Earticle

본 연구는 유소년 농구선수의 현재와 미래 경기력을 타당하게 측정하는 경기력검사를 개발하는데 목적이 있다. 문 헌고찰과 전문가 심층면접을 통해 경기력검사 측정변인을 탐색하였으며, 전문가 델파이조사를 통해 최종 측정변인 에 대한 조작적 정의와 평가기준을 설정하였다. 개발한 경기력검사의 타당성검증을 위해 참여한 전문가는 총 11명 이었다. 경기력검사를 적용한 실제 경기는 2021 KBL U-12 주말리그 결승리그 3경기였으며, 결승리그에 참가한 총 3팀의 22명을 대상으로 하였다. 개발한 경기력검사의 타당성 검증을 위해 실제 경기기록과 상관분석을 실시하 였으며, 미래 잠재 경기력 예측을 위해 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과 경기력검사는 드리블, 슛, 패스, 리 바운드로 구성되었으며, 측정변인은 평균 점수보다 총점이 현재와 미래 경기력 평가 점수와 상관이 높았다. 또한, 유소년 농구선수의 미래 수행력을 설명하기 위해 슛이 타당한 변인인 것으로 나타났다. 향후 더 많은 선수들을 대 상으로 연구를 수행한다면 드리블, 패스, 리바운드 변인에서도 높은 설명력을 보일 수 있을 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to develop a performance test that reasonably measures the present and future performance of youth basketball players. We conducted literature review and in-depth interviews with experts to explore the measurement variables of the performance test. Operational definitions and evaluation criteria for the final measurement variables were established through expert Delphi research. The validity of the finally developed performance test was verified. Eleven experts participated to review the validity of the performance test and evaluate the actual performance of youth basketball players. The performance test targets were three games in the 2021 KBL U-12 weekend league, with a total of 22 players from three teams. To verify the validity of the developed performance test, correlation analysis was performed with the actual game record. Multiple regression analysis was also performed to predict future potential performance. As a result of the analysis, the performance test consisted of dribble, shot, pass, and rebound. The total score of measurement variables were correlated with the current and future performance evaluation scores than the average score. Also, shot was found to be a valid variable to explain the future performance of youth basketball players. If research is conducted on more players in the future, it will be possible to show high explanatory power in dribbling, passing, and rebounding variables. If a follow-up study is conducted with more players, it will be possible to show high explanatory power in dribble, pass, and rebound variables.

ITS 기반기술 분야인 통신기술이 DSRC, CDMA, 무선랜(Wireless LAN) 등으로 다양화됨에 따라 ITS 서비스의 종류 및 기능도 점차 확대될 것으로 예상되고 있다. 이에 다양한 ITS 서비스를 제공받기 위해 ITS 서비스 제공에 사용되고 있는 여러 통신기술이 하나의 통합단말기에서 운영될 수 있도록 지원할 수 있는 표준플랫폼에 대한 연구 및 개발이 진행되고 있고 최근 표준플랫폼 OBU(On Board Unit)이 최근 제작과 시현도 하였다. 하지만 개발된 표준플랫폼 OBU(On Board Unit)의 표준적합성에 대한 확인이 반드시 필요하며 이에 실제 ITS 시스템에서 효율적으로 동작되는 것을 보증하고 표준기술의 활용성을 높이기 위해서는 표준기술을 구현하여 충분한 기능 및 운영테스트를 거칠 필요가 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 개발된 표준플랫폼 OBU(On Board Unit)의 표준적용을 위해 시험도로를 구성하고 테스트하였다.

As communication technology, an enabling technology for ITS, becomes diversified with DSRC, CDMA, Wireless LAN, it is expected that type and function of ITS services will become gradually expanded. As a result, research and development of a standard platform that can provide support so that numerous communication technologies that are being used in various ITS services to receive various ITS services can be operated in one integrated terminal are being carried out. On Board Unit (OBU) for a recent standard platform was also built and tested recently. However, verification for standard suitability of the standard platform OBU that was developed must be carried out. Standard technology must be realized and sufficient functional and operational testing must be carried out in order to guarantee efficient operation in an actual ITS system and increase utilization of standard technology. Therefore, In this paper we had constructed test road and we had tested a standard platform OBU for a standard application.

인간의 의사소통 방법 중 듣기와 말하기가 차지하는 비중은 매우 높다. 또한 듣기와 말하기는 다른 언어 능력의 발달에 기여하고,학업 성취도와 높은 상관관계를 갖고 있다.이러한 중요성에도 불구하고 듣기와 말하기 평가에 대한 관심은 교육현장에서 비교적 낮은 편이다. 본 연구에서는 교육과정에서 제시하고 있는 듣기․말하기 평가 방향과 목표가 학교 현장에서 제대로 구현되고 있는지를 살펴보고자 한다. 를 위해 먼저 듣기와 말하기의 능력과 그에 따른 지도 내용을 살펴보고,교육과정과 교과서를 분석하여 평가 요소를 추출하고자 한다.그리고 이를 바탕으로 학교 현장에서 이루어지고 있는 듣기․말하기 평가의 실태를 분석한 후 학생들의 듣기와 말하기의 능력을 측정할 수 있는 평가 방안을 모색하고자 한다. 본 연구를 위한 조사 분석 과정과 연구의 결과를 일반화하는 데에는 다음과 같은 요인들이 제약이 된다.첫째,본 연구를 위한 듣기․말하기 평가 관련 자료 수집은 초등학교 10곳을 무작위 표집하였다.둘째,듣기․말하기 평가 방법에 대한 분석은 5학년 2학기 중간고사 평가지,수행평가 기준안, 교사의 설문을 대상으로 하였다.셋째,교사의 설문을 통한 자료 수집은 5학년을 가르치고 있는 교사를 대상으로 하였다. 중간평가지의 분석 결과 전체 10개 학교 중에서 이원목적 분류표를 작성한 학교는 7개 학교이고,내용영역과 행동영역을 모두 작성한 학교는 2개 학교뿐이었다. 또한 전체 문항 중 듣기와 말하기 비율은 18%로, 전체 151 문항 중 듣기․말하기가 차지하는 문항 수는 27개뿐이었다.또한 평가 요소에 포함되어 있지 않는 문제도 전체 27문항 중 8문항(30%)이나 되었다. 평가 요소에 포함되지 않은 문항을 제외한 나머지 문항으로 문항 형식을 분석한 결과 전체 19개 문항 중 선택형 문항은 12문항(63%),서답형 문항은 7문항(37%)로,주로 선택형 문항이 주를 이루고 있다. 수행평가 기준안을 타당도와 신뢰도 측면에서 분석한 결과 타당도면에서 교육과정상의 목표,대단원 학습 목표에 적합한 평가 요소로 생각된다.하지만 신뢰도면에서 살펴보면 한 번의 수행평가를 가지고 학생의 듣기와 말하기 능력을 제대로 평가했다고 보기는 힘들 것 같다.또한 수행평가의 채점에 있어 교사 1인이 평가함으로 인해 채점의 신뢰도가 낮음을 알 수 있었다. 교사의 설문을 분석한 결과 주로 사용하는 평가 방식으로 면접과 구술평가, 그리고 지필평가를 뽑고 있다.하지만 지필평가로는 학생들의 듣기와 말하기 능력을 평가하는 데에는 많은 제한점이 따른다.또한 교사 위주의 평가 방식을 선호하고,학생의 자기 평가나 학생간의 상호 평가는 거의 하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 듣기․말하기 영역의 평가가 학습자의 의사소통 능력에 대한 평가가 되기 위해서는 직접 평가가 되어야 한다.하지만 교육 현장의 상황을 고려할 때 간접 평가인 지필평가와 직접 평가를 병행하는 것이 이상적일 것이다. 지필 평가로 듣기․말하기 능력을 평가하기 위해서는 선택형 문항 보다는 서답형 문항을 보다 많이 출제해야 한다.또한 다양한 평가 방식을 선호하되 객관성을 마련해야 한다.이를 위해서는 평가 기준에 대한 객관성을 통해 평가의 신뢰성을 확보해야 한다.또한 하나의 능력을 한 번이 아닌 두 번 이상 측정함으로써 평가의 신뢰성을 기대할 수 있다.

본 논문은 위성항법신호감시국용 GPS/갈릴레오 복합수신기에 대한 구현 및 성능 시험결과를 기술한 논문으로 복합수신기는 단일 플랫폼에서 갈릴레오 E1, E5a 신호와 GPS L1, L2C, L5 신호를 수신처리 할 수 있으며, GPS신호와 갈릴레오 E1 신호를 복합적으로 처리함으로써, 위치정확도가 향상됨을 보였다. 각 신호에 대한 신호획득을 신속하게 하기 위해, 모든 신호에 대해 정합필터와 FFT 방식이 결합된 방식을 적용하였고, 신호추적과정에서는 다수의 추적루프를 적용하였으며 본 논문에서는 주요 신호에 대한 신호획득 및 추적과정의 시험결과를 보였다. 또한 기존에 발표된 논문과의 차별화 항목으로, 항법신호의 수신레벨이 낮아 CW 형태와 같은 간섭신호에도 영향을 받는바, 이에 대한 개발된 항재밍 모듈에 대한 시험결과도 제시하였으며, 성능측면에서의 비교를 위해 상용수신기와 개발된 수신기와의 성능 비교 결과도 함께 제시하였다.

This study aims to analyze engine performance and component characteristics of a micro gas turbine based on detailed measurement of various parameters. A test facility to measure performance of a micro gas turbine was set up and performance parameters such as turbine exit temperature, exhaust gas temperature, engine inlet temperature, compressor discharge pressure and temperature, and fuel and air flow rates were measured. The net gas turbine performance (power and efficiency based on the gas turbine shaft end) was isolated and analyzed. With the aid of measurement based simulation, component characteristic parameters such as turbine inlet temperature, compressor efficiency, turbine efficiency and recuperator effectiveness were estimated. Behaviors of the estimated characteristic parameters with operating condition change were examined and sensitivities of estimated parameters to the measured parameters were analyzed.

Objective : The purpose of this study was establishing clinical norms of TEMPA Korean version for Korean adult population in addition to identifying characteristics of hand function by age and gender based on the collected data. Methods : A total of 138 healthy adults between ages 20 and 59 were recruited by continuous sampling. All subjects had been employed TEMPA Korean version and Jarmar dynamometer and pinch gauge to evaluate hand function and strength. Results : The results showed that there were no statistically significant difference in overall hand function among the age groups and between genders. Also, while there were no significant differences in overall speed and qualitative movement, age groups of 40s and 50s showed a declining tendency in speed in some of the tasks. Also, hand strength increases up to 40s and start declining from the 50s, but most results did not show significant differences among the age groups. Conclusion : Normative data of TEMPA Korean version for Korean adult population was established, therefore, it can be used in clinical setting and research as evidence based.Furthermore, occupational therapists need to consider about the signs of decline in hand function and strength in middle-aged adults and to provide education programs to maintain their hand function.

Objective : This study aimed to identify the characteristics of hand function according to age and sex in older adults. Methods : This study included 103 healthy adults aged ≥60 years. The Korean version of TEMPA was used to assess hand function and a Jamar dynamometer and pinch gauge were used to assess hand and pinch strength in all participants. Results : The results of hand function assessment showed that speed of task execution (mean = 121.32 s, SD = 18.07 s in subjects aged 60-69; mean = 144.97 s, SD = 28.43 s in subjects aged 70-79; and mean = 160.93 s, SD = 38.33 s in subjects aged ≥80, p < .001) and fine movement (mean score = -.14, SD = .40 in subjects aged 60-69; mean score = -.63, SD = 1.07 in subjects aged 70-79; and mean score = -.57, SD = .65 in subjects aged ≥80, p = .01) decreased significantly with age. The male group showed better speed of task execution (mean = 133.54, SD =22.83 in males vs. mean = 150.55, SD = 39.89 in females, p < .01) and fine movement (mean score = -.16, SD = .37 in males vs. mean score = -.46, SD =.58 in females, p < .01) than the female group. Hand strength also decreased significantly with age (p < .05, to p < .001). Conclusion : Occupational therapists should be aware of the decline in hand function (especially speed of task execution and fine movement) and strength in older adults, as well as the need to provide interventions to treat this decline.

Effective learning demands awareness and spontaneous execution of an optimal study schedule. While prior research suggests the opposite, learners tend to believe that learning from a blocked schedule (grouping exemplars by category) is more effective than learning from an interleaved schedule (intermixing exemplars). We investigated how the initial learning experience affected learners’ selection of a subsequent study schedule using a painting-style learning task. Participants studied the first section in an interleaved schedule and were given a different interim activity on that section (test vs. restudy). They were then asked to select their own study schedule for the second section between interleaved and blocked schedules. After that, participants took a final transfer test and again selected a subsequent study schedule. Participants were also asked to make judgments of learning (JOL) several times (after study and after test) throughout the experiment. The results revealed that the interleaving-selectors showed better learning on the subsequent section, demonstrating a robust interleaving effect. More interestingly, the first selection of interleaving schedule was predicted by learners’ better interim-test performance. Furthermore, participants who experienced improvement via testing or via JOL throughout the experiment were more likely to stay on the same study schedule. These findings suggest that providing learners with a successful learning experience may be one way of encouraging them to choose and continue a more effective interleaving study method.

Objective: To compare ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) and dynamic balance performance during the Y-Balance Test (YBT) between individuals with and without Chronic Ankle Instability (CAI), as classified by the cumberland ankle instability tool (CAIT). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 20 adult recreational badminton players. Participants were classified into a CAI group (n = 10) with CAIT scores <24 and a non-CAI group (n = 10) with scores ≥24. The YBT was used to assess dynamic balance and dorsiflexion ROM. Ankle dorsiflexion angles were analyzed using 2-D video analysis with reflective markers and Kinovea software. Independent t-tests were used to analyze between-group differences in ankle dorsiflexion ROM and normalized reach distances, with the level of significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The independent t-tests revealed no statistically significant differences in ankle dorsiflexion ROM between the CAI group and the non-CAI group for in the anterior (p > 0.05), posteromedial (p > 0.05), or posterolateral (p > 0.05) directions. Similarly, there were no significant differences in normalized maximum reach distances and composite YBT score between the two groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: This study found that individuals classified as having CAI by the CAIT questionnaire showed no significant differences in ankle dorsiflexion or dynamic balance performance during the YBT. These results suggest that the dorsiflexed position during the YBT may enhance joint stability and obscure functional deficits related to ankle instability. Therefore, clinicians shoulder consider using functional assessment with appropriate caution to better detect impairments associated with CAI based on these results.

Objective : This study aimed to verify the validity and reliability of the Upper Extremity Performance Test for the Elderly (TEMPA) by modifying its items 새 exhibit cultural differences. Methods : This study included 171 healthy adults and older adults and 41 individuals with impaired upper extremity function. Content validity, discriminant validity, test-retest reliability, and inter-rater reliability were analyzed. Results : The following items, exhibiting cultural differences, were modified: “open a lock and take the top off a pillbox”and“write and affix a postage stamp.” The discriminant validity results indicated that participants with normal upper extremity function performed better than those with impaired in the upper extremity function (p<.001). The test-retest reliability of the execution speed (intraclass correlation coefficient; ICC) was .71–.94, functional rating (kappa) was 1.0, and task analysis (ICC) was 1.0. The inter-rater reliability of the speed of execution was 1.0, functional rating was .79–1.0, and task analysis was .94–1.0. Conclusion : TEMPA has moderate to high level of reliability and is an assessment tool that can clearly distinguish individuals with upper extremity impairment from those without impairment

The purpose of this study was to determine which spatiotemporal gait parameters obtained during hemiplegic walking could be a predictive factor for the Timed Up and Go test (TUG). Two hundreds nine subjects who had suffered a stroke were recruited for this study. They were participated in two assessments; the TUG test and gait analysis. The relationship between the TUG test and spatiotemporal parameters was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficients. In addition, to predict the spatiotemporal gait parameters that correlated most with the TUG scores, we used multiple linear regression analyses (stepwise method). The results show that the normalized velocity was strongly correlated with the TUG performance (r=-.72, p<.001). Additionally, single support percentage (SSP), double support percentage (DSP), step time difference (STD), and step length difference (SLD) significantly were correlated with the TUG test. Normalized velocity, STD, DSP of affected side, and SSP of non-affected side explained 53%, 8%, 3%, 2%, of variance in the TUG test respectively. In conclusion, an increase in gait velocity and a decrease in STD would be effective indicators of improvement on the functional mobility in the stroke rehabilitation.

Recently, there has been a remarkable trend of using aggregates at sizes smaller than 13 mm for drainage asphalt pavement (DAP) in order to reduce the noise generated between vehicle tires and road surface. These DAPs have their performance and durability seriously worsen after several years in-service due to the clogging of void space and the abrasion. This paper proposes the use of large size aggregates in porous asphalt mixtures to overcome these defects. Results of laboratory and field experiments on asphalt mixtures with several aggregate gradations are investigated and compared. The study focuses on advantages of DAP using large size aggregate and on particle size combinations containing no fine aggregates of size 2.36 mm or less, which have not been considered in current engineering practice.

Objective To assess the relationship of scores on the test of infant motor performance (TIMP), with those on the Bayley scales of infant development (BSID), and to investigate the sensitivity and specifi city of TIMP and the optimal cut-off value of TIMP scores using ROC analysis. Method Seventy-six preterm and term infants were recruited from neonatal intensive care units. Subjects were tested with the TIMP at their initial visit and after 6 months, they were tested by using BSID. Results In the reliability study, TIMP scores showed highly significant correlation with the Bayley physical developmental index (BPDI) (p=0.001) and Bayley mental developmental index (BMDI) (p=0.017). Receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was performed to evaluate the TIMP test for screening infant motor development. ROC analysis showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.825 (p=0.005) in BPDI and 0.992 (p=0.014) in BMDI,indicating an excellent classifi cation performance of the model. Th e optimal cut-off value where a sensitivity of 86%,and specifi city of 68% were achieved with the TIMP was 1.50 (between average and below average) in BPDI and where a sensitivity of 100%, and specifi city of 66% were achieved with the TIMP was 1.50 in BMDI. Conclusion Our results indicate that the TIMP provides a reliable and valid measurement that can be used for the evaluation of motor function in preterm and term infants. TIMP was highly sensitive and specifi c with the follow-up examination of BSID. Th erefore it can be used as a reliable screening tool for neonates and infants aged <4 months.

Purpose: This study was to investigate the short-term effects of spiral taping (ST) on performance on the star excursion balance test (SEBT) in individuals with unilateral chronic ankle instability (CAI). Methods: This study was single-group pre - post measures experimental design. The subjects with CAI were 39 (range, 20-31 years; male 16, females 23) were enrolled in the study. The discomfort had in unilateral ankle and Cumberland ankle instability score was 19.56 (${\pm}3.29$). Spiral tape (a width of 3 mm) was applied $3{\times}4$ cross shape on medial malleolus, lateral malleolus and dorsal of talocural joint of unstable ankle. SEBT was measured baseline and 30 min later in stable ankle and unstable ankle. Results: SEBT showed significantly improved after applying the ST (p<0.05, ES=0.74) on unstable ankle. In comparison the difference of stable and unstable ankle, between the pretest and posttest were significant differences (p<0.01, ES=1.88). Conclusion: These results indicated that ST improves performance on the SEBT. Therefore, it suggests that ST may be a suitable intervention to dynamic balance in patients with CAI.

Nowadays more and more applications rely on the information provided by Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs), but the vulnerability of GNSS signals to interference, jamming and spoofing is a growing concern. Among all the possible sources of intentional interference, spoofing is extremely deceptive and sinister. In fact, the victim receiver may not be able to warn the user and discern between authentic and false signals. For this reason, a receiver featuring spoofing detection capabilities might become a need in many cases. Different types of spoofing detection algorithms have been presented in recent literature. One of the first, referred to as Ratio Metric, allows for the monitoring of possible distortions in the signal correlation. The effectiveness of the Ratio Test has been widely discussed and demonstrated, while in this paper we analyze its performance, proposing a mathematical model that is used to assess the false alarm and detection probabilities.