges did not mean the vancomycin AUC/MIC ratio within the therapeutic ranges (p=0.580). No significant difference was observed in the microbiological cure, all-cause mortality, and incidence of acute kidney injury in each group. Conclusion : The trough level-guided monitoring of the vancomycin should be replaced by the AUC/MIC ratio-guided monitoring in the clinical practice in Korea.

Background: For an accelerator-based BNCT, we have fabricated a new detector consisting of quartz optical fibers that have excellent radiation-resistant characteristics. Materials and Methods: The developed detectors were irradiated at Kyoto University Research Reactor. Results and Discussion: The experimental results showed that the new detector had good output linearity for the neutron intensity, and the response of the new detector did not decrease during the irradiation. Conclusion: The new detector consisting of quartz optical fibers can be applied to measurement of neutron field of an accelerator-based BNCT.

본 연구에서는 한국의 닭에서 분리된 E. coli 균주들로부터 퀴놀론계 항생제 내성을 나타내는 균주를 분리·동정하고 그 내성 기전과 유병률에 관하여 조사하였다. 또한 multilocus sequence typing (MLST)을 이용하여 E. coli 균주들의 분자생물학적 성상을 분석하였다. 항생제 감수성 테스트에서 63.5% (54/85) 의 E. coli 균주들에서 퀴놀론계 항생제 내성률을 보였다. 또한 퀴놀론계 항생제 내성을 보이는 54개 모두에서 gyrA 유전자의 sense mutations과 parC 유전자의 57th, 80th, or 84th residues에서 점돌연변이를 관찰할 수 있었다. MLST를 통한 분석에서 E. coli ST는 parE 유전자의 염기치환과 깊은 상관관계를 보이는 것으로 관찰되었다. 이 결과들을 바탕으로 우리가 먹는 가축 및 가금류에 대한 무분별한 항생제 사용은 항생제 내성균의 증가와 유전변이를 초래함을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 식용 동물에 대한 지속적인 감시와 모니터링을 통하여 항생제 내성균의 확산방지를 통제하는 것이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

An aim of current study was to investigate the prevalence and the mechanism of quinolone-resistance in E. coli isolates obtained from chicken cecum in Korea. In addition, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was also performed for the molecular characterization of E. coli isolates. In an antimicrobial susceptibility test by the disk diffusion method, the 63.5% (54/85) of E. coli isolates showed the resistance to quinolone group of antimicrobial agents. All of the 54 E. coli isolates showing resistant to quinolone group had sense mutations in gyrA gene and point mutations at the 57th, 80th, or 84th residues in parC gene were detected in 90.7% of the isolates. Interestingly, E. coli ST was closely related to amino acid substitutions in parE gene. Our results indicated that the long-term use of antimicrobial agents in food-producing animals was strongly associated with a prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in commensal Enterobacteriaceae, suggesting the need for continuous surveillance and monitoring of antimicrobial resistant determinants in bacterial isolates from food animals.

This paper examines Toni Morrison’s Sula through René Girard’s scapegoat mechanism and explores how Morrison critiques exclusionary practices within marginalized Black communities. The Bottom, a Black community formed through a deceitful land transaction by a white farmer, reflects systemic racial and economic exploitation, patriarchal norms, and internalized hierarchies. Unlike Girard’s archetypal scapegoat, the protagonist Sula embodies a “resistant scapegoat” who rejects communal narratives of guilt and defies traditional gender and racial roles. Her defiance disrupts the Bottom’s reliance on scapegoating as a means of conflict resolution, exposing its cyclical nature and ethical limitations. The relationships among key characters—Sula, Nel, Eva, and Helen—highlight Girard’s triangular desire, where rivalry and imitation fuel conflict. Sula’s refusal to conform, including her rumored relationships with white men, challenges the moral binaries upheld by the community and reveals its hypocrisies. Morrison critiques Christian morality as a framework that perpetuates exclusion, as the Bottom clings to rigid moral codes that suppress individuality and sustain patriarchal oppression. Sula’s subversive actions advocate for empathy and structural transformation, urging the dismantling of exclusionary hierarchies. This study underscores the importance of understanding how intersecting forces of race, gender, and class create scapegoats within oppressed communities. It also highlights Morrison’s integration of African American cultural traditions and economic critique, suggesting further research into similar themes in her works Paradise and Beloved. Ultimately, Sula challenges societal norms, offering a vision of transformative change rooted in inclusivity, mutual understanding, and the rejection of oppressive systems.

위험커뮤니케이션은 정확한 정보 제공의 과정이자 심리적 불안감 해소를 목적으로 한다. 본 연구는 감염병 보도에 사용되는 어휘에 초점을 맞추어 언론이 위험커뮤니케이션의 중요 주체로서 역할을 제대로 수행하고 있는지 살펴보고자 했다. 지카 바이러스, 야생진드기, 다제내성균을 주제로 어휘 분석을 위해 코퍼스 언어학적 방법을 사용했고, 의학전문기자를 포함한 보건복지부 출입기자들과 인터뷰를 통해 질적 분석을 시도했다. 연구 결과, 기사 제목에는 부정적인 감성어휘가 많이 사용되었 고 본문에 비해 자극적인 어휘 사용이 두드러졌다. 감염병 보도준칙에서 주의가 필요하다고 명시된 어휘들이 보도에 지속적으로 사용됐으며, 질병관리본부에서 언론보도에 사용 자제를 권고한 용어들 도 여전히 기사에 남아있었다. 기자들과의 인터뷰 결과, 언론사간 보도 경쟁을 가장 큰 원인으로 꼽았으며 기사를 하나의 콘텐츠로 이슈화시키기 위해 자극적인 어휘를 사용하게 되는 언론 구조를 위험커뮤니케이션 저해요인으로 지적했다.

The purposes of risk communication are to provide accurate information and to relieve psychological anxiety among the public. This study aims to examine how well the Korean media functioned as a principal agent of risk communication, focusing on word choice in reporting recent infectious diseases such as Zika virus, Haemaphysalis longicornis, and multi-drug resistant organisms. A corpus linguistic analysis was conducted based on the interviews with the Ministry of Health and Welfare correspondents. It is found that negative terms were often used on the headlines in a provocative manner rather than on the main body of the article. The words used in the report were also found to be fairly provocative, although the infectious disease reporting guidelines from the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention urged the press to refrain from using such words. The interview pointed out that the competition among the press was a major barrier hindering good risk communication.

This study targets to improve and complement the problem of existing flame resistant processing with flame resistant performance the same as existing flame resistant agents or better, keeping wooden surface & feel as they are, and to attempt to raise flame resistant performance and economic efficiency by applying phosphorous flame resistant agents, a colorlessness, odorless new product to woods for an improvement of flame resistant performance for wooden nature and to offer a basic data for an uniform high-performance for flame resistant woods by reinforcing wooden durability and usability

본 연구의 목적은 항생제 내성 균과 유전자 및, 항생제 내성 전달을 제어 하는데 필요한 살균능 (CT, 농도* 접촉 시간)을 서로 비교하는데 있다. 이를 위하여, 이를 위해 각기 다른 염소 주입농도(C)와 접촉시간(T)에따라 각각의 항생제 내성 제거를 산정하였다. 그 결과 항생제 내성균 90%(1 log)이상 제어를 위해서는 CT값( 176∼353 mg·min/L)이 필요하였으며, 항생제 내성 유전자의 제거를 위한 CT 값은 195∼372 mg·min/L 이었다. 또한 항생제 내성 유전자의 전이 90% 이상 제거를 위한 CT 값은 187∼489 mg·min/L이었다. 따라서,본 연구조건에서는 항생제 내성 유전자 및 유전자의 전이에 대한 제어를 위해서는 항생제 내성균 제어보다더 높은 소독능이 필요함을 알 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study is to compare CT (disinfectant concentration * time) values in removing theantibiotic resistance bacteria, antibiotic resistance gene and transfer of antibiotic resistance genes. Differentconcentration of chlorine(C) and contact time(T) according to the removal of antibiotic resistance wascalculated for each. As a result, for the 90% removal of antibiotic resistant bacteria, around 176∼353mg·min/L CT values are needed. For the removal of the antibiotic resistance gene, 195∼372 mg·min/L CTvalues are required. For the 90% reduction of antibiotic resistance gene transfer by chlorine disinfection, 187∼489 mg·min/L CT values are needed. Based on our results, higher CT value was required for removingantibiotic resistant genes rather than antibiotic resistance bacteria.