Earticle

The purpose of this study was to explore the usage of make in various semantic and grammatical patterns by Korean learners of English with emphasis on token and type frequencies and the types and plausible sources of errors. Towards this end, the make constructions in the Korean subcorpus of ICLE were examined. Results showed that the Korean learners were limited in their use of the major meanings of make. They relied mostly on its productive, delexical, and conventional senses. The verb make was prone to errors with misuses accounting for forty-five percent of the token occurrences of make patterns. Verb choice errors took up the largest proportion of deviant uses followed by article deletion/addition errors. Misuses of make patterns could be attributed to the inextricable interplay of L1 influence, intralingual development, and the language learning context.

Modern society has provided people with a foundation to live abundant lives with the effects of industrialization and through scientific development, but the environmental problem has surfaced as a side effect. This tendency appears in the tendency for people to return to purity, nature and essential human nature, and simultaneously stresses harmony between people and nature. Purity that is based on naturalness that is not artificial and does not confine the human body, and contemporary society that pursues nature and naturalist tendencies that express nostalgia can be seen to have a correlation with the decorative art nouveau style that appeared in the beginning of the 19th century, including natural and organic curves. Therefore, there is a need for a study that adopts the characteristics of art nouveau, which has naturalist tendencies, with the human body, which is a basic object of nature, in unique and different methods of art makeup. Art makeup is a comprehensive art that expresses the human body, and an art field that can maximize an artist's creative and unique mind. An artist's mind can be expressed with art makeup using different themes and methods and unique presentation methods, or through a collaboration with other culture and art fields. Therefore, this study applied human body photographs as a medium of art makeup, to attempt diverse expressions and a new type of art makeup. This study examined the formative characteristics and other characteristics of art nouveau patterns through theoretical research. Based on the theory of Stephan Tschudi-Madsen, art nouveau patterns were divided into abstract·structural·symbolic art nouveau patterns, flowers and organic art nouveau patterns, linear·flat·symbolic art nouveau patterns, structural·geometric art nouveau patterns, and art nouveau that is applied to many different fields of art such as architecture, industrial arts, painting, sculpture and fashion, and examined. Then, the art nouveau patterns to be used in the artwork of this study were extracted. Next, the idea, types and expression methods of art makeup were theoretically examined, and lastly, examples of art makeup cases that applied patterns with art nouveau characteristics were examined to establish a theoretical background. Based on theoretical examinations, the formative characteristics of art nouveau were applied to an expression method that uses painting methods and methods that use objects on photograph media. Then an artwork was produced according to the forms of the 4 theories of art nouveau patterns of Tschudi-Madsen - abstractㆍstructuralㆍsymbolic art nouveau patterns. The artworks produced through this study extracted the mobile and organic curve decorations of art nouveau forms and focused on a new method of art makeup expression using a variety of expression methods. A natural beauty was expressed through a combination of art nouveau style and curves of the body, and by applying it to many different angles, this study cultivated a new field of creativity by improving the weaknesses of art makeup, which include requiring a lot of time and effort and being temporary, and granting infinite creative potential to art makeup.

Fifty-three pre-service elementary school teachers of a University of Education participated in an empirical study which involved developing test items for English reading assessment. The participants were asked to control words that made up the passage of the test items in accordance with the vocabulary level (800 words) of the elementary national curriculum of English. For this, they used the software of AntWordProfiler, and then their paraphrasing patterns were analyzed. The results showed that the most frequent type of paraphrase used by the pre-service teachers was ‘replacement of a target word with its synonym’ and the second frequent type was ‘word deletion.’ On the other hand, analysis for the accuracy rate of the paraphrases resulted in ‘word deletion’ being most successful (81.78%), followed by ‘phrase deletion’ with 79.41%. However, ‘replacement of a target word with its synonym,’ being the most frequent type of paraphrase, only showed a success rate of 62.13%, which was a very low rate compared to the frequency of its attempts. Nevertheless, most of the pre-service teachers who participated in the study responded that the paraphrasing process had been complicated but that the use of AntWordProfiler had been useful for controlling vocabulary.