Earticle

본 연구는 종합병원 내 조리실 종사자들의 근골격계 질환 예방을 위한 프로그램을 개발하고자 수행한 참여적 실행연구이다. 이 연구는 G시 소재 C종합병원에 근무하는 조리실 근로자 15명, 영양사 3명, 간호사 2명, 물리치료사 1명이 참여하였으며 2018년 3월부터 12월까지 이루어졌다. 참여적 실행연구에 대한 개념적 모형을 바탕으로 양적 자료와 질적 자료를 통합적으로 수집하고 분석하였다. 근골격계 질환 예방을 위한 프로 그램을 개발하여 총 13회를 적용한 결과, 프로그램의 구성과 운영시간, 전문성 부분에 있어서 만족도가 높게 나타났으며 향후 지속적인 프로그램의 운영을 원하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구결과를 바탕으로 향후 다른 근로자들을 대상으로 하여 근무부서와 작업의 특성을 고려한 근골격계 질환 예방 프로그램을 참여적 실 행연구를 통해 개발하고 적용할 필요가 있다.

This study is a participatory action research conducted to develop a program to prevent musculoskeletal disorders among kitchen workers in a general hospital. This study was conducted from March to December 2018 with 15 kitchen workers, 3 nutritionists, 2 nurses, and 1 physical therapist working at C general hospital located in G city. Based on the conceptual model of participatory practice research, quantitative and qualitative data were collected and analyzed comprehensively. As a result of developing a program for preventing musculoskeletal disorders and applying it 13 times, the satisfaction level was high in the composition, operation time, and expertise of the program, and it was found that they wanted to operate the program continuously in the future. Therefore, based on the results of this study, it is necessary to develop and apply a musculoskeletal disease prevention program that considers the characteristics of the work department and work targeting other workers through participatory action research.

Objective To reveal the relationship between depression and WMSD.Method Five physiatrists participated in the workplace musculoskeletal survey and diagnosed 724 office workers with WMSD by performing detailed history taking and physical examination. All subjects were asked to answer the Korean version of the Beck depressive inventory (K-BDI), and to express their pain according to the visual analogue scale (VAS) score. We categorized the subjects into 4 groups, myofascial pain syndrome (MPS), herniated intervertebral disk (HIVD), tenosynovitis, and others, and investigated the prevalence of depression in desk workers and relationship between WMSD and depression, and we compared pain intensity between the depression and non-depression groups. Correlation analysis was carried out between K-BDI and VAS scores in each group.Results The mean K-BDI score were 8.7±6.68. The prevalence of depression was higher in females than in male, and there was no relationship between age and depression. There was a significant connection between HIVD and depression (p<0.05). However, the other groups did not have significant connection to depression. The VAS score (5.02) of the depression group was significantly higher than that (4.10) of the non-depression group. In addition, there was a significant difference of VAS scores between the depression group and non-depression group in each disease group.Conclusion The mean VAS score of the depression group in WMSD was significantly higher than in the non-depression group. The correlation between BDI and VAS scores in the subjects was present, and the highest was in the HIVD group.

Objective: To examine activities of daily living (ADL) and physical activity in older adults with heart failure admitted to a rehabilitation ward for subacute musculoskeletal disease.Methods: This study included patients with musculoskeletal disease (aged ≥75 years) who were admitted to the rehabilitation ward. Data on age, ADL, and time for physical activity (metabolic equivalents [METs]) were collected. Patients were divided into groups with or without heart failure, and the differences were compared using Mann?Whitney U-test.Results: This study included 84 musculoskeletal patients, including 25 with heart failure. The heart-failure group had similar levels of ADL independence compared to the without-heart-failure group (p=0.28) but had shorter duration of continuous and sustained physical activities and less total time (p<0.01) of light-intensity physical activity or higher.Conclusion: Older adults with subacute musculoskeletal disease with heart failure do not necessarily require a large amount of physical activity to maintain ADL at the time of discharge. But very low physical activity may increase the risk for developing hospitalization-associated disability. Physical activity in older adults with subacute musculoskeletal disease with heart failure should be monitored separately from ADL.

Objective: To investigate the effects of social restrictions imposed during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on postoperative functional recovery in patients who underwent surgery for degenerative musculoskeletal disorders.Methods: This longitudinal prospective cohort study included 291 patients categorized into pre-pandemic (surgery in 2018), early pandemic (2019), and late-pandemic (2020) groups based on their 1-year recovery period. The primary outcome was improvement in locomotive syndrome (LS) status 1 year after surgery. We analyzed the association between social limitations and LS improvement using multivariate logistic and segmented regression analyses.Results: The late-pandemic group exhibited the lowest LS improvement rate (50.6%) and the highest prevalence of postoperative social contact limitations (61.0%). Multivariate analysis identified the absence of postoperative social contact limitation as a highly potent independent predictor of LS improvement (odds ratio, 10.01; 95% confidence interval, 5.40?19.34; p<0.01). Segmented regression analysis revealed a time lag: social contact limitations peaked in March 2020, whereas the decline in LS improvement rates began in October 2020.Conclusion: Prolonged social restrictions negatively impacted functional recovery, particularly during the late phase of the pandemic. Social participation, specifically direct social contact, could be a critical and independent component of postoperative rehabilitation. These findings underscore the need to integrate psychosocial assessments into standard postoperative care to optimize patient outcomes.

목적 : 전면진입착석 화장실을 구현하고 실제 사용자에게 적용한 후 평가해봄으로써 휠체어 사용자들에게 신체적인 부담이 적으며 사용상 만족도가 높은 화장실로서의 적용 가능성을 타진해 보는 것이 본 연구 의 목적이다. 연구방법 : 휠체어 사용자 40명에게 일반적 특성과 현재 사용하고 있는 휠체어에 관한 정보에 대한 설문조 사를 실시한 후 기존에 사용하고 있는 화장실과 전면진입착석 화장실에서 화장실 용무를 시연하는 과제 를 수행하도록 하였다. Rapid Entire Body Assessment(REBA)를 적용한 근골격계질환 위험성 평가, Quebec Evaluation of Satisfaction with assistive Technology 2.0(QUEST 2.0)을 활용한 사용자 만족도 조사, 사용 후 주관적 의견을 평가하였다. 결과 : REBA 평가 결과 기존의 화장실을 이용했을 때 점수(6.53±1.15)와 전면진입착석 화장실을 이용한 후 점수(3.18±.38)는 통계학적으로 유의한 차이(z=-5.930, p<.001)를 보였다. 사용자 만족도 조사 결과 내구성(4.48±.62)이 가장 좋은 점수로 평가되었고 안전성(4.38±.63), 필요성(4.33±.73), 범용 성(4.3±.61) 순서로 점수가 높았고 크기 적절성(3.93±.67)이 가장 낮은 점수를 받았다. 사용 후 주관 적 의견 조사에서 ‘몸을 회전하지 않아도 되니 편하다(30.8%)’가 가장 많았다. 결론 : 본 연구결과 전면진입착석 화장실이 근골격계질환의 위험성을 낮출 수 있다는 가능성과 사용자들의 만족도가 높다는 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구를 통해 작업치료사가 환경수정 중재 방법을 고려할 경우 응 용할 수 있는 참고자료로 활용하길 바라며 추후 연구에서 개인적 화장실 뿐만아니라 공공화장실에서도 활용할 수 있는 작업치료학의 발전에 기초자료로 활용되길 기대한다.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to promote R&D of toilet design for the disabled by evaluating the Front-entry sitting toilet applied it to actual wheelchair users to examine the possibility of their application as a toilet that is low physical demanding and high satisfaction. Methods : Forty wheelchair users were asked to demonstrate using Front-entry sitting toilet after collecting the general characteristics and their current wheelchair usage information. Musculoskeletal disease risk assessment and user satisfaction were evaluated throughout Rapid Entire Body Assessment(REBA), Quebec Evaluation of Satisfaction with assistive Technology 2.0(QUEST) and subjective opinion questionnaire. Results : Statistical result showed that REBA scores(3.18±.38) of Front-Entry Sitting Toilet were significantly lower(z=-5.930, p<.05) than the conventional toilet(6.53±1.15). Overall, user satisfaction ratings were high with detailed scores were high in order of durability(4.48±.62), safety(4.38±.63), necessity(4.33±.73) and universal (4.3±.61). Subjective opinion survey showed most were 'it was convenient to not have to rotate(30.8%).' Conclusion : This study found that Front-entry sitting toilet was highly likely to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal disorders and users' satisfactions were high. Through this study, we hope to expand the scope of occupational therapists and contribute to the physical, mental and social health in the daily activities of the people by applying various approaches.

본 연구는 치과위생사의 근골격계질환 관련 임상자세와 동작 및 증상 경험률을 알아보기 위해 KOSHA 에서 제공하는 RULA와 근골격계질환 종류 및 증상 조사표를 활용하였다. RULA 평가 결과, 작업자의 최종 점수 가 11.83점과 11.69점으로 모두 매우 높은 위험에 해당하여, 즉각적이고 포괄적인 작업 환경 개선이 필요함을 의 미하였다. 주요 근골격계질환 증상 경험률은 수완진동증후군 67.7%, 근막통증증후군과 수근관증후군 각각 54.2%, 요 통 52.1%였으며, 주요 증상 경험은 근막통증증후군 82.1%, 요통 55.4%, 수근관증후군 51.4%, 내상/외상과염 36.3%, 수완진동증후군 16.3%로 나타났다. 근골격계질환 증상 경험률에서 근막통증증후군은 30대와 근무경력 6-10년 사이 에서, 요통은 근무경력과 30분 이상 진료 환자 수가 많을수록, 수근관증후군과 내상/외상과염은 연령과 근무 경력 이 높을수록 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 치과위생사가 올바른 작업 자세를 유지하도록 체계적인 교육 을 제공하고, 이 교육을 실천할 수 있는 안전하고 편리한 작업 환경을 조성하는 것이 근골격계 질환 예방에 더 실 질적인 도움이 될 것이다.

This study used RULA and KOSHA-provided data to assess posture, movements, and musculoskeletal symptoms among dental hygienists. High RULA scores (11.83, 11.691) indicated very high risk, necessitating immediate workplace improvements. Symptom rates were 67.7% for hand-arm vibration syndrome, 54.2% for myofascial pain and carpal tunnel syndromes, and 52.1% for back pain. Myofascial pain was more common among hygienists in their 30s and with 6-10 years of experience, while back pain increased with patient load and treatment time. Carpal tunnel syndrome and epicondylitis were more frequent with age and experience. Systematic posture training and ergonomic environments are essential for prevention.

본 연구는 치과위생사의 작업 업무 시 경험하는 근골격계질환에 대한 자각증상에 대한 요인을 분석하기 위해 KOSHA/NIOSH에서 제공하는 조사표로 조사하였다. 연구 결과 NIOSH/KOSHA 증상 기준에 신체부위별 통증의 경험은 전체 목 73.2%, 어깨 61.1%, 팔/팔꿈치 58.0%, 허리 57.6%, 손/손목/손가락 50.2%, 다리/발 33.5% 였다. 이러한 통증의 경험을 그대로 방치하는 경우가 가장 많았고 조치하는 경우는 병·한의원치료가 가장 많고, 통 증 지속 기간은 모든 부위에서 1일～1주일이 가장 많았다. 휴식시간 여부가 유의수준 0.05에서 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 근무경력과 하루 30분 이상 진료협조하는 환자수가 1 증가 할수록 근골격계질환이 있을 승산이 각각 1.007배, 1.037배 증가하는 결론을 얻었다. 이상에서 근본적으로 치과위생사의 근무환경에서 실천할 수 있는 환경 여건을 마련하고, 정기적인 예방프로그램을 실시함으로써 근골격계질환을 보다 감소시킬 수 있는 방 안을 마련하고자 한다.

This study was investigated with a survey table provided by KOSHA/NIOSH to analyze the factors for the subjective symptoms of musculoskeletal diseases experienced by dental hygienists during their work. As a result of the study, the experience of pain by body part based on NIOSH/KOSHA symptoms was 73.2% of the total neck, 61.1% of the shoulders, 58.0% of the arms/elbows, 57.6% of the waist, 50.2% of the hands/wrist/finger, and 33.5% of legs/feet. In most cases, the experience of such pain was left unattended, and in the case of taking measures, hospital and oriental medical treatment was the most common, and the duration of pain was from 1 day to 1 week in all areas. It was found that rest time had a significant effect at the significance level of 0.05, and as the number of patients cooperating with work experience and more than 30 minutes a day increased by 1,007 times and 1.037 times, respectively. In the above, we intend to come up with measures to further reduce musculoskeletal diseases by fundamentally preparing environmental conditions that can be practiced in the working environment of dental hygienists and implementing regular prevention programs.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between health behaviors and musculoskeletal disease in adults. Methods: The data of 7421 adults used in this study were collected from health behaviors(smoking, drinking, exercise, weight, sleeping, stress) and related with musculoskeletal disease form 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Date were collected through self-report questionnaires from January to December, 2009. Data were analyzed using chi-square test, Multivariate logistic regression with SPSS/WIN 17.0. Results: The prevalence rate of musculoskeletal disease was 30.6%. In multivariate analyses, the sex, age, BMI, stress and education were statistically strongly associated with most of musculoskeletal disease among adults. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that musculoskeletal disease prevention and nursing intervention programs should be necessarily established and continuously managed in order to treat with the musculoskeletal disease.

Purpose: This study was constructed in order to examine factors that influencework-related musculoskeletal disease (WMSD) approvals and current status according tothe company size. Method: This is a descriptive study that utilized Industrial AccidentCompensation Claim Data. Workplaces with over 35,811 workers derived from the 2012claim data, which comprised approximately 91.5%, were selected for this study. Thenworkplaces were divided into three groups according to the number of workers: less than 5,5～299, and 300 and over. Results: Since 2008, the number of small sized workplaces hasincreased. The 2012 data showed that 32.5% of workers at small sized workplace hadWMSD. However, workplaces with 5～299 workers showed WMSD approval rate of 60%. Ofnote most WMSD approved workers were employed by manufacturing and constructioncompanies, regardless of the workplace size. Most of them were engaged in elementarytasks. The days of medical treatment at OPD and IPD were most prevalent among workersat the largest workplaces. Conclusions: It is certain from this study that WMSD has beenpolarized by the company size. More policy attention should be paid to the WMSD status ofworkers at small sized workplaces which usually do not have their own health office.

Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can display signs and symptoms of neuromuscular dysfunction overshadowed by primary disease. Whatever the mechanism by which the thyroid affects muscles and nerves, prompt diagnosis and restoration of normal thyroid function leads to resolution of most neuromuscular symptoms. Therefore patients with thyroid dysfunction should be questioned for musculoske-letal complaints and referred to a specialist if necessary. Thyroid disorders should be considered as one of the causes in patients presenting musculoskeletal manifestation. We described four patients with thyroid disorders who presented with musculoskeletal manifestations.

The purpose of this study was to verify the relationship between fire fighter's musculoskeletal disorder related observable symptom and their absence from disease and accident. Online questionnaire was distributed with a total of 7,673 fire fighters, and statistical analysis was conducted to the collected data. The result shows that on a one year basis, patients with musculoskeletal disorder related observable symptom felt symptom in sequence of back, shoulder, neck, knee. The result verified that 12.9% of absence of disease and 5.9% of absence of accident experienced these symptoms. Both absence from disease and absence from accident showed body part symptoms related to neck and shoulder. This study ascertained the relationship between fire fighters' absence and their musculoskeletal disorder related observable symptom. The author hopes this study to be used as a basis of precautionary program for absence management.

Purpose: This study was conducted at smallto-medium-sized manufacture enterprises less than 300 employees. Method: For 167 workers in 12 small-to-medium-sized manufacture, we examined the self-recording questionnaires about general characteristics, health characteristics, occupational characteristics and subjective musculoskeletal symptoms designed by NIOSH. Result: Related factors of upper limb musculoskeletal symptoms were found in using of the PC except work, the speed control at working and inappropriate positions for neck, and that using of the PC except work, the degree of intensity at working and the speed control at working for shoulder, and that the degree of intensity at working, the speed control at working, inappropriate positions and excessive workforce for arm/elbow, and that the degree of intensity at working, the speed control at working, inappropriate positions, excessive strong and vibration for hand/wrist/ fingers. Conclusion: As a result of multiple logistic regression analysis, musculoskeletal symptoms of neck were influenced by use of the PC except work, household work, and the speed control at working, symptoms of shoulder by using of the PC of except work and the degree of intensity at working, symptoms of arm/elbow by the speed control at working, and symptoms of hand/wrist/fingers by the degree of intensity at work and excessive workforce.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to research the health belief, perception and need of prevention program for musculoskeletal disease of office workers in a public corporation. Method: We surveyed 339 office workers at a industry based in Ahn Yang, Kyunggi Province, with questionnaires, during the period June 3rd - June 18th, 2004. Result: Forty-four percent of the subjects said they had musculoskeletal symptoms, and 10.9% said they had received medical treatment for musculoskeletal disease in the last year. Factors that affected perception of musculoskeletal disease were appeared to be perceived severity, perceived barrier, cue to action, marital status, regular exercise and age, and they explained 23.2% of perception of musculoskeletal disease. Factors that affected need of prevention program appeared to be perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefit and PC using hours, and they explained 20.8% of need of prevention program. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study suggested that in management the prevention of musculoskeletal disease for office workers, it should be considered nursing intervention strategies to reinforce health belief.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of exercise programs according to various music tempo on pain, posture, and function of automobile parts manufacturing workers. Design: Two-group pretest-posttest design. Methods: This study was an exercise program tailored to the prevention and treatment of musculoskeletal diseases were performed for a total of 4 weeks and 3 times a week for 60 minutes. The exercise program consisted of customized exercises according to the characteristics of the subject's musculoskeletal system. The subject provided music during the exercise program, and the group who applied the fast tempo music listened to the music of 120~140 bpm, and the group who applied the slow tempo music listened to the music of the low tempo of 60~80 bpm. Results: Significant differences were found in pain and physical function before and after the fast tempo music group and the slow tempo music group (p<0.01). However, there was a significant difference in posture characteristics only in the fast tempo music group (p<0.01). In terms of pain, physical function, and posture characteristics, the fast tempo music group showed significant improvement compared to the slow music tempo group (p<0.05). Conclusions: A customized exercise program using fast-tempo music and slow-tempo music to workers in the automobile parts manufacturing industry, significant differences in pain, physical function, and posture characteristics applied with fast-tempo music were found. In the future, applying an exercise program with a fast tempo is expected to help improve musculoskeletal disorders.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, is a chronic inflammatory disorder that affects not only the gastrointestinal tract but also extraintestinal organs, leading to various extraintestinal manifestations and complications. Among these, musculoskeletal disorders such as osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and axial and peripheral spondyloarthritis are the most commonly observed. These conditions arise from complex mechanisms, including chronic inflammation, malnutrition, gut dysbiosis, and glucocorticoid use, all of which contribute to reduced bone density, muscle loss, and joint inflammation. Osteoporosis and sarcopenia may co-occur as osteosarcopenia, a condition that heightens the risk of fractures, impairs physical performance, and diminishes quality of life, particularly in elderly patients with IBD. Holistic management strategies, including lifestyle modifications, calcium, and vitamin D supplementation, resistance training, and pharmacological interventions, are essential for mitigating the impact of these conditions. Spondyloarthritis, which affects both axial and peripheral joints, further complicates disease management and significantly compromises joint health. Timely diagnosis and appropriate medical interventions, such as administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and biologics, are critical for preventing chronic joint damage and disability. Moreover, a multidisciplinary approach that addresses both metabolic and inflammatory aspects is essential for optimizing physical function and improving treatment outcomes in patients who have IBD with musculoskeletal involvement.

연구목적: 근골격계 부담작업을 하고 있는 제조업체 근로자를 대상으로 신체정렬상태 측정 및 근골격계 자각증상 부위, 일반적 특성에 따른 신체 정렬상태의 차이를 파악하여 근골격계질환예방프로그램을 개발하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하는데 목적이 있다. 연구방법: G시에 소재한 1개 부품 제조업체 근로자 162명을 대상으로 2022년 12월 1일부터 2023년 1월 26일까지 진행하였다. 조사도구는 신체정렬상태는 자세측정 및 분석용 장비(Exbody9100, Korea)로 측정하고 자기기입식 설문방식으로 조사하였다. 자료분석은 SPSS 27.0을 이용하여 빈도분석, Indepedent t-test, ANOVA 등을 실시하였다. 연구결과: 근골격계 증상호소율은 98.8%이었고, 신체정렬상태를 나타내는 종합근골격지수는 29.00±10.456점으로 신체부정렬상태를 예측할 수 있었다. 통증정도(F=2.889, p<.024), 한번 통증 발생 시 통증 지속시간(F=3.245, p<.005), 통증 발생횟수(F=3.093, p<.007), 움직임에 따른 통증양상(F=2.542, p<.022)이 신체정렬상태와 유의한 차이가 있었다. 연구결론: 본 연구는 신체불균형이 근골격계 통증과의 연관성을 확인하였고 근로자의 신체정렬상태 분석을 통해 근골격계질환의 발생위험성을 예측하였다. 따라서 근골격계질환 예방대책을 세울 때 신체균형을 유지할 수 있는 예방대책이 수립되어야 할 것이다.

Purpose: To provide basic data for developing a musculoskeletal disease prevention program by measuring the body alignment status of manufacturing workers performing musculoskeletal-related work and identifying differences in body alignment status according to the area of ??musculoskeletal subjective symptoms and general characteristics. Method: The study was conducted from December 1, 2022 to January 26, 2023 among 162 workers at a parts manufacturer located in G City. As for the survey tool, body alignment was measured using posture measurement and analysis equipment (Exbody9100, Korea), and the survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 27.0, including frequency analysis, independent t-test, and ANOVA. Results: The complaint rate of musculoskeletal symptoms was 98.8%, and the comprehensive musculoskeletal index indicating body alignment was 29.00±10.456, which could predict body misalignment. Pain severity (F=2.889, p<.024), duration of pain once pain occurs (F=3.245, p<.005), number of pain occurrences (F=3.093, p<.007), pain pattern depending on movement(F=2.542, p<.022) There was a significant difference with body alignment status. Conclusion: This study confirmed the relationship between physical imbalance and musculoskeletal pain and predicted the risk of developing musculoskeletal diseases through analysis of workers' body alignment status. Therefore, when establishing preventive measures for musculoskeletal diseases, preventive measures that can maintain body balance should be established.

외식업 조리사들의 작업관련성 근골격계질환과 스트레스수준 및 이에 관련된 요인을 조사하여 조리사들의 건강과 안전을 위한 예방교육프로그램의 기초자료를 제공하고자 강원도 일부지역에 근무하는 조리사 220명을 대상으로 본 연구를 실시하였다. 성별로는 남자조리사와 여자조리사 간에 작업관련성 근골격계질환의 정도에 유의차가 없었다. 조리업종별로는 양식조리사가 다른 업종의 조리사에 비하여 작업관련성 근골격계질환의 정도가 더 높았으며, 경제관리 스트레스와 과도한 업무부담 스트레스 정도도 더 높았다. 연령대별로는 30~40세 사이의 조리사는 다른 연령대의 조리사에 비하여 목, 어깨 및 손/손목에서 작업관련성 근골격계질환의 정도가 더 높았다. 조리직 근무기간은 무릎의 근골격계질환 정도에 양의 상관성을 보였으며, 1일 근무시간도 무릎의 근골격계질환과 작업관련성 스트레스 중 불규칙적인 식사스트레스에 양의 상관성을 보였다. 외식업의 건전한 발전을 위하여 그리고 조리종사자들의 건강과 안전을 위하여 근골격계질환과 스트레스를 예방하는 교육프로그램의 개발이 요구되며 다양한 접근법으로 더욱 광범위하고 더 많은 조리사를 대상으로 한 추후 연구가 필요하다고 사료된다.

The aim of this survey is to investigate the occupational musculoskeletal disease and stress levels of restaurant cooks and to provide a basic data of programs in order to prevent occupational diseases. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 220 subjects in Gangwon province. The results show that there was no significant difference in the degree of occupational musculoskeletal disease between male cooks and female cooks. However, western cuisine cooks were more likely to have a higher degree of occupational musculoskeletal disease than other cuisine cooks and showed a higher degree of occupational stress from work overload as well as irregular meal stresses. Cooks aged from 30 to 40 years showed a higher level of occupational musculoskeletal disease in the neck, shoulder, and hand/wrist compared to those in other age groups. The job tenure was related to the degree of musculoskeletal disease in knee. Additionally, the hours of working per day were statistically significantly related to musculoskeletal disease in the knee and to the occupational stress levels in irregular meals stress. The findings of this study suggest that it is essential to design customized education for cooks to lessen their occupational musculoskeletal diseases and stresses in order to ensure the health and safety of the culinary workers.

Purpose: This study was conducted at small-to-medium-sized manufacture enterprises less than 300 employees. Method: For 167 workers in 12 small-to-medium-sized manufacture, we examined the self-recording questionnaires about general characteristics, health characteristics, occupational characteristics and subjective musculoskeletal symptoms designed by NIOSH. Result: Related factors of upper limb musculoskeletal symptoms were found in using of the PC except work, the speed control at working and inappropriate positions for neck, and that using of the PC except work, the degree of intensity at working and the speed control at working for shoulder, and that the degree of intensity at working, the speed control at working, inappropriate positions and excessive workforce for arm/elbow, and that the degree of intensity at working, the speed control at working, inappropriate positions, excessive strong and vibration for hand/wrist/fingers. Conclusion: As a result of multiple logistic regression analysis, musculoskeletal symptoms of neck were influenced by use of the PC except work, household work, and the speed control at working, symptoms of shoulder by using of the PC of except work and the degree of intensity at working, symptoms of arm/elbow by the speed control at working, and symptoms of hand/wrist/fingers by the degree of intensity at work and excessive workforce.

Objectives This review was conducted to study use of Aconitum herbal medicine for pain control in musculoskeletal disease. Methods Musculoskeletal disease is a major factor of social cost increase and physical disability. Various drugs, surgery and imaging are being overused regardlessly. Aconitum herbal plants are one of the most toxic Korean traditional herbs. However, they could be utilized effectively on patients with appropriate processing and decocting time. We searched Korean medicine literature to see various features of aconitum herbal plants and tried to find the utilization of the plants in effective way for pain control in musculoskeletal disease. Results Aconitum herbal plants needs to be used carefully because of intoxication which could lead to severe damage to human body. Processing of these toxic plants could minimize the harm and raise the benefits, such as relieving various types of pain and positive inotropic action. Further studies with clearer evidence and discovering aftereffects of processing in more details are needed. Conclusions Aconitum herbal plants could dedicate to controlling pain in musculoskeletal disease with various forms and appropriate processing.